1. What Are Parts of Speech?

Parts of speech are the categories that words fall into according to
their function in a sentence.
In English grammar, there are 8 traditional parts of speech (some
grammarians add more depending on classification style).

2. The 8 Main Parts of Speech

Here’s the full breakdown, with types, subtypes, examples, and notes.

1. Noun

Definition: Names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Function: Subject or object in a sentence.

Types of Nouns

1. Proper Noun – Names a specific entity (e.g., Pakistan, Shakespeare,

Mount Everest).

2. Common Noun – General name for a category (e.g., city, author,

mountain).

3. Concrete Noun – Can be perceived by the senses (e.g., apple, dog,

perfume).

4. Abstract Noun – Represents an idea, quality, or state (e.g., freedom,

beauty, love).

5. Countable Noun – Can be counted (e.g., books, cars, pens).

6. Uncountable Noun – Cannot be counted (e.g., water, rice, sugar).

7. Collective Noun – Refers to a group as a single unit (e.g., team, flock,

family).

8. Compound Noun – Made of two or more words (e.g., toothpaste,

mother-in-law, swimming pool).

2. Pronoun

Definition: Replaces a noun to avoid repetition.

Function: Acts as a substitute for a noun.

Types of Pronouns

1. Personal Pronouns – I, you, he, she, it, we, they (subject) / me, you,
him, her, us, them (object).
 2. Possessive Pronouns – mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.

3. Reflexive Pronouns – myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,

ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

4. Demonstrative Pronouns – this, that, these, those.

5. Relative Pronouns – who, whom, whose, which, that.

6. Interrogative Pronouns – who, whom, whose, which, what.

7. Indefinite Pronouns – someone, anyone, everyone, nobody, each,

few, many, several.

3. Verb

Definition: Shows an action, event, or state of being.

Function: Forms the predicate of a sentence.

Types of Verbs

1. Action Verbs – Show physical or mental action (run, think, eat).

2. Linking Verbs – Connect subject to subject complement (be, seem,

become).

3. Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs – Help main verbs (is, am, have, will, can).

4. Transitive Verbs – Require an object (She wrote a letter).

5. Intransitive Verbs – Do not require an object (He sleeps).

6. Regular Verbs – Form past tense with -ed (walk → walked).

7. Irregular Verbs – Change form without -ed (go → went).

8. Modal Verbs – Express possibility, necessity, ability (can, may, must).

4. Adjective

Definition: Describes or modifies a noun/pronoun.

Types of Adjectives

1. Descriptive Adjectives – Describe qualities (beautiful, tall, smart).

2. Quantitative Adjectives – Indicate quantity (some, many, few).

 3. Demonstrative Adjectives – Point to specific things (this, that,
these, those).

4. Possessive Adjectives – Show possession (my, your, his, her, our,

their).

5. Interrogative Adjectives – Ask questions (which, what, whose).

6. Distributive Adjectives – Refer to individual members (each, every,

either, neither).

7. Proper Adjectives – Derived from proper nouns (Pakistani culture,

Shakespearean drama).

8. Comparative & Superlative Forms – Compare (big → bigger →

biggest).

5. Adverb

Definition: Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

Often answers: How? When? Where? To what extent?

Types of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of Manner – quickly, slowly, happily.

2. Adverbs of Time – now, yesterday, soon.

3. Adverbs of Place – here, there, everywhere.

4. Adverbs of Frequency – always, never, often.

5. Adverbs of Degree – very, too, quite.

6. Interrogative Adverbs – when, where, why, how.

7. Relative Adverbs – when, where, why (used to join clauses).

6. Preposition

Definition: Shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another

word in the sentence.

Types of Prepositions

1. Prepositions of Place/Position – in, on, under, over, between.

 2. Prepositions of Time – at, on, in, since, for.

3. Prepositions of Direction/Movement – to, into, toward, onto.

4. Prepositions of Cause/Purpose/Reason – because of, due to, for.

5. Compound Prepositions – according to, in front of, on account of.

7. Conjunction

Definition: Connects words, phrases, or clauses.

Types of Conjunctions

1. Coordinating Conjunctions – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS).

2. Subordinating Conjunctions – because, although, if, when, while,

since.

3. Correlative Conjunctions – either…or, neither…nor, not only…but

also.

8. Interjection

Definition: Expresses sudden emotion or reaction.

Examples & Types

1. Joy – Wow! Hooray! Yay!

2. Surprise – Oh! What!

3. Pain/Sorrow – Ouch! Alas!

4. Greeting – Hi! Hello!

3. Special Categories (Some Grammarians Include)

 Articles – a, an, the (sometimes classified under adjectives or

determiners).

 Determiners – Words that introduce nouns (my, some, this, that).

 Participles & Gerunds – Verb forms acting as adjectives/nouns.

4. Quick Summary Table

Part of
Speech Function Examples Main Subtypes

Proper, Common, Abstract,

Names apple, Concrete, Countable,
Noun person/place/thing freedom Uncountable, Collective

Personal, Possessive, Reflexive,

he, this, Demonstrative, Relative,
Pronoun Replaces noun someone Interrogative, Indefinite

run, be, Action, Linking, Helping,

Verb Shows action/state have Transitive, Intransitive, Modal

Descriptive, Quantitative,
beautiful, Demonstrative, Possessive,
Adjective Describes noun three Interrogative

Modifies quickly, Manner, Time, Place, Frequency,

Adverb verb/adj/adv very Degree

Prepositio in, on,

n Shows relationship before Place, Time, Direction, Cause

Conjunctio Joins and, Coordinating, Subordinating,

n words/clauses because Correlative

Interjectio Wow!
n Expresses feeling Ouch! Joy, Surprise, Pain, Greeting
Step 1 – What is a Noun?

Think of nouns as naming words.

They are the labels we give to everything around us — people, places,
objects, animals, and even ideas.

💡 Memory trick: If you can point to it, name it, or think about it, it’s
probably a noun.

Examples:

 Person → Ali, teacher, mother

 Place → Karachi, park, school

 Thing → pen, phone, apple

 Idea → happiness, freedom, bravery

Step 2 – Why Nouns Matter

Without nouns, we couldn’t say who or what we are talking about.

Imagine saying:

“is eating.”
No sense, right? You need someone or something doing the action:
“Ali is eating.” (Now it makes sense!)

Step 3 – The 8 Common Types of Nouns

1. Proper Nouns

 Name specific, unique people, places, or things.

 Always start with a capital letter.

 Examples: Pakistan, London, Quran, Ali, Microsoft.

📌 Tip: If you can give it a “special name” like you do for a friend, it’s a
proper noun.
2. Common Nouns

 Name general things, not specific.

 Not capitalized unless they start a sentence.

 Examples: country, boy, fruit, company.

📌 Tip: Common nouns are like “categories” of things.

3. Concrete Nouns

 Things you can see, touch, hear, smell, or taste.

 Examples: apple, dog, perfume, rain, car.

📌 Tip: If your senses can notice it, it’s concrete.

4. Abstract Nouns

 Things you cannot touch; they are ideas, feelings, or qualities.

 Examples: love, honesty, beauty, freedom.

📌 Tip: You can feel them in your heart or mind, but not with your
hands.

5. Countable Nouns

 You can count them.

 Have singular and plural forms.

 Examples: 1 apple, 2 apples; 1 chair, 5 chairs.

📌 Tip: If you can put a number in front, it’s countable.

6. Uncountable Nouns

 You cannot count them directly.

 Usually no plural form.

 Examples: water, rice, sugar, milk, information.

📌 Tip: If you need containers or measurements to count it (e.g., 2
liters of water), it’s uncountable.
7. Collective Nouns

 Names for a group of people, animals, or things.

 Examples: team, family, flock, bunch, crowd.

📌 Tip: One word, many members.

8. Compound Nouns

 Made of two or more words joined together to name one thing.

 Examples: toothpaste, mother-in-law, swimming pool.

📌 Tip: Two (or more) words = one meaning.

Step 4 – Singular & Plural

 Regular: Add -s or -es → book → books, box → boxes.

 Irregular: Change form → man → men, child → children.

 No change: deer → deer, sheep → sheep.

Step 5 – Gender of Nouns

 Masculine: male (man, king, father)

 Feminine: female (woman, queen, mother)

 Neuter: non-living (table, book, computer)

 Common gender: either male or female (teacher, doctor, student)

Step 6 – Cases of Nouns

 Nominative (Subject): Ali plays cricket.

 Objective (Object): She likes Ali.

 Possessive (Ownership): Ali’s book is new.

✅ Quick Recap Trick:
Think of nouns as naming tags. Every time you say Who? What? Where?,
the answer is a noun.

Proper Nouns.
I’ll give you 30 conversational sentences, then explain each one by
identifying the noun(s) and other parts of speech so you learn grammar
and vocabulary together.

Type 1 – Proper Nouns (30 Sentences)

(Remember: Proper nouns = names of specific people, places, or things;

always capitalized.)

1. I met Sarah at the Oxford University library yesterday.

 Sarah → Proper noun (person)

 Oxford University → Proper noun (place)

 I → Pronoun

 met → Verb

 at → Preposition

 the → Article

 library → Common noun

 yesterday → Adverb

2. Mr. Khan lives in Karachi.

 Mr. Khan → Proper noun (person)

 Karachi → Proper noun (place)

 lives → Verb

 in → Preposition

3. We will travel to Japan next summer.

  Japan → Proper noun (country)

 We → Pronoun

 will travel → Verb phrase

 next → Adjective (describing summer)

 summer → Common noun

4. My sister works for Google.

 Google → Proper noun (company)

 My → Pronoun (possessive)

 sister → Common noun

 works → Verb

 for → Preposition

5. Michael Jordan is my favorite basketball player.

 Michael Jordan → Proper noun (person)

 favorite → Adjective

 basketball player → Common noun phrase

6. I studied at Harvard for two years.

 Harvard → Proper noun (university)

 I → Pronoun

 studied → Verb

 for → Preposition

 years → Common noun

7. London is a very expensive city.

 London → Proper noun (city)

  expensive → Adjective

 city → Common noun

8. We visited the Eiffel Tower last year.

 Eiffel Tower → Proper noun (monument)

 visited → Verb

 last → Adjective

 year → Common noun

9. Mr. Ali teaches English in Dubai.

 Mr. Ali → Proper noun (person)

 Dubai → Proper noun (city)

 teaches → Verb

 English → Proper noun (language)

 in → Preposition

10. I’m reading a book by J.K. Rowling.

 J.K. Rowling → Proper noun (author)

 book → Common noun

 reading → Verb

11. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

 Mount Everest → Proper noun (mountain)

 highest → Adjective

 mountain → Common noun

 world → Common noun

12. My cousin moved to Canada last month.

 Canada → Proper noun (country)

 cousin → Common noun

 moved → Verb

13. The capital of France is Paris.

 France → Proper noun (country)

