Lecture outline

1- Identifying Functions

2- Graphs of Functions

3- Even Function and Odd Function

4- Composition of Functions

5- Inverse Function

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 Identifying Functions:
There are a number of important types of
functions and briefly summarize them here:

Linear Functions A function of the form

ƒ(x) = mx + b, for constants m and b, is
called a linear function as shown in figure.

Power Functions A function ƒ(x) = xa where a is a constant, is called a power

function. There are several important cases to consider

(a) a = n, a positive integer.

The graphs of for n= 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, are displayed in Figure.

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 Polynomials A function p is a polynomial if
P(x) = an xn + an-1xn-1 +....... + a1 x + a0
where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0 , a1 , a2 , .... , an are real
constants (called the coefficients of the polynomial).

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Rational Functions: A rational function is a quotient or ratio of two
polynomials:
𝑝(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑞(𝑥)
where p and q are polynomials. The domain of a rational function is the set of all real
x for which 𝑞 𝑥 ≠ 0

Algebraic Functions: An algebraic function is a function constructed from

polynomials using algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
and taking roots). Rational functions are special cases of algebraic functions.

Trigonometric Functions: Functions of the sine and cosine functions.

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Exponential Functions: Functions of the form ƒ(x) = ax where the base is 𝑎 > 0
a positive constant and 𝑎 ≠ 1 are called exponential functions. All exponential
functions have domain ( − ∞, ∞ ) and range ( 0, ∞ ) So an exponential function never
assumes the value 0.

Logarithmic Functions These are the functions ƒ(x) = loga x where the base 𝒂
≠ 𝟏 is a positive constant. They are the inverse functions of the exponential
functions.
The domain of logarithmic function is ( 0, ∞ ) and the range ( − ∞, ∞ )

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 Functions
Exponential and Logarithm functions :
Exponential functions : If a is a positive number and x is any number ,
we define the exponential function as :
y=ax with domain : -∞ < x < ∞
Range : y > 0
The properties of the exponential functions are :
1. If a > 0 ↔ ax > 0 .
2. ax * ay = ax + y .
3. ax / ay = ax - y .
4. ( ax )y = ax.y .
5. ( a * b )x = ax * bx .

6.

7. a-x = 1 / ax and ax = 1 / a-x .

8. ax = ay ↔ x = y .
9. a0 = 1 ,
a∞ = ∞ , a-∞ = 0 , where a > 1 .
a∞ = 0 , a-∞ = ∞ , where a < 1 .

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 Logarithm function : If a is any positive number other than 1 , then
the logarithm of x to the base a denoted by :
y = logax where x > 0
At a = e = 2.7182828… , we get the natural logarithm and denoted
by :
y = ln x
Let x , y > 0 then the properties of logarithm functions are :
1. y = ax ↔ x = logay and y = ex ↔ x = ln y .
2. logex = ln x .
3. logax = ln x / ln a .
4. ln (x * y) = ln x + ln y .
5. ln ( x / y ) = ln x – ln y .
6. ln xn = n. ln x .
7. ln e = logaa = 1 and ln 1 = loga1 = 0 .
8. ax = ex. ln a .
9. eln x = x .

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 Trigonometric functions : When an angle of measure θ is placed in
standard position at the center of a circle of radius r , the
trigonometric functions of θ are defined by the equations :

𝑦 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = =
𝑟 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
𝑥 1 𝑦 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = = , 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = =
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

The following are some properties of these functions :

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 Solution:

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 Hyperbolic functions : Hyperbolic functions are used to describe the
motions of waves in elastic solids ; the shapes of electric power lines ;
temperature distributions in metal fins that cool pipes …etc. The
hyperbolic sine (Sinh) and hyperbolic cosine (Cosh) are defined by the
following equations :

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 EX- Let tanh u = - 7 / 25 , determine the values of the remaining five
hyperbolic functions .
Sol.-

EX- Rewrite the following expressions in terms of exponentials .Write

the final result as simply as you can :
a ) 2Cosh(ln x ) b) tanh(ln x )
c ) Cosh5 x + Sinh5 x d) ( Sinhx + Coshx )4
Solution:

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 EX- Solve the equation for x : Cosh x = Sinh x + 1 / 2 .
Sol. -

Solution:

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Inverse hyperbolic functions : All hyperbolic functions have inverses that
are useful in integration and interesting as differentiable functions in their
own right .

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Graphs of Functions
1.Make a table of xy-pairs that satisfy the function rule
2. Plot the points (x, y) whose coordinates appear in the table.
3. Draw a smooth curve through the plotted points. Label the curve with its equation.

Piecewise-Defined Functions
Sometimes a function is described by using different formulas on different parts of
its domain. One example is the absolute value function

EXAMPLE: Graphing Piecewise-Defined Functions

The function

Solution: To graph the function we apply

different formulas to different parts of its domain
y = ƒ(x).