 Paris → Proper noun (city)

 capital → Common noun

14. I want to watch a movie directed by Christopher Nolan.

 Christopher Nolan → Proper noun (person)

 movie → Common noun

 directed → Verb

15. Shakespeare wrote many famous plays.

 Shakespeare → Proper noun (person)

 plays → Common noun

 famous → Adjective

16. The Amazon River flows through Brazil.

 Amazon River → Proper noun (river)

 Brazil → Proper noun (country)

 flows → Verb

17. I attended a conference in Berlin.

 Berlin → Proper noun (city)

  conference → Common noun

18. Tesla is known for electric cars.

 Tesla → Proper noun (company)

 electric cars → Common noun phrase

19. I watched The Godfather last night.

 The Godfather → Proper noun (movie title)

20. Pakistan has beautiful mountains in the north.

 Pakistan → Proper noun (country)

 mountains → Common noun

21. We stayed at the Marriott Hotel.

 Marriott Hotel → Proper noun (hotel name)

22. Facebook was launched in 2004.

 Facebook → Proper noun (company)

23. My uncle works for NASA.

 NASA → Proper noun (organization)

24. The Taj Mahal is in India.

 Taj Mahal → Proper noun (monument)

 India → Proper noun (country)

25. Elon Musk is the CEO of SpaceX.

  Elon Musk → Proper noun (person)

 SpaceX → Proper noun (company)

26. We spent our honeymoon in Maldives.

 Maldives → Proper noun (country)

27. William Wordsworth wrote beautiful poems.

 William Wordsworth → Proper noun (poet)

28. Coca-Cola is my favorite drink.

 Coca-Cola → Proper noun (brand)

29. Sydney Opera House is an iconic landmark.

 Sydney Opera House → Proper noun (building)

30. I’m attending a lecture at Stanford University tomorrow.

 Stanford University → Proper noun (institution)

Common nouns are general names for people, places, things, or ideas.
They are not capitalized unless at the start of a sentence.

Type 2 – Common Nouns (30 Sentences)

1. The teacher explained the lesson clearly.

 The → Article

 teacher → Common noun (person)

 explained → Verb

 the → Article
  lesson → Common noun (thing)

 clearly → Adverb

2. I bought a new phone yesterday.

 I → Pronoun

 bought → Verb

 a → Article

 new → Adjective

 phone → Common noun (thing)

 yesterday → Adverb

3. My friend is learning to play the guitar.

 My → Pronoun (possessive)

 friend → Common noun (person)

 is learning → Verb phrase

 to → Preposition

 play → Verb

 the → Article

 guitar → Common noun (thing)

4. The city is crowded during the festival.

 The → Article

 city → Common noun (place)

 is → Verb

 crowded → Adjective

 during → Preposition

 the → Article
  festival → Common noun (event)

5. She poured the water into a glass.

 She → Pronoun

 poured → Verb

 the → Article

 water → Common noun (thing)

 into → Preposition

 a → Article

 glass → Common noun (thing)

6. We took a bus to the market.

 We → Pronoun

 took → Verb

 a → Article

 bus → Common noun (transport)

 to → Preposition

 the → Article

 market → Common noun (place)

7. His brother works in a bank.

 His → Pronoun (possessive)

 brother → Common noun (person)

 works → Verb

 in → Preposition

 a → Article

 bank → Common noun (place)

8. The dog barked loudly.

 The → Article

 dog → Common noun (animal)

 barked → Verb

 loudly → Adverb

9. I need a pen to sign this paper.

 I → Pronoun

 need → Verb

 a → Article

 pen → Common noun (thing)

 to → Preposition

 sign → Verb

 this → Determiner

 paper → Common noun (thing)

10. The restaurant serves delicious food.

 The → Article

 restaurant → Common noun (place)

 serves → Verb

 delicious → Adjective

 food → Common noun (thing)

11. We walked along the beach at sunset.

 We → Pronoun

 walked → Verb
  along → Preposition

 the → Article

 beach → Common noun (place)

 at → Preposition

 sunset → Common noun (time)

12. The children are playing in the park.

 The → Article

 children → Common noun (people)

 are playing → Verb phrase

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 park → Common noun (place)

13. This chair is very comfortable.

 This → Determiner

 chair → Common noun (thing)

 is → Verb

 very → Adverb

 comfortable → Adjective

14. The car stopped suddenly.

 The → Article

 car → Common noun (thing)

 stopped → Verb

 suddenly → Adverb
15. My parents are visiting us tomorrow.

 My → Pronoun (possessive)

 parents → Common noun (people)

 are visiting → Verb phrase

 us → Pronoun

 tomorrow → Adverb

16. There’s a shop near my house.

 There’s (there is) → Verb phrase

 a → Article

 shop → Common noun (place)

 near → Preposition

 my → Pronoun (possessive)

 house → Common noun (place)

17. The weather is perfect today.

 The → Article

 weather → Common noun (thing)

 is → Verb

 perfect → Adjective

 today → Adverb

18. I saw a bird in the tree.

 I → Pronoun

 saw → Verb

 a → Article

 bird → Common noun (animal)

  in → Preposition

 the → Article

 tree → Common noun (thing)

19. The movie starts at eight o’clock.

 The → Article

 movie → Common noun (thing)

 starts → Verb

 at → Preposition

 eight o’clock → Noun phrase (time)

20. The train was late this morning.

 The → Article

 train → Common noun (transport)

 was → Verb

 late → Adjective

 this morning → Noun phrase (time)

21. Please put the milk in the fridge.

 Please → Adverb

 put → Verb

 the → Article

 milk → Common noun (thing)

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 fridge → Common noun (thing)

22. The door is open.

 The → Article

 door → Common noun (thing)

 is → Verb

 open → Adjective

23. My job is very stressful.

 My → Pronoun (possessive)

 job → Common noun (thing)

 is → Verb

 very → Adverb

 stressful → Adjective

24. The doctor gave me some medicine.

 The → Article

 doctor → Common noun (person)

 gave → Verb

 me → Pronoun

 some → Determiner

 medicine → Common noun (thing)

25. The students are preparing for the exam.

 The → Article

 students → Common noun (people)

 are preparing → Verb phrase

 for → Preposition

 the → Article
  exam → Common noun (event)

26. There is a river near our village.

 There → Adverb

 is → Verb

 a → Article

 river → Common noun (thing)

 near → Preposition

 our → Pronoun (possessive)

 village → Common noun (place)

27. The computer is not working.

 The → Article

 computer → Common noun (thing)

 is → Verb

 not → Adverb

 working → Verb

28. I like music more than television.

 I → Pronoun

 like → Verb

 music → Common noun (thing)

 more than → Conjunction

 television → Common noun (thing)

29. The plane landed safely.

 The → Article
  plane → Common noun (thing)

 landed → Verb

 safely → Adverb

30. The shopkeeper gave me a free bag.

 The → Article

 shopkeeper → Common noun (person)

 gave → Verb

 me → Pronoun

 a → Article

 free → Adjective

 bag → Common noun (thing)

Type 3 – Concrete Nouns (30 Sentences)

(Concrete nouns are things we can see, touch, hear, smell, or taste —
physical objects.)

1. The cup on the table is mine.

 The → Article

 cup → Concrete noun (thing)

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 table → Concrete noun (thing)

 is → Verb

 mine → Pronoun

2. She bought fresh flowers from the market.

 She → Pronoun
  bought → Verb

 fresh → Adjective

 flowers → Concrete noun (thing)

 from → Preposition

 the → Article

 market → Concrete noun (place)

3. The phone in your bag is ringing.

 The → Article

 phone → Concrete noun (thing)

 in → Preposition

 your → Pronoun (possessive)

 bag → Concrete noun (thing)

 is ringing → Verb phrase

4. My keys fell under the sofa.

 My → Pronoun (possessive)

 keys → Concrete noun (thing)

 fell → Verb

 under → Preposition

 the → Article

 sofa → Concrete noun (thing)

5. There’s a delicious smell of coffee in the kitchen.

 There’s (there is) → Verb phrase

 a → Article

 delicious → Adjective
  smell → Concrete noun (thing)

 of → Preposition

 coffee → Concrete noun (thing)

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 kitchen → Concrete noun (place)

6. The window was left open last night.

 The → Article

 window → Concrete noun (thing)

 was left → Verb phrase

 open → Adjective

 last night → Noun phrase (time)

7. He placed the books neatly on the shelf.

 He → Pronoun

 placed → Verb

 the → Article

 books → Concrete noun (thing)

 neatly → Adverb

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 shelf → Concrete noun (thing)

8. I need a ticket for the evening train.

 I → Pronoun

 need → Verb
  a → Article

 ticket → Concrete noun (thing)

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 evening → Adjective

 train → Concrete noun (thing)

9. She wore a silver necklace to the party.

 She → Pronoun

 wore → Verb

 a → Article

 silver → Adjective

 necklace → Concrete noun (thing)

 to → Preposition

 the → Article

 party → Concrete noun (event)

10. The painting on the wall is beautiful.

 The → Article

 painting → Concrete noun (thing)

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 wall → Concrete noun (thing)

 is → Verb

 beautiful → Adjective

11. There’s a lamp next to the bed.

  There’s → Verb phrase

 a → Article

 lamp → Concrete noun (thing)

 next to → Preposition

 the → Article

 bed → Concrete noun (thing)

12. I left my umbrella at the café.

 I → Pronoun

 left → Verb

 my → Pronoun (possessive)

 umbrella → Concrete noun (thing)

 at → Preposition

 the → Article

 café → Concrete noun (place)

13. The cake smells amazing.

 The → Article

 cake → Concrete noun (thing)

 smells → Verb

 amazing → Adjective

14. Please close the door quietly.

 Please → Adverb

 close → Verb

 the → Article

 door → Concrete noun (thing)

  quietly → Adverb

15. I saw a bright star in the night sky.

 I → Pronoun

 saw → Verb

 a → Article

 bright → Adjective

 star → Concrete noun (thing)

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 night → Noun (time)

 sky → Concrete noun (thing)

16. The train arrived on time.

 The → Article

 train → Concrete noun (thing)

 arrived → Verb

 on time → Adverbial phrase

17. She put the letter into the envelope.

 She → Pronoun

 put → Verb

 the → Article

 letter → Concrete noun (thing)

 into → Preposition

 the → Article

 envelope → Concrete noun (thing)

18. I dropped my wallet in the supermarket.

 I → Pronoun

 dropped → Verb

 my → Pronoun (possessive)

 wallet → Concrete noun (thing)

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 supermarket → Concrete noun (place)

19. The river flows past my hometown.

 The → Article

 river → Concrete noun (thing)

 flows → Verb

 past → Preposition

 my → Pronoun (possessive)

 hometown → Concrete noun (place)

20. I found a coin under the chair.

 I → Pronoun

 found → Verb

 a → Article

 coin → Concrete noun (thing)

 under → Preposition

 the → Article

 chair → Concrete noun (thing)

21. The airplane landed safely.

 The → Article

 airplane → Concrete noun (thing)

 landed → Verb

 safely → Adverb

22. My shoes are wet from the rain.

 My → Pronoun (possessive)

 shoes → Concrete noun (thing)

 are → Verb

 wet → Adjective

 from → Preposition

 the → Article

 rain → Concrete noun (thing)