EXAMPLE: Write a formula for the function whose graph consists of the two line
segments

Solution:
The line through (0,0) and (1,1) has slope m =1
So its equation is: y =x for 0 ≤ x <
The line through (1,1) and (2,1) has slope m= 1 and
its slope equation is: y = x-1 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2

Combining the formulas for the two pieces of the graph, we obtain

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 Example: graph the function f(x) = 1- 2x – x2

Solution:
the domain is ( - ∞ , ∞ )

Example: graph the function

Solution:
the domain is ( - ∞ , ∞ )

𝑡
Example: graph the function 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡
Solution:
the domain is − ∞ , 0 ∪(0,∞)

Example:

Solution: Neither graph passes the vertical line test

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 Example: graph the functions:

1- 2-

3-

Solution:
1- to draw the function, first make a table as shown

2- by using the same way as in part 1 we can

draw the function as shown in figure.

3- by using the same way as in part 1 we draw the

function as shown in figure.

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 Example: find formula for each function graphed.

Solution:

Example: find formula for the function graphed.

Solution:

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 1
EXAMPLE: Graph the equation 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4 .

Solution: Comparing the equation with y = ax2 + bx + c we see that

a = - 1/2, b = -1, c = 4.

Since a < 0, the parabola opens downward. From Equation (2) the axis is the vertical line

x = - b / 2a =

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Example: Graph the parabola y= 2x2 – x + 3. Label the vertex, axis, and intercepts

Solution:

Example: Graph the parabola y= - x2 - 6x - 5. Label the vertex, axis, and intercepts

Solution:

Example: graph the two equations x2 + y2 =1 and y = 2x then find the points in
which the graphs intersect.
Solution:

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Example: graph the two equations x2 + y2 =1 and 1 = x2 +y then find the points in
which the graphs intersect.
Solution:

Example: graph the two equations x2 + y2 =1 and (x -1)2 + y2 =1 then find the points
in which the graphs intersect.
Solution:

Example: The pressure p experienced by a diver under water is related to the diver’s depth
d by an equation of the form p = k d +1 (k a constant). At the surface, the pressure is 1
atmosphere. The pressure at 100 meters is about 10.94 atmospheres. Find the pressure at
50 meters.

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 Homework 1:

Solution:

Homework 2:
A cone problem Begin with a circular piece of
paper with a 4 in. radius as shown in part (a).
Cut out a sector with an arc length of x. Join the
two edges of the remaining portion to form a
cone with radius r and height h, as shown in
part (b).

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 1-4 Lines, Circles, and Parabolas

Increments and Straight Lines

When a particle moves from one point in the plane to another, the net changes in its
coordinates are called increments. They are calculated by subtracting the coordinates of
the starting point from the coordinates of the ending point. If x changes from x1 to x2 the
increment in x is: Δx = x2 – x1. The increments in x axis is called run and in y- axis is
called rise and from these increments we get the slope of the line as .
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ∆𝑦 𝑦 −𝑦
slope = 𝑚 = 𝑟𝑢𝑛 = ∆𝑥 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
2 1
We can find the angle of any nonvertical straight line from the slope of which is:
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑚 = tan ∅
∅ = tan−1 𝑚
Where ϕ represent the angle of inclination measured from positive x axis
We can write an equation for a nonvertical straight line L if we know its slope m and
the coordinates of one point P1(x1,y1) on it. If P(x, y) is any other point on L, then we can
use the two points P1 and P to compute the slope,

so that
y - y1 = m(x - x1) or y = y1 + m(x – x1).
The equation y = y1 + m (x – x1) is the point-slope equation of the line that passes
through the point (x1, y1) and has slope m.
A line with slope m and y-intercept b passes through the point (0, b), so it has equation
y = b + m(x – 0), or, more simply, y = mx + b.
The equation y = mx + b is called the slope-intercept equation of the line with slope m
and y-intercept b.

Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Lines that are parallel have equal angles of inclination, so they have the same slope (if
they are not vertical). Conversely, lines with equal slopes have equal angles of
inclination and so are parallel. If two nonvertical lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular, their
slopes m1 and m2 satisfy m1 m2 = -1 so each slope is the negative reciprocal of the other:

m1 = - 1/ m2 and m2 = - 1/ m1

To see this, notice by inspecting similar triangles in

figure that m1 = a/h and m2 = - a/h so
m1 m2 = -1

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 Distance and Circles in the Plane
The distance between points in the plane is
calculated with a formula that comes from the
Pythagorean theorem as shown in figure.