23. She held a baby in her arms.

 She → Pronoun

 held → Verb

 a → Article

 baby → Concrete noun (thing)

 in → Preposition

 her → Pronoun (possessive)

 arms → Concrete noun (thing)

24. The bus stopped near the station.

 The → Article

 bus → Concrete noun (thing)

  stopped → Verb

 near → Preposition

 the → Article

 station → Concrete noun (place)

25. I tasted the soup before serving it.

 I → Pronoun

 tasted → Verb

 the → Article

 soup → Concrete noun (thing)

 before → Preposition

 serving → Verb (gerund)

 it → Pronoun

26. The mountains are covered with snow.

 The → Article

 mountains → Concrete noun (thing)

 are → Verb

 covered → Adjective (past participle)

 with → Preposition

 snow → Concrete noun (thing)

27. He put his bag on the chair.

 He → Pronoun

 put → Verb

 his → Pronoun (possessive)

 bag → Concrete noun (thing)

  on → Preposition

 the → Article

 chair → Concrete noun (thing)

28. The clock stopped working.

 The → Article

 clock → Concrete noun (thing)

 stopped → Verb

 working → Verb (gerund)

29. The car is parked outside the house.

 The → Article

 car → Concrete noun (thing)

 is parked → Verb phrase

 outside → Preposition

 the → Article

 house → Concrete noun (thing)

30. There’s a bridge across the river.

 There’s (there is) → Verb phrase

 a → Article

 bridge → Concrete noun (thing)

 across → Preposition

 the → Article

 river → Concrete noun (thing)

Type 4 – Abstract Nouns

(Abstract nouns are things we cannot touch or see physically — they are
ideas, qualities, emotions, or states.)

1. His honesty earned him great respect.

 His → Pronoun (possessive)

 honesty → Abstract noun (quality)

 earned → Verb

 him → Pronoun

 great → Adjective

 respect → Abstract noun (feeling/attitude)

2. I have a lot of confidence in your ability.

 I → Pronoun

 have → Verb

 a → Article

 lot → Noun (quantity)

 of → Preposition

 confidence → Abstract noun (feeling)

 in → Preposition

 your → Pronoun (possessive)

 ability → Abstract noun (skill)

3. The freedom to travel is important to me.

 The → Article

 freedom → Abstract noun (state)

 to travel → Infinitive verb phrase

 is → Verb

 important → Adjective
  to → Preposition

 me → Pronoun

4. Education is the key to success.

 Education → Abstract noun (concept)

 is → Verb

 the → Article

 key → Concrete noun (metaphor here)

 to → Preposition

 success → Abstract noun (achievement)

5. Her kindness always surprises me.

 Her → Pronoun (possessive)

 kindness → Abstract noun (quality)

 always → Adverb

 surprises → Verb

 me → Pronoun

6. We should focus on justice and fairness.

 We → Pronoun

 should focus → Modal verb + main verb

 on → Preposition

 justice → Abstract noun (principle)

 and → Conjunction

 fairness → Abstract noun (quality)

7. Happiness can’t be bought with money.

  Happiness → Abstract noun (emotion)

 can’t → Modal verb (cannot)

 be bought → Passive verb phrase

 with → Preposition

 money → Concrete noun (thing)

8. Her imagination makes her a great writer.

 Her → Pronoun (possessive)

 imagination → Abstract noun (mental ability)

 makes → Verb

 her → Pronoun

 a → Article

 great → Adjective

 writer → Concrete noun (person)

9. I don’t have the patience to wait that long.

 I → Pronoun

 don’t have → Verb phrase

 the → Article

 patience → Abstract noun (quality)

 to wait → Infinitive verb phrase

 that → Determiner

 long → Adverb

10. Their friendship has lasted for years.

 Their → Pronoun (possessive)

 friendship → Abstract noun (relationship)

  has lasted → Verb phrase

 for → Preposition

 years → Concrete noun (time unit)

11. The beauty of the mountains took my breath away.

 The → Article

 beauty → Abstract noun (quality)

 of → Preposition

 the → Article

 mountains → Concrete noun (thing)

 took → Verb

 my → Pronoun (possessive)

 breath → Concrete noun (thing)

 away → Adverb

12. I admire his courage in speaking up.

 I → Pronoun

 admire → Verb

 his → Pronoun (possessive)

 courage → Abstract noun (quality)

 in → Preposition

 speaking → Verb (gerund)

 up → Adverb

13. The truth is often hard to hear.

 The → Article

 truth → Abstract noun (concept)

  is → Verb

 often → Adverb

 hard → Adjective

 to hear → Infinitive verb phrase

14. Without knowledge, progress is impossible.

 Without → Preposition

 knowledge → Abstract noun (information)

 progress → Abstract noun (improvement)

 is → Verb

 impossible → Adjective

15. The fear of failure can stop you from trying.

 The → Article

 fear → Abstract noun (emotion)

 of → Preposition

 failure → Abstract noun (event/state)

 can stop → Modal verb + verb

 you → Pronoun

 from → Preposition

 trying → Verb (gerund)

16. There is hope for a better future.

 There → Adverb (introducing subject)

 is → Verb

 hope → Abstract noun (feeling)

 for → Preposition
  a → Article

 better → Adjective (comparative)

 future → Abstract noun (time concept)

17. His anger was justified.

 His → Pronoun (possessive)

 anger → Abstract noun (emotion)

 was → Verb

 justified → Adjective

18. We need to maintain discipline in the workplace.

 We → Pronoun

 need → Verb

 to maintain → Infinitive verb phrase

 discipline → Abstract noun (principle)

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 workplace → Concrete noun (place)

19. The importance of education cannot be ignored.

 The → Article

 importance → Abstract noun (value)

 of → Preposition

 education → Abstract noun (concept)

 cannot be ignored → Modal + passive verb phrase

20. Creativity is essential for innovation.

  Creativity → Abstract noun (skill/quality)

 is → Verb

 essential → Adjective

 for → Preposition

 innovation → Abstract noun (concept)

21. I believe in the power of positive thinking.

 I → Pronoun

 believe → Verb

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 power → Abstract noun (ability/strength)

 of → Preposition

 positive → Adjective

 thinking → Abstract noun (process)

22. The risk of losing everything scared him.

 The → Article

 risk → Abstract noun (danger)

 of → Preposition

 losing → Verb (gerund)

 everything → Pronoun

 scared → Verb

 him → Pronoun

23. Equality should be a basic human right.

 Equality → Abstract noun (principle)

  should be → Modal + verb

 a → Article

 basic → Adjective

 human → Adjective

 right → Abstract noun (legal concept)

24. The joy of meeting old friends is priceless.

 The → Article

 joy → Abstract noun (emotion)

 of → Preposition

 meeting → Verb (gerund)

 old → Adjective

 friends → Concrete noun (people)

 is → Verb

 priceless → Adjective

25. His loyalty to the company is admirable.

 His → Pronoun (possessive)

 loyalty → Abstract noun (quality)

 to → Preposition

 the → Article

 company → Concrete noun (organization)

 is → Verb

 admirable → Adjective

26. They value integrity above all else.

 They → Pronoun
  value → Verb

 integrity → Abstract noun (principle)

 above → Preposition

 all else → Noun phrase

27. The loss of her pet made her very sad.

 The → Article

 loss → Abstract noun (event)

 of → Preposition

 her → Pronoun (possessive)

 pet → Concrete noun (animal)

 made → Verb

 her → Pronoun

 very → Adverb

 sad → Adjective

28. I felt deep gratitude for their help.

 I → Pronoun

 felt → Verb

 deep → Adjective

 gratitude → Abstract noun (feeling)

 for → Preposition

 their → Pronoun (possessive)

 help → Abstract noun (act)

29. The decision was made after long discussions.

 The → Article
  decision → Abstract noun (act)

 was made → Passive verb phrase

 after → Preposition

 long → Adjective

 discussions → Abstract noun (event)

30. Her wisdom guided us through the crisis.

 Her → Pronoun (possessive)

 wisdom → Abstract noun (quality)

 guided → Verb

 us → Pronoun

 through → Preposition

 the → Article

 crisis → Abstract noun (situation)

Type 5 – Collective Nouns

(Collective nouns refer to a group of people, animals, or things as a single

unit.)

1. The committee reached a unanimous decision.

 The → Article

 committee → Collective noun (group of people)

 reached → Verb

 a → Article

 unanimous → Adjective

 decision → Abstract noun

2. A flock of birds flew over the valley.

  A → Article

 flock → Collective noun (group of birds)

 of → Preposition

 birds → Concrete noun (animal)

 flew → Verb

 over → Preposition

 the → Article

 valley → Concrete noun (place)

3. The audience applauded enthusiastically.

 The → Article

 audience → Collective noun (group of spectators)

 applauded → Verb

 enthusiastically → Adverb

4. The jury delivered its verdict after three days.

 The → Article

 jury → Collective noun (group of decision-makers)

 delivered → Verb

 its → Pronoun (possessive)

 verdict → Abstract noun

 after → Preposition

 three → Adjective (number)

 days → Concrete noun (time unit)

5. A herd of elephants moved slowly across the plain.

 A → Article
  herd → Collective noun (group of large animals)

 of → Preposition

 elephants → Concrete noun (animal)

 moved → Verb

 slowly → Adverb

 across → Preposition

 the → Article

 plain → Concrete noun (land)

6. The staff are meeting to discuss the new policy.

 The → Article

 staff → Collective noun (group of workers)

 are meeting → Verb phrase

 to discuss → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 new → Adjective

 policy → Abstract noun

7. A team of scientists published groundbreaking research.

 A → Article

 team → Collective noun (group of people)

 of → Preposition

 scientists → Concrete noun (profession)

 published → Verb

 groundbreaking → Adjective

 research → Abstract noun

8. The crowd cheered as the runners crossed the finish line.

 The → Article

 crowd → Collective noun (group of people)

 cheered → Verb

 as → Conjunction

 the → Article

 runners → Concrete noun (people)

 crossed → Verb

 the → Article

 finish → Noun

 line → Concrete noun

9. A panel of experts reviewed the proposal.

 A → Article

 panel → Collective noun (group of experts)

 of → Preposition

 experts → Concrete noun (people)

 reviewed → Verb

 the → Article

 proposal → Abstract noun

10. The fleet of ships set sail at dawn.

 The → Article

 fleet → Collective noun (group of ships)

 of → Preposition

 ships → Concrete noun (things)

 set sail → Verb phrase

  at → Preposition

 dawn → Concrete noun (time)

11. A swarm of bees surrounded the tree.

 A → Article

 swarm → Collective noun (group of insects)

 of → Preposition

 bees → Concrete noun (animal)

 surrounded → Verb

 the → Article

 tree → Concrete noun (plant)

12. The choir performed beautifully.

 The → Article

 choir → Collective noun (group of singers)

 performed → Verb

 beautifully → Adverb

13. A batch of cookies came out of the oven.

 A → Article

 batch → Collective noun (group of baked items)

 of → Preposition

 cookies → Concrete noun (food)

 came out → Phrasal verb

 of → Preposition

 the → Article

 oven → Concrete noun

14. The army advanced towards the border.

 The → Article

 army → Collective noun (group of soldiers)

 advanced → Verb

 towards → Preposition

 the → Article

 border → Concrete noun (place)

15. A band of musicians played in the square.

 A → Article

 band → Collective noun (group of musicians)

 of → Preposition

 musicians → Concrete noun (people)

 played → Verb

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 square → Concrete noun (place)

16. The class took their final exam today.

 The → Article

 class → Collective noun (group of students)

 took → Verb

 their → Pronoun (possessive)

 final → Adjective

 exam → Concrete noun (test)

 today → Adverb (time)

17. A bundle of sticks lay near the fence.

 A → Article

 bundle → Collective noun (group of objects)

 of → Preposition

 sticks → Concrete noun (things)

 lay → Verb

 near → Preposition

 the → Article

 fence → Concrete noun

18. The orchestra received a standing ovation.

 The → Article

 orchestra → Collective noun (group of musicians)

 received → Verb

 a → Article

 standing → Adjective (describing ovation)

 ovation → Abstract noun (act)

19. A pack of wolves hunted together.

 A → Article

 pack → Collective noun (group of animals)

 of → Preposition

 wolves → Concrete noun (animals)

 hunted → Verb

 together → Adverb
20. The flock of sheep grazed on the hillside.

 The → Article

 flock → Collective noun (group of animals)

 of → Preposition

 sheep → Concrete noun (animal)

 grazed → Verb

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 hillside → Concrete noun (place)

21. A troop of monkeys played in the trees.

 A → Article

 troop → Collective noun (group of animals)

 of → Preposition

 monkeys → Concrete noun (animals)

 played → Verb

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 trees → Concrete noun (plants)

22. The staff at the hotel were extremely helpful.

 The → Article

 staff → Collective noun (group of workers)

 at → Preposition

 the → Article

 hotel → Concrete noun (place)

 were → Verb
  extremely → Adverb

 helpful → Adjective

23. A clutch of eggs hatched overnight.

 A → Article

 clutch → Collective noun (group of eggs)

 of → Preposition

 eggs → Concrete noun (things)

 hatched → Verb

 overnight → Adverb (time)

24. The fleet of cars lined up outside the venue.

 The → Article

 fleet → Collective noun (group of vehicles)

 of → Preposition

 cars → Concrete noun (things)

 lined up → Phrasal verb

 outside → Preposition

 the → Article

 venue → Concrete noun (place)

25. A panel of judges announced the winner.

 A → Article

 panel → Collective noun (group of people)

 of → Preposition

 judges → Concrete noun (profession)

 announced → Verb
  the → Article

 winner → Concrete noun (person)

26. The crew prepared the ship for departure.

 The → Article

 crew → Collective noun (group of workers)

 prepared → Verb

 the → Article

 ship → Concrete noun (thing)

 for → Preposition

 departure → Abstract noun (event)

27. A bundle of newspapers lay on the doorstep.

 A → Article

 bundle → Collective noun (group of objects)

 of → Preposition

 newspapers → Concrete noun (things)

 lay → Verb

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 doorstep → Concrete noun (place)

28. The parliament passed a new law yesterday.

 The → Article

 parliament → Collective noun (group of lawmakers)

 passed → Verb

 a → Article
  new → Adjective

 law → Abstract noun (rule)

 yesterday → Adverb (time)

29. A group of tourists visited the museum.

 A → Article

 group → Collective noun (group of people)

 of → Preposition

 tourists → Concrete noun (people)

 visited → Verb

 the → Article

 museum → Concrete noun (place)

30. The board of directors will meet tomorrow.

 The → Article

 board → Collective noun (group of people)

 of → Preposition

 directors → Concrete noun (profession)

 will meet → Modal verb + verb

 tomorrow → Adverb (time)

Type 6 – Compound Nouns

1. My father-in-law is visiting us next weekend.

 My → Pronoun (possessive)

 father-in-law → Compound noun (person)

 is visiting → Verb phrase

 us → Pronoun (object)
  next → Adjective (time)

 weekend → Concrete noun (time period)

2. We watched the sunrise from the mountain peak.

 We → Pronoun (subject)

 watched → Verb

 the → Article

 sunrise → Compound noun (event)

 from → Preposition

 the → Article

 mountain → Concrete noun (place)

 peak → Concrete noun (thing)

3. She bought a handbag made of Italian leather.

 She → Pronoun

 bought → Verb

 a → Article

 handbag → Compound noun (object)

 made → Verb (past participle used as adjective)

 of → Preposition

 Italian → Adjective (origin)

 leather → Concrete noun (material)

4. The police set up a roadblock to catch the suspects.

 The → Article

 police → Collective noun (group of officers)

 set up → Phrasal verb

  a → Article

 roadblock → Compound noun (object)

 to catch → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 suspects → Concrete noun (people)

5. The airport was closed due to heavy snowfall.

 The → Article

 airport → Compound noun (place)

 was → Verb

 closed → Verb (past participle/adjective)

 due to → Preposition phrase

 heavy → Adjective

 snowfall → Compound noun (event)

6. I need to renew my passport before the trip.

 I → Pronoun

 need → Verb

 to renew → Infinitive verb phrase

 my → Pronoun (possessive)

 passport → Compound noun (document)

 before → Preposition

 the → Article

 trip → Concrete noun (event)

7. The lighthouse guided ships safely to shore.

 The → Article
  lighthouse → Compound noun (building)

 guided → Verb

 ships → Concrete noun (thing)

 safely → Adverb

 to → Preposition

 shore → Concrete noun (place)

8. She works for a software company in London.

 She → Pronoun

 works → Verb

 for → Preposition

 a → Article

 software company → Compound noun (organization)

 in → Preposition

 London → Proper noun (place)

9. The fireman used a ladder to rescue the cat.

 The → Article

 fireman → Compound noun (profession)

 used → Verb

 a → Article

 ladder → Concrete noun (object)

 to rescue → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 cat → Concrete noun (animal)

10. We stayed in a guesthouse near the beach.

  We → Pronoun

 stayed → Verb

 in → Preposition

 a → Article

 guesthouse → Compound noun (place)

 near → Preposition

 the → Article

 beach → Concrete noun (place)

11. She wore a necklace with a heart-shaped pendant.

 She → Pronoun

 wore → Verb

 a → Article

 necklace → Compound noun (object)

 with → Preposition

 a → Article

 heart-shaped → Adjective (compound form)

 pendant → Concrete noun (object)

12. The railway connects the city to remote areas.

 The → Article

 railway → Compound noun (infrastructure)

 connects → Verb

 the → Article

 city → Concrete noun (place)

 to → Preposition

 remote → Adjective
  areas → Concrete noun (places)

13. The workshop will teach creative writing skills.

 The → Article

 workshop → Compound noun (event)

 will teach → Modal + verb

 creative → Adjective

 writing skills → Compound noun (ability)

14. We booked a timeslot for our interview.

 We → Pronoun

 booked → Verb

 a → Article

 timeslot → Compound noun (period of time)

 for → Preposition

 our → Pronoun (possessive)

 interview → Concrete noun (event)

15. The football match was postponed due to rain.

 The → Article

 football match → Compound noun (event)

 was postponed → Verb phrase (passive)

 due to → Preposition phrase

 rain → Concrete noun (weather)

16. He has a part-time job at a local café.

 He → Pronoun
  has → Verb

 a → Article

 part-time → Adjective (compound form)

 job → Concrete noun (occupation)

 at → Preposition

 a → Article

 local → Adjective

 café → Concrete noun (place)

17. They launched a space shuttle last month.

 They → Pronoun

 launched → Verb

 a → Article

 space shuttle → Compound noun (vehicle)

 last → Adjective (time)

 month → Concrete noun (time)

18. The headmaster gave a speech to the students.

 The → Article

 headmaster → Compound noun (person)

 gave → Verb

 a → Article

 speech → Abstract noun (event)

 to → Preposition

 the → Article

 students → Concrete noun (people)

19. The website provides useful information.

 The → Article

 website → Compound noun (thing)

 provides → Verb

 useful → Adjective

 information → Abstract noun

20. The skyscraper dominates the city skyline.

 The → Article

 skyscraper → Compound noun (building)

 dominates → Verb

 the → Article

 city → Concrete noun (place)

 skyline → Compound noun (view)

21. My grandmother enjoys storytelling in the evenings.

 My → Pronoun (possessive)

 grandmother → Compound noun (person)

 enjoys → Verb

 storytelling → Compound noun (activity)

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 evenings → Concrete noun (time)

22. We walked along the seashore collecting shells.

 We → Pronoun

 walked → Verb
  along → Preposition

 the → Article

 seashore → Compound noun (place)

 collecting → Verb (present participle)

 shells → Concrete noun (object)

23. The firefighters quickly extinguished the flames.

 The → Article

 firefighters → Compound noun (people)

 quickly → Adverb

 extinguished → Verb

 the → Article

 flames → Concrete noun (thing)

24. She placed her notebook on the windowsill.

 She → Pronoun

 placed → Verb

 her → Pronoun (possessive)

 notebook → Compound noun (object)

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 windowsill → Compound noun (place)

25. The bookshop closed earlier than usual.

 The → Article

 bookshop → Compound noun (place)

 closed → Verb
  earlier → Adverb (comparative)

 than → Conjunction

 usual → Adjective

26. He bought a toothbrush and toothpaste at the store.

 He → Pronoun

 bought → Verb

 a → Article

 toothbrush → Compound noun (object)

 and → Conjunction

 toothpaste → Compound noun (object)

 at → Preposition

 the → Article

 store → Concrete noun (place)

27. The classroom was filled with laughter.

 The → Article

 classroom → Compound noun (place)

 was filled → Verb phrase (passive)

 with → Preposition

 laughter → Abstract noun

28. We travelled on the underground to save time.

 We → Pronoun

 travelled → Verb

 on → Preposition

 the → Article
  underground → Compound noun (transport system)

 to save → Infinitive verb phrase

 time → Abstract noun

29. The checkout counter was busy with customers.

 The → Article

 checkout counter → Compound noun (place)

 was → Verb

 busy → Adjective

 with → Preposition

 customers → Concrete noun (people)

30. She left her sunglasses on the café table.

 She → Pronoun

 left → Verb

 her → Pronoun (possessive)

 sunglasses → Compound noun (object)

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 café → Concrete noun (place)

 table → Concrete noun (thing)

Type 7 – Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Countable nouns → things we can count (apple/apples, idea/ideas)

Uncountable nouns → things we can’t count directly (information, advice,
water)
1. The library has thousands of books for students. (countable)

 The → Article

 library → Concrete noun (place)

 has → Verb

 thousands → Quantifier

 of → Preposition

 books → Countable noun (plural)

 for → Preposition

 students → Countable noun (plural)