Distance Formula for Points in the Plane

The distance between P(x1, y1) and Q(x2 , y2) is

Equation of circle:
a circle of radius a is the set of all points P(x, y) whose distance from some center C(h, k)
equals a as shown in figure. From the distance formula, P lies on the circle if and only if

( x – h )2 + ( y – k )2 = a2 …… 1-1

Equation (1) is the standard equation of a circle with center (h, k) and radius a. The
circle of radius a = 1 and centered at the origin is the unit circle with equation
x2 + y2 = 1.

Equation of parabola
The graph of the equation y = a x2 + b x + c, a ≠ 0 is a parabola. The parabola opens
upward if a > 0 and downward if a < 0. The axis is the line
x = - b / 2a …… 1-2
The vertex of the parabola is the point where the axis and parabola intersect. Its
x-coordinate is x = - b / 2a its y-coordinate is found by substituting x in the parabola’s
equation.

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 y
X,y

h,k
Equation of circle

Equation of parabola

y
ax2 + bx + c

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EXAMPLE: Write an equation for the line through the point (2, 3) with slope – 3/2

Solution We substitute x1 =2, y1=3 and m= -3/2 into the point-slope equation and obtain
y = 3 – 3/2 ( x - 2 )
y = - 3/2 x +6
When x=0 , y = 6 so the line intersects the y-axis at y = 6

EXAMPLE: A Line Through Two Points

Write an equation for the line through (-2 , -1 ) and (3 , 4)

Solution: The line pass through the P1 (-2 , -1 ) and P2 (3 , 4) then:

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 4 − (−1)
𝑚= 𝑚= 𝑚 =1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 3 − (−2)

EXAMPLE Finding the Slope and y-Intercept

Find the slope and y-intercept of the line 8x + 5y = 20
Solution: Solve the equation for y to put it in slope-intercept form:

Compared with The slope-intercept equation y = mx + b then

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 Example: For what value of k is the line 2x + ky =3 perpendicular to the line
4x + y =1, For what value of k are the lines parallel?
Solution:
The line 2x + ky = 3 has slope m1 = -2/k
The line 4x + y = 1 has slope m2 = - 4.
The two lines are perpendicular when:
m1 m2 = -1
-2/k (-4) = -1
k = -8
The two lines are parallel to each other when they are equal in their slopes
m1 = m2
-2/k = -4
k = 1/2

Ex. Use slopes to determine in each case whether the points are collinear (lie on a
common straight line ) :
a) A(1,0) , B(0,1) , C(2,1) .
b) A(-3,-2) , B(-2,0) , C(-1,2) , D(1,6) .

Solution:

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Ex. Find :
a) an equation for the line through P( 2 ,1 ) parallel to L: y = x + 2 .
b) b) an equation for the line through P perpendicular to L .
c) c) the distance from P to L .

Solution:
from equation of line y = x + 2 , m = 1 and b = 2
a) since L2 // L1 m L2 = m L1 = 1
we have from general equation of line y – y1 = m ( x1 – x1 ) for point ( 2 ,1 )
y–1=1(x–2)
y=x–1
b) Since L1 and L3 are perpendicular lines then :
m L3 = - 1 y–1 =–(x–2) y+x=3

Ex. Find the line through the point P(1, 4) with the angle of inclination Ф=60 0 .

Solution:

Example: The pressure p experienced by a diver under water is related to the diver’s depth
d by an equation of the form p = k d +1 (k a constant). At the surface, the pressure is 1
atmosphere. The pressure at 100 meters is about 10.94 atmospheres. Find the pressure at
50 meters.
Solution : from the condition we have p =10.94 at d = 100 m then:

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Ex.: find an equation for the circle with the given center C(h, k) and radius a.

1- ,2
-
3-

Solution: the general equation of a circle whose center at c( h, k ) is:

1-
2
-
3-

Ex.: The angle of a tapered groove is

checked using a 20 mm diameter roller
as shown in Figure. If the roller lies 2.12
mm below the top of the groove,
determine the value of angle θ .

Solution: the triangle ABC shown in the

figure is right angle at C.

Length BC = 10 mm (i.e. the radius of the circle), and

AB = 30 - 10 - 2.12 = 17.88 mm

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EXAMPLE
(a) The standard equation for the circle of radius 2 centered at (3 , 4) is
( x – 3 )2 + ( y – 4 )2 = 22 = 4
(b) The circle:
( x – 1 )2 + ( y + 5 )2 = 3
Has h =1 , k = -5 and a = 3, the center is ( h , k ) = ( 1 , -5 ) and radius a = 3

EXAMPLE: Find the center and radius of the circle x2 + y2 + 4x - 6y - 3 = 0.

Solution: We convert the equation to standard form by completing the squares in x and y:

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 Even Function and Odd Function

Example:

Example:

Example:

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 Composition of Functions:
If ƒ and g are functions, the composite function ƒ 0 g is defined by

(ƒ 0 g) (x) = ƒ(g(x)).

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