2. She gave me some valuable advice about my

career. (uncountable)

 She → Pronoun

 gave → Verb

 me → Pronoun (object)

 some → Determiner

 valuable → Adjective

 advice → Uncountable noun

 about → Preposition

 my → Pronoun (possessive)

 career → Countable noun (singular)

3. The museum displays ancient artifacts from different

cultures. (countable)

 The → Article

 museum → Concrete noun (place)

 displays → Verb
  ancient → Adjective

 artifacts → Countable noun (plural)

 from → Preposition

 different → Adjective

 cultures → Countable noun (plural)

4. I drank a glass of cold water after the workout. (uncountable)

 I → Pronoun

 drank → Verb

 a → Article

 glass → Countable noun (singular)

 of → Preposition

 cold → Adjective

 water → Uncountable noun

 after → Preposition

 the → Article

 workout → Countable noun (singular)

5. There are several restaurants near my apartment. (countable)

 There → Adverb (existence)

 are → Verb

 several → Determiner

 restaurants → Countable noun (plural)

 near → Preposition

 my → Pronoun (possessive)

 apartment → Countable noun (singular)

6. She has extensive knowledge of environmental
issues. (uncountable)

 She → Pronoun

 has → Verb

 extensive → Adjective

 knowledge → Uncountable noun

 of → Preposition

 environmental → Adjective

 issues → Countable noun (plural)

7. The streets were full of tourists during the festival. (countable)

 The → Article

 streets → Countable noun (plural)

 were → Verb

 full → Adjective

 of → Preposition

 tourists → Countable noun (plural)

 during → Preposition

 the → Article

 festival → Countable noun (singular)

8. We need more information before making a

decision. (uncountable)

 We → Pronoun

 need → Verb

 more → Determiner

 information → Uncountable noun

  before → Preposition

 making → Verb (gerund)

 a → Article

 decision → Countable noun (singular)

9. The gallery showcases modern paintings by local

artists. (countable)

 The → Article

 gallery → Concrete noun (place)

 showcases → Verb

 modern → Adjective

 paintings → Countable noun (plural)

 by → Preposition

 local → Adjective

 artists → Countable noun (plural)

10. I don’t have enough money to buy a new laptop. (uncountable)

 I → Pronoun

 don’t have → Verb phrase (negative)

 enough → Determiner

 money → Uncountable noun

 to buy → Infinitive verb phrase

 a → Article

 new → Adjective

 laptop → Countable noun (singular)

11. My friend collects rare coins from around the world. (countable)
  My → Pronoun (possessive)

 friend → Countable noun (singular)

 collects → Verb

 rare → Adjective

 coins → Countable noun (plural)

 from → Preposition

 around → Preposition

 the → Article

 world → Countable noun (singular)

12. The room was filled with furniture made of oak. (uncountable)

 The → Article

 room → Countable noun (singular)

 was filled → Verb phrase (passive)

 with → Preposition

 furniture → Uncountable noun

 made → Verb (past participle)

 of → Preposition

 oak → Uncountable noun (material)

13. He bought two tickets for the concert. (countable)

 He → Pronoun

 bought → Verb

 two → Determiner (number)

 tickets → Countable noun (plural)

 for → Preposition

 the → Article
  concert → Countable noun (singular)

14. We experienced heavy traffic on our way to work. (uncountable)

 We → Pronoun

 experienced → Verb

 heavy → Adjective

 traffic → Uncountable noun

 on → Preposition

 our → Pronoun (possessive)

 way → Countable noun (singular)

 to → Preposition

 work → Uncountable noun (activity)

15. She always carries fresh flowers in her bag. (countable)

 She → Pronoun

 always → Adverb

 carries → Verb

 fresh → Adjective

 flowers → Countable noun (plural)

 in → Preposition

 her → Pronoun (possessive)

 bag → Countable noun (singular)

16. The project requires a lot of patience and

dedication. (uncountable)

 The → Article

 project → Countable noun (singular)

  requires → Verb

 a lot of → Quantifier phrase

 patience → Uncountable noun

 and → Conjunction

 dedication → Uncountable noun

17. We bought several souvenirs from our trip to Japan. (countable)

 We → Pronoun

 bought → Verb

 several → Determiner

 souvenirs → Countable noun (plural)

 from → Preposition

 our → Pronoun (possessive)

 trip → Countable noun (singular)

 to → Preposition

 Japan → Proper noun

18. She has a deep understanding of cultural

diversity. (uncountable)

 She → Pronoun

 has → Verb

 a → Article

 deep → Adjective

 understanding → Uncountable noun

 of → Preposition

 cultural → Adjective

 diversity → Uncountable noun

19. The shop sells a wide variety of shoes. (countable)

 The → Article

 shop → Countable noun (singular)

 sells → Verb

 a wide variety → Quantifier phrase

 of → Preposition

 shoes → Countable noun (plural)

20. My uncle grows organic rice on his farm. (uncountable)

 My → Pronoun (possessive)

 uncle → Countable noun (singular)

 grows → Verb

 organic → Adjective

 rice → Uncountable noun

 on → Preposition

 his → Pronoun (possessive)

 farm → Countable noun (singular)

21. The university offers several courses in data

science. (countable)

 The → Article

 university → Countable noun (singular)

 offers → Verb

 several → Determiner

 courses → Countable noun (plural)

 in → Preposition
  data science → Uncountable noun phrase

22. Fresh bread is baked here every morning. (uncountable)

 Fresh → Adjective

 bread → Uncountable noun

 is baked → Verb phrase (passive)

 here → Adverb

 every → Determiner

 morning → Countable noun (singular)

23. They discussed innovative ideas for the new project. (countable)

 They → Pronoun

 discussed → Verb

 innovative → Adjective

 ideas → Countable noun (plural)

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 new → Adjective

 project → Countable noun (singular)

24. We need to collect reliable data before publishing the

report. (uncountable)

 We → Pronoun

 need → Verb

 to collect → Infinitive verb phrase

 reliable → Adjective

 data → Uncountable noun

  before → Preposition

 publishing → Verb (gerund)

 the → Article

 report → Countable noun (singular)

25. The farmer owns dozens of cows and sheep. (countable for
cows, countable/uncountable for sheep)

 The → Article

 farmer → Countable noun (singular)

 owns → Verb

 dozens → Quantifier

 of → Preposition

 cows → Countable noun (plural)

 and → Conjunction

 sheep → Countable noun (plural, same singular form)

26. The weather forecast predicts

heavy rain tomorrow. (uncountable)

 The → Article

 weather forecast → Compound noun (singular)

 predicts → Verb

 heavy → Adjective

 rain → Uncountable noun

 tomorrow → Adverb (time)

27. She has attended many international conferences. (countable)

 She → Pronoun
  has attended → Verb phrase (present perfect)

 many → Determiner

 international → Adjective

 conferences → Countable noun (plural)

28. We should drink at least two liters of water every

day. (uncountable)

 We → Pronoun

 should drink → Modal verb + base verb

 at least → Adverb phrase (minimum quantity)

 two liters → Countable noun phrase (measurement)

 of → Preposition

 water → Uncountable noun

 every → Determiner

 day → Countable noun (singular)

29. The bakery sells different types of pastries. (countable)

 The → Article

 bakery → Countable noun (singular)

 sells → Verb

 different → Adjective

 types → Countable noun (plural)

 of → Preposition

 pastries → Countable noun (plural)

30. There isn’t much happiness without good health. (uncountable)

 There → Pronoun (existential)

  isn’t → Verb phrase (negative)

 much → Determiner (for uncountable)

 happiness → Uncountable noun

 without → Preposition

 good → Adjective

 health → Uncountable noun

Type 8 – Collective Nouns

(Words that describe a group of people, animals, or things considered as one

unit.)

1. A team of engineers is working on the bridge renovation.

 A → Article

 team → Collective noun (group of people)

 of → Preposition

 engineers → Countable noun (plural)

 is working → Verb phrase (present continuous)

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 bridge → Countable noun (singular)

 renovation → Uncountable noun

2. The audience applauded enthusiastically after the performance.

 The → Article

 audience → Collective noun (group of spectators)

 applauded → Verb (past tense)

 enthusiastically → Adverb
  after → Preposition

 the → Article

 performance → Countable noun (singular)

3. A flock of birds flew over the lake.

 A → Article

 flock → Collective noun (group of birds)

 of → Preposition

 birds → Countable noun (plural)

 flew → Verb (past tense)

 over → Preposition

 the → Article

 lake → Countable noun (singular)

4. The committee has decided to postpone the meeting.

 The → Article

 committee → Collective noun (decision-making group)

 has decided → Verb phrase (present perfect)

 to postpone → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 meeting → Countable noun (singular)

5. A herd of elephants crossed the dusty plain.

 A → Article

 herd → Collective noun (group of elephants)

 of → Preposition

 elephants → Countable noun (plural)

  crossed → Verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 dusty → Adjective

 plain → Countable noun (singular)

6. The jury delivered its verdict after a long deliberation.

 The → Article

 jury → Collective noun (group in a legal case)

 delivered → Verb (past tense)

 its → Possessive pronoun

 verdict → Countable noun (singular)

 after → Preposition

 a → Article

 long → Adjective

 deliberation → Uncountable noun

7. A swarm of bees surrounded the hive.

 A → Article

 swarm → Collective noun (group of insects)

 of → Preposition

 bees → Countable noun (plural)

 surrounded → Verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 hive → Countable noun (singular)

8. The panel of experts recommended further research.

 The → Article
  panel → Collective noun (group of experts)

 of → Preposition

 experts → Countable noun (plural)

 recommended → Verb (past tense)

 further → Adjective

 research → Uncountable noun

9. A fleet of ships entered the harbor at dawn.

 A → Article

 fleet → Collective noun (group of ships)

 of → Preposition

 ships → Countable noun (plural)

 entered → Verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 harbor → Countable noun (singular)

 at → Preposition

 dawn → Uncountable noun

10. The crowd cheered as the parade passed by.

 The → Article

 crowd → Collective noun (large group of people)

 cheered → Verb (past tense)

 as → Conjunction

 the → Article

 parade → Countable noun (singular)

 passed → Verb (past tense)

 by → Preposition
11. A pack of wolves hunted silently in the forest.

 A → Article

 pack → Collective noun (group of wolves)

 of → Preposition

 wolves → Countable noun (plural)

 hunted → Verb (past tense)

 silently → Adverb

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 forest → Countable noun (singular)

12. The choir sang harmoniously during the ceremony.

 The → Article

 choir → Collective noun (group of singers)

 sang → Verb (past tense)

 harmoniously → Adverb

 during → Preposition

 the → Article

 ceremony → Countable noun (singular)

13. A bundle of sticks lay near the fence.

 A → Article

 bundle → Collective noun (group of items tied together)

 of → Preposition

 sticks → Countable noun (plural)

 lay → Verb (past tense of “lie”)

  near → Preposition

 the → Article

 fence → Countable noun (singular)

14. The orchestra performed a captivating symphony.

 The → Article

 orchestra → Collective noun (group of musicians)

 performed → Verb (past tense)

 a → Article

 captivating → Adjective

 symphony → Countable noun (singular)

15. A cast of actors rehearsed for the upcoming play.

 A → Article

 cast → Collective noun (group of actors)

 of → Preposition

 actors → Countable noun (plural)

 rehearsed → Verb (past tense)

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 upcoming → Adjective

 play → Countable noun (singular)

16. The staff at the hotel were extremely courteous.

 The → Article

 staff → Collective noun (group of employees)

 at → Preposition
  the → Article

 hotel → Countable noun (singular)

 were → Verb (past tense, plural agreement)

 extremely → Adverb

 courteous → Adjective

17. A pod of dolphins appeared near the shore.

 A → Article

 pod → Collective noun (group of dolphins)

 of → Preposition

 dolphins → Countable noun (plural)

 appeared → Verb (past tense)

 near → Preposition

 the → Article

 shore → Countable noun (singular)

18. The clergy gathered to discuss community issues.

 The → Article

 clergy → Collective noun (religious leaders)

 gathered → Verb (past tense)

 to discuss → Infinitive verb phrase

 community → Countable noun (singular used abstractly)

 issues → Countable noun (plural)

19. A school of fish swam past the coral reef.

 A → Article

 school → Collective noun (group of fish)

  of → Preposition

 fish → Countable noun (plural, same form as singular)

 swam → Verb (past tense)

 past → Preposition

 the → Article

 coral reef → Countable noun (singular)

20. The troop of scouts explored the dense jungle.

 The → Article

 troop → Collective noun (group of scouts)

 of → Preposition

 scouts → Countable noun (plural)

 explored → Verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 dense → Adjective

 jungle → Countable noun (singular)

21. A batch of cookies cooled on the kitchen counter.

 A → Article

 batch → Collective noun (group of baked items)

 of → Preposition

 cookies → Countable noun (plural)

 cooled → Verb (past tense)

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 kitchen → Countable noun (singular)

 counter → Countable noun (singular)

22. The flotilla of yachts left the marina at sunrise.

 The → Article

 flotilla → Collective noun (small fleet of boats)

 of → Preposition

 yachts → Countable noun (plural)

 left → Verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 marina → Countable noun (singular)

 at → Preposition

 sunrise → Uncountable noun

23. A deck of cards was spread across the table.

 A → Article

 deck → Collective noun (set of cards)

 of → Preposition

 cards → Countable noun (plural)

 was spread → Verb phrase (past passive)

 across → Preposition

 the → Article

 table → Countable noun (singular)

24. The host of problems delayed the construction project.

 The → Article

 host → Collective noun (large number of things)

 of → Preposition

 problems → Countable noun (plural)

  delayed → Verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 construction → Uncountable noun

 project → Countable noun (singular)

25. A set of tools is stored in the garage.

 A → Article

 set → Collective noun (group of items)

 of → Preposition

 tools → Countable noun (plural)

 is stored → Verb phrase (present passive)

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 garage → Countable noun (singular)

26. The army marched across the open field.

 The → Article

 army → Collective noun (group of soldiers)

 marched → Verb (past tense)

 across → Preposition

 the → Article

 open → Adjective

 field → Countable noun (singular)

27. A range of mountains surrounded the valley.

 A → Article

 range → Collective noun (series of mountains)

  of → Preposition

 mountains → Countable noun (plural)

 surrounded → Verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 valley → Countable noun (singular)

28. The string of pearls glittered in the sunlight.

 The → Article

 string → Collective noun (series of items)

 of → Preposition

 pearls → Countable noun (plural)

 glittered → Verb (past tense)

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 sunlight → Uncountable noun

29. A cluster of stars was visible through the telescope.

 A → Article

 cluster → Collective noun (group of stars)

 of → Preposition

 stars → Countable noun (plural)

 was → Verb (past tense)

 visible → Adjective

 through → Preposition

 the → Article

 telescope → Countable noun (singular)

30. The board of directors approved the annual budget.

 The → Article

 board → Collective noun (decision-making group)

 of → Preposition

 directors → Countable noun (plural)

 approved → Verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 annual → Adjective

 budget → Countable noun (singular)

1. What is a Pronoun?

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to avoid repetition.

Example:

 Without pronoun: Maria said Maria will help Maria’s brother.

 With pronoun: Maria said she will help her brother.

2. Why are Pronouns important for IELTS?

 They make your writing and speaking more natural and concise.

 They help avoid awkward repetition in Task 2 essays and Task 1

descriptions.

 IELTS speaking often uses pronouns to create cohesion in answers.

3. Main Types of Pronouns (Most Common in IELTS)

Type Function Example

Personal Refer to specific

I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Pronouns people/things

Possessive
Show ownership mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
Pronouns

Reflexive Refer back to myself, yourself, himself, herself,

Pronouns subject itself, ourselves, themselves

Demonstrative Point to specific

this, that, these, those
Pronouns things

Interrogative
Ask questions who, whom, whose, which, what
Pronouns

Relative
Link clauses who, whom, whose, which, that
Pronouns

Indefinite Refer to non-specific someone, anyone, everyone,

Pronouns things nobody, something, anything
Personal Pronouns – 30 IELTS-Friendly Sentences

1. I believe education is the key to a prosperous future.

Parts of Speech:

 I → Personal pronoun

 believe → Verb

 education → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 the → Article

 key → Common noun

 to → Preposition

 a → Article

 prosperous → Adjective

 future → Common noun

2. You should always consider the long-term consequences of your

actions.

Parts of Speech:

 You → Personal pronoun

 should → Modal verb

 always → Adverb

 consider → Verb

 the → Article

 long-term → Adjective

 consequences → Plural noun

 of → Preposition
  your → Possessive pronoun

 actions → Plural noun

3. He has worked tirelessly to improve his community.

Parts of Speech:

 He → Personal pronoun

 has worked → Verb phrase

 tirelessly → Adverb

 to → Preposition

 improve → Verb

 his → Possessive pronoun

 community → Common noun

4. She believes climate change is the greatest challenge of our time.

Parts of Speech:

 She → Personal pronoun

 believes → Verb

 climate change → Compound noun

 is → Linking verb

 the → Article

 greatest → Superlative adjective

 challenge → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 our → Possessive pronoun

 time → Common noun

5. It seems that technology is advancing faster than our ability to
adapt.

Parts of Speech:

 It → Personal pronoun

 seems → Verb

 that → Conjunction

 technology → Common noun

 is advancing → Verb phrase

 faster → Comparative adverb

 than → Conjunction

 our → Possessive pronoun

 ability → Common noun

 to adapt → Infinitive verb phrase

6. We need to find sustainable solutions to environmental issues.

Parts of Speech:

 We → Personal pronoun

 need → Verb

 to find → Infinitive verb phrase

 sustainable → Adjective

 solutions → Plural noun

 to → Preposition

 environmental → Adjective

 issues → Plural noun

7. They argue that renewable energy is the way forward.

Parts of Speech:
  They → Personal pronoun

 argue → Verb

 that → Conjunction

 renewable energy → Compound noun

 is → Linking verb

 the → Article

 way → Common noun

 forward → Adverb

8. I enjoy reading books that broaden my perspective.

Parts of Speech:

 I → Personal pronoun

 enjoy → Verb

 reading → Gerund (noun form of a verb)

 books → Plural noun

 that → Relative pronoun

 broaden → Verb

 my → Possessive pronoun

 perspective → Common noun

9. You can achieve your goals if you remain focused.

Parts of Speech:

 You → Personal pronoun

 can achieve → Modal verb + main verb

 your → Possessive pronoun

 goals → Plural noun

 if → Conjunction
  you → Personal pronoun

 remain → Verb

 focused → Adjective

10. He often volunteers at local charities.

Parts of Speech:

 He → Personal pronoun

 often → Adverb

 volunteers → Verb

 at → Preposition

 local → Adjective

 charities → Plural noun

11. She advocates for gender equality in the workplace.

Parts of Speech:

 She → Personal pronoun

 advocates → Verb (strong, formal verb = supports publicly)

 for → Preposition

 gender → Common noun

 equality → Common noun

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 workplace → Common noun

💡 IELTS Vocabulary Tip: Advocate is a precise verb for essays about social
issues.

12. It is crucial to address the root causes of poverty.

Parts of Speech:

 It → Personal pronoun

 is → Linking verb

 crucial → Adjective (formal, academic tone)

 to address → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 root → Adjective here (basic/fundamental)

 causes → Plural noun

 of → Preposition

 poverty → Uncountable noun

13. We should embrace cultural diversity in our communities.

Parts of Speech:

 We → Personal pronoun

 should embrace → Modal verb + verb

 cultural → Adjective

 diversity → Uncountable noun

 in → Preposition

 our → Possessive pronoun

 communities → Plural noun

14. They believe economic stability is essential for national

progress.

Parts of Speech:

 They → Personal pronoun

 believe → Verb

 economic → Adjective
  stability → Uncountable noun

 is → Linking verb

 essential → Adjective

 for → Preposition

 national → Adjective

 progress → Uncountable noun

15. I will pursue a master’s degree abroad to broaden my horizons.

Parts of Speech:

 I → Personal pronoun

 will pursue → Modal + verb

 a → Article

 master’s degree → Compound noun

 abroad → Adverb

 to broaden → Infinitive verb phrase

 my → Possessive pronoun

 horizons → Plural noun (figurative = experiences/opportunities)

16. You have to maintain a healthy work-life balance.

Parts of Speech:

 You → Personal pronoun

 have to → Modal phrase

 maintain → Verb

 a → Article

 healthy → Adjective

 work-life balance → Compound noun

17. He demonstrated exceptional leadership skills during the crisis.

Parts of Speech:

 He → Personal pronoun

 demonstrated → Verb

 exceptional → Adjective

 leadership skills → Compound noun

 during → Preposition

 the → Article

 crisis → Common noun

18. She has an innate talent for creative writing.

Parts of Speech:

 She → Personal pronoun

 has → Verb

 an → Article

 innate → Adjective (means natural, inborn)

 talent → Common noun

 for → Preposition

 creative writing → Compound noun

19. It appears that the economy is recovering gradually.

Parts of Speech:

 It → Personal pronoun

 appears → Verb

 that → Conjunction

 the → Article

 economy → Common noun

  is recovering → Verb phrase

 gradually → Adverb

20. We are committed to reducing our carbon footprint.

Parts of Speech:

 We → Personal pronoun

 are committed → Verb phrase (passive + adjective)

 to reducing → Preposition + gerund

 our → Possessive pronoun

 carbon footprint → Compound noun

21. They aspire to build a more inclusive society.

Parts of Speech:

 They → Personal pronoun

 aspire → Verb (formal = aim for)

 to build → Infinitive verb phrase

 a → Article

 more → Adverb (degree modifier)

 inclusive → Adjective

 society → Common noun

22. I tend to spend my leisure time reading non-fiction books.

Parts of Speech:

 I → Personal pronoun

 tend → Verb

 to spend → Infinitive verb phrase

 my → Possessive pronoun
  leisure time → Compound noun

 reading → Gerund

 non-fiction books → Compound noun

23. You need to develop resilience to overcome challenges.

Parts of Speech:

 You → Personal pronoun

 need → Verb

 to develop → Infinitive verb phrase

 resilience → Uncountable noun (important IELTS word)

 to overcome → Infinitive verb phrase

 challenges → Plural noun

24. He frequently participates in environmental campaigns.

Parts of Speech:

 He → Personal pronoun

 frequently → Adverb

 participates → Verb

 in → Preposition

 environmental campaigns → Compound noun

25. She often reflects on her personal growth.

Parts of Speech:

 She → Personal pronoun

 often → Adverb

 reflects → Verb

 on → Preposition
  her → Possessive pronoun

 personal growth → Compound noun

26. It is imperative to safeguard natural resources.

Parts of Speech:

 It → Personal pronoun

 is → Linking verb

 imperative → Adjective (formal for “urgent and necessary”)

 to safeguard → Infinitive verb phrase

 natural resources → Compound noun

27. We value honesty and integrity in professional relationships.

Parts of Speech:

 We → Personal pronoun

 value → Verb

 honesty → Abstract noun

 and → Conjunction

 integrity → Abstract noun

 in → Preposition

 professional relationships → Compound noun

28. They are striving to innovate in the technology sector.

Parts of Speech:

 They → Personal pronoun

 are striving → Verb phrase

 to innovate → Infinitive verb phrase

 in → Preposition
  the → Article

 technology sector → Compound noun

29. I appreciate constructive feedback from my mentors.

Parts of Speech:

 I → Personal pronoun

 appreciate → Verb

 constructive → Adjective

 feedback → Uncountable noun

 from → Preposition

 my → Possessive pronoun

 mentors → Plural noun

30. You should cultivate empathy to understand others better.

Parts of Speech:

 You → Personal pronoun

 should → Modal verb

 cultivate → Verb (formal for “develop”)

 empathy → Abstract noun

 to understand → Infinitive verb phrase

 others → Indefinite pronoun (not a personal pronoun here)

 better → Comparative adverb

Possessive Pronouns

1. What are Possessive Pronouns?

They replace a noun + possession to show ownership, so you don’t
repeat the noun.
Example:

 Without: This book is my book.

 With: This book is mine.

Common possessive pronouns:

mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

2. Why IELTS Learners Need Them

 They condense sentences, which is valued in IELTS Writing Task 2.

 They make spoken answers more fluent without awkward

repetition.

 Often used in discussions about ownership, responsibility, and

rights — common IELTS themes.

3. 30 IELTS-Friendly Sentences Using Possessive Pronouns

(Each includes a useful IELTS vocabulary word or phrase + full parts-of-

speech breakdown)

1. This seat is mine, but you can take the one near the window.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 seat → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 mine → Possessive pronoun

 but → Conjunction

 you → Personal pronoun

 can take → Modal verb + verb

 the → Article

 one → Indefinite pronoun

  near → Preposition

 the → Article

 window → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “near the window” — good for location descriptions in

Speaking Part 2.

2. The final decision will be ours after the committee’s discussion.

 The → Article

 final → Adjective

 decision → Common noun

 will be → Modal verb + linking verb

 ours → Possessive pronoun

 after → Preposition

 the → Article

 committee’s → Possessive noun

 discussion → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “final decision” — common in problem-solution essays.

3. This victory is theirs, and they have earned it through

perseverance.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 victory → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 theirs → Possessive pronoun

 and → Conjunction

 they → Personal pronoun

 have earned → Verb phrase

  it → Personal pronoun

 through → Preposition

 perseverance → Abstract noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “perseverance” — high-level word for determination.

4. That apartment is hers, but she lets her cousin live there rent-
free.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 apartment → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 hers → Possessive pronoun

 but → Conjunction

 she → Personal pronoun

 lets → Verb

 her → Possessive adjective

 cousin → Common noun

 live → Verb

 there → Adverb

 rent-free → Adjective

💡 IELTS vocab: “rent-free” — useful in housing/economy topics.

5. This idea is mine, and I’m willing to defend it.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 idea → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 mine → Possessive pronoun

 and → Conjunction
  I’m willing → Verb phrase

 to defend → Infinitive verb phrase

 it → Personal pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “willing to defend” — strong collocation for argumentative

essays.

6. That responsibility is yours, so please handle it carefully.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 responsibility → Abstract noun

 is → Linking verb

 yours → Possessive pronoun

 so → Conjunction

 please → Adverb (politeness marker)

 handle → Verb

 it → Personal pronoun

 carefully → Adverb

💡 IELTS vocab: “handle carefully” — formal phrase for

workplace/management topics.

7. The success of this project will be theirs if it goes well.

 The → Article

 success → Abstract noun

 of → Preposition

 this → Demonstrative pronoun

 project → Common noun

 will be → Modal verb + linking verb

 theirs → Possessive pronoun

  if → Conjunction

 it → Personal pronoun

 goes → Verb

 well → Adverb

💡 IELTS vocab: “success of this project” — fits Task 1 reports and business
contexts.

8. The credit for this discovery is his, not mine.

 The → Article

 credit → Abstract noun

 for → Preposition

 this → Demonstrative pronoun

 discovery → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 his → Possessive pronoun

 not → Adverb

 mine → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “credit for this discovery” — academic/scientific writing use.

9. The apartment on the top floor is ours.

 The → Article

 apartment → Common noun

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 top floor → Compound noun

 is → Linking verb

 ours → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “top floor” — descriptive language for place descriptions.

10. The decision to resign was entirely hers.

 The → Article

 decision → Common noun

 to resign → Infinitive verb phrase

 was → Linking verb

 entirely → Adverb

 hers → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “decision to resign” — formal workplace phrase.

11. That parking space is mine, reserved under my name.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 parking space → Compound noun

 is → Linking verb

 mine → Possessive pronoun

 reserved → Past participle (adjective use)

 under → Preposition

 my → Possessive adjective

 name → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “reserved under my name” — useful for booking/travel topics.

12. The first prize will be ours if we perform well.

 The → Article

 first → Adjective

 prize → Common noun

 will be → Modal verb + linking verb

 ours → Possessive pronoun

  if → Conjunction

 we → Personal pronoun

 perform → Verb

 well → Adverb

💡 IELTS vocab: “first prize” — competitive or achievement contexts.

13. This house used to be theirs before they moved abroad.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 house → Common noun

 used to be → Verb phrase (past habit/state)

 theirs → Possessive pronoun

 before → Conjunction

 they → Personal pronoun

 moved → Verb (past tense)

 abroad → Adverb

💡 IELTS vocab: “moved abroad” — migration/globalisation topics.

14. The fault is entirely mine, and I accept full responsibility.

 The → Article

 fault → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 entirely → Adverb

 mine → Possessive pronoun

 and → Conjunction

 I → Personal pronoun

 accept → Verb

 full → Adjective
  responsibility → Abstract noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “accept full responsibility” — strong formal phrase.

15. The decision to delay the launch was theirs.

 The → Article

 decision → Common noun

 to delay → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 launch → Common noun

 was → Linking verb

 theirs → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “delay the launch” — common in business contexts.

16. This laptop is mine, but you can borrow it for the weekend.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 laptop → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 mine → Possessive pronoun

 but → Conjunction

 you → Personal pronoun

 can borrow → Modal verb + verb

 it → Personal pronoun

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 weekend → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “borrow” — useful for lending situations.

17. That parking permit is theirs, not ours.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 parking permit → Compound noun

 is → Linking verb

 theirs → Possessive pronoun

 not → Adverb

 ours → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “parking permit” — transport/urban planning contexts.

18. The decision to invest was his alone.

 The → Article

 decision → Common noun

 to invest → Infinitive verb phrase

 was → Linking verb

 his → Possessive pronoun

 alone → Adverb

💡 IELTS vocab: “decision to invest” — finance/business topics.

19. The property by the lake is theirs.

 The → Article

 property → Common noun

 by → Preposition

 the → Article

 lake → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 theirs → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “property by the lake” — useful for describing places.

20. The honour of leading the team was mine.

 The → Article

 honour → Abstract noun

 of → Preposition

 leading → Gerund (noun form of a verb)

 the → Article

 team → Common noun

 was → Linking verb

 mine → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “honour of leading” — formal recognition phrases.

21. That responsibility will be ours once the contract is signed.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 responsibility → Abstract noun

 will be → Modal verb + linking verb

 ours → Possessive pronoun

 once → Conjunction

 the → Article

 contract → Common noun

 is signed → Passive verb phrase

💡 IELTS vocab: “once the contract is signed” — legal/business English.

22. The idea to start this campaign was hers.

 The → Article

 idea → Common noun

 to start → Infinitive verb phrase

  this → Demonstrative pronoun

 campaign → Common noun

 was → Linking verb

 hers → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “start this campaign” — activism/marketing topics.

23. The achievement of this milestone is theirs.

 The → Article

 achievement → Abstract noun

 of → Preposition

 this → Demonstrative pronoun

 milestone → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 theirs → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “achievement of this milestone” — success/progress topics.

24. That pen is mine, I recognise the scratch on it.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 pen → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 mine → Possessive pronoun

 I → Personal pronoun

 recognise → Verb

 the → Article

 scratch → Common noun

 on → Preposition

 it → Personal pronoun
💡 IELTS vocab: “recognise the scratch” — descriptive detail.

25. The responsibility for this task is yours.

 The → Article

 responsibility → Abstract noun

 for → Preposition

 this → Demonstrative pronoun

 task → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 yours → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “responsibility for this task” — workplace English.

26. That garden is ours; we planted every tree ourselves.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 garden → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 ours → Possessive pronoun

 we → Personal pronoun

 planted → Verb (past tense)

 every → Determiner

 tree → Common noun

 ourselves → Reflexive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “planted every tree ourselves” — ownership + personal effort.

27. The last piece of cake is mine!

 The → Article

 last → Adjective
  piece → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 cake → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 mine → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “last piece” — everyday expression.

28. This chance to prove our skills is ours.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 chance → Common noun

 to prove → Infinitive verb phrase

 our → Possessive adjective

 skills → Common noun (plural)

 is → Linking verb

 ours → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “prove our skills” — formal achievement context.

29. The apartment with the balcony is hers.

 The → Article

 apartment → Common noun

 with → Preposition

 the → Article

 balcony → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 hers → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “with the balcony” — descriptive detail.

30. The opportunity to lead the discussion is mine.

 The → Article

 opportunity → Abstract noun

 to lead → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 discussion → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 mine → Possessive pronoun

💡 IELTS vocab: “lead the discussion” — academic or professional context.

Reflexive Pronouns

(myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)

These pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence.

1. I taught myself to play the guitar during the lockdown.

 I → Personal pronoun

 taught → Verb (past tense)

 myself → Reflexive pronoun

 to play → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 guitar → Common noun

 during → Preposition

 the → Article

 lockdown → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “during the lockdown” — useful in pandemic-related

discussions.

2. She prepared herself thoroughly for the job interview.

  She → Personal pronoun

 prepared → Verb (past tense)

 herself → Reflexive pronoun

 thoroughly → Adverb

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 job interview → Compound noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “prepared thoroughly” — formal tone for work/academics.

3. He blamed himself for the failure of the project.

 He → Personal pronoun

 blamed → Verb (past tense)

 himself → Reflexive pronoun

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 failure → Abstract noun

 of → Preposition

 the → Article

 project → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “failure of the project” — business/academic topics.

4. We found ourselves lost in a foreign city.

 We → Personal pronoun

 found → Verb (past tense)

 ourselves → Reflexive pronoun

 lost → Adjective

 in → Preposition
  a → Article

 foreign → Adjective

 city → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “foreign city” — travel/relocation contexts.

5. The cat cleaned itself after the meal.

 The → Article

 cat → Common noun

 cleaned → Verb (past tense)

 itself → Reflexive pronoun

 after → Preposition

 the → Article

 meal → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “after the meal” — basic but useful structure.

6. I reminded myself to stay calm during the exam.

 I → Personal pronoun

 reminded → Verb (past tense)

 myself → Reflexive pronoun

 to stay → Infinitive verb phrase

 calm → Adjective

 during → Preposition

 the → Article

 exam → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “stay calm during the exam” — academic settings.

7. They introduced themselves to the new neighbours.

  They → Personal pronoun

 introduced → Verb (past tense)

 themselves → Reflexive pronoun

 to → Preposition

 the → Article

 new → Adjective

 neighbours → Common noun (plural)

💡 IELTS vocab: “introduced themselves” — social situations.

8. We challenged ourselves to finish the marathon.

 We → Personal pronoun

 challenged → Verb (past tense)

 ourselves → Reflexive pronoun

 to finish → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 marathon → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “challenged ourselves” — achievement/personal growth.

9. She prides herself on her ability to stay organised.

 She → Personal pronoun

 prides → Verb (present tense)

 herself → Reflexive pronoun

 on → Preposition

 her → Possessive adjective

 ability → Abstract noun

 to stay → Infinitive verb phrase

 organised → Adjective
💡 IELTS vocab: “prides herself on” — formal and positive expression.

10. He taught himself the basics of photography.

 He → Personal pronoun

 taught → Verb (past tense)

 himself → Reflexive pronoun

 the → Article

 basics → Common noun (plural)

 of → Preposition

 photography → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “basics of photography” — hobby or skills context.

11. We prepared ourselves for the worst-case scenario.

 We → Personal pronoun

 prepared → Verb (past tense)

 ourselves → Reflexive pronoun

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 worst-case scenario → Compound noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “worst-case scenario” — formal, often used in problem-solving

contexts.

12. They taught themselves how to code using online tutorials.

 They → Personal pronoun

 taught → Verb (past tense)

 themselves → Reflexive pronoun

 how → Adverb

 to code → Infinitive verb phrase

  using → Preposition

 online → Adjective

 tutorials → Plural noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “online tutorials” — tech and self-learning contexts.

13. I forced myself to wake up earlier to increase productivity.

 I → Personal pronoun

 forced → Verb (past tense)

 myself → Reflexive pronoun

 to wake up → Infinitive verb phrase

 earlier → Comparative adverb

 to increase → Infinitive verb phrase

 productivity → Abstract noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “increase productivity” — formal/business expression.

14. She allowed herself a short break after completing the

assignment.

 She → Personal pronoun

 allowed → Verb (past tense)

 herself → Reflexive pronoun

 a → Article

 short → Adjective

 break → Common noun

 after → Preposition

 completing → Gerund (verb as noun)

 the → Article

 assignment → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “completing the assignment” — academic context.

15. He cut himself while chopping vegetables.

 He → Personal pronoun

 cut → Verb (past tense)

 himself → Reflexive pronoun

 while → Conjunction

 chopping → Gerund

 vegetables → Plural noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “while chopping vegetables” — domestic context.

16. We congratulated ourselves on winning the competition.

 We → Personal pronoun

 congratulated → Verb (past tense)

 ourselves → Reflexive pronoun

 on → Preposition

 winning → Gerund

 the → Article

 competition → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “winning the competition” — achievement context.

17. They immersed themselves in the local culture during their

travels.

 They → Personal pronoun

 immersed → Verb (past tense)

 themselves → Reflexive pronoun

 in → Preposition
  the → Article

 local → Adjective

 culture → Common noun

 during → Preposition

 their → Possessive pronoun

 travels → Plural noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “immersed in the local culture” — excellent for travel topics.

18. I reassured myself that everything would be fine.

 I → Personal pronoun

 reassured → Verb (past tense)

 myself → Reflexive pronoun

 that → Conjunction

 everything → Indefinite pronoun

 would be → Modal + verb

 fine → Adjective

💡 IELTS vocab: “reassured myself” — emotional well-being context.

19. She pushed herself to complete the task ahead of schedule.

 She → Personal pronoun

 pushed → Verb (past tense)

 herself → Reflexive pronoun

 to complete → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 task → Common noun

 ahead of → Preposition phrase

 schedule → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “ahead of schedule” — project management vocabulary.

20. He reminded himself to speak slowly during the presentation.

 He → Personal pronoun

 reminded → Verb (past tense)

 himself → Reflexive pronoun

 to speak → Infinitive verb phrase

 slowly → Adverb

 during → Preposition

 the → Article

 presentation → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “during the presentation” — public speaking context.

21. We organised ourselves into small groups for the workshop.

 We → Personal pronoun

 organised → Verb (past tense)

 ourselves → Reflexive pronoun

 into → Preposition

 small → Adjective

 groups → Plural noun

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 workshop → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “organised into small groups” — academic/collaborative

settings.

22. They entertained themselves by playing board games.

  They → Personal pronoun

 entertained → Verb (past tense)

 themselves → Reflexive pronoun

 by → Preposition

 playing → Gerund

 board games → Compound noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “playing board games” — leisure activity.

23. I told myself not to give up despite the difficulties.

 I → Personal pronoun

 told → Verb (past tense)

 myself → Reflexive pronoun

 not → Adverb

 to give up → Infinitive verb phrase

 despite → Preposition

 the → Article

 difficulties → Plural noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “despite the difficulties” — resilience-focused expression.

24. She filmed herself cooking traditional dishes.

 She → Personal pronoun

 filmed → Verb (past tense)

 herself → Reflexive pronoun

 cooking → Gerund

 traditional → Adjective

 dishes → Plural noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “traditional dishes” — cultural and food topics.

25. He dressed himself for the formal dinner.

 He → Personal pronoun

 dressed → Verb (past tense)

 himself → Reflexive pronoun

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 formal → Adjective

 dinner → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “formal dinner” — lifestyle/formal events.

26. We reminded ourselves to stay hydrated in the heat.

 We → Personal pronoun

 reminded → Verb (past tense)

 ourselves → Reflexive pronoun

 to stay → Infinitive verb phrase

 hydrated → Adjective

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 heat → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “stay hydrated” — health-related vocabulary.

27. They pushed themselves beyond their limits in the training

session.

 They → Personal pronoun

 pushed → Verb (past tense)

 themselves → Reflexive pronoun

  beyond → Preposition

 their → Possessive pronoun

 limits → Plural noun

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 training session → Compound noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “beyond their limits” — motivation/performance topics.

28. I promised myself to work harder next semester.

 I → Personal pronoun

 promised → Verb (past tense)

 myself → Reflexive pronoun

 to work → Infinitive verb phrase

 harder → Comparative adverb

 next → Adjective

 semester → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “next semester” — academic timeframe.

29. She challenged herself to learn three new languages.

 She → Personal pronoun

 challenged → Verb (past tense)

 herself → Reflexive pronoun

 to learn → Infinitive verb phrase

 three → Number adjective

 new → Adjective

 languages → Plural noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “learn three new languages” — education goals.

30. He congratulated himself for completing the mountain climb.

 He → Personal pronoun

 congratulated → Verb (past tense)

 himself → Reflexive pronoun

 for → Preposition

 completing → Gerund

 the → Article

 mountain climb → Compound noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “completing the mountain climb” — travel/adventure.

Demonstrative Pronouns – 30 Sentences

1. This is the most breathtaking view I have ever seen.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 most breathtaking → Superlative adjective phrase

 view → Common noun

 I → Personal pronoun

 have ever seen → Verb phrase (present perfect)

💡 IELTS vocab: “breathtaking view” — strong descriptive collocation for

nature/travel topics.

2. That was an inspiring lecture on climate change.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 was → Verb (past)

 an → Article
  inspiring → Adjective

 lecture → Common noun

 on → Preposition

 climate change → Compound noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “inspiring lecture” — academic context.

3. These are the documents you requested yesterday.

 These → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 documents → Plural noun

 you → Personal pronoun

 requested → Verb (past)

 yesterday → Adverb

💡 IELTS vocab: “documents you requested” — formal/business language.

4. Those were some of the most challenging exams I have taken.

 Those → Demonstrative pronoun

 were → Verb (past)

 some → Determiner

 of → Preposition

 the → Article

 most challenging → Superlative adjective phrase

 exams → Plural noun

 I → Personal pronoun

 have taken → Verb phrase (present perfect)

💡 IELTS vocab: “most challenging exams” — academic difficulty.

5. This is exactly the opportunity I have been waiting for.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 exactly → Adverb

 the → Article

 opportunity → Abstract noun

 I → Personal pronoun

 have been waiting for → Verb phrase (present perfect continuous)

💡 IELTS vocab: “opportunity I have been waiting for” — career goals.

6. That was the turning point in my career.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 was → Verb (past)

 the → Article

 turning point → Compound noun

 in → Preposition

 my → Possessive pronoun

 career → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “turning point in my career” — life-changing moment.

7. These are the core values that guide our organisation.

 These → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 core → Adjective

 values → Plural noun

  that → Relative pronoun

 guide → Verb (present)

 our → Possessive pronoun

 organisation → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “core values” — business ethics.

8. Those are my favourite childhood memories.

 Those → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 my → Possessive pronoun

 favourite → Adjective

 childhood → Common noun (used as adjective here)

 memories → Plural noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “childhood memories” — personal narrative topic.

9. This is precisely why I believe education should be free.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 precisely → Adverb

 why → Adverb

 I → Personal pronoun

 believe → Verb (present)

 education → Abstract noun

 should be → Modal + verb

 free → Adjective

💡 IELTS vocab: “precisely why” — strong argumentative phrasing.

10. That was the most delicious dessert I have tasted in years.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 was → Verb (past)

 the → Article

 most delicious → Superlative adjective

 dessert → Common noun

 I → Personal pronoun

 have tasted → Verb phrase (present perfect)

 in years → Time expression

💡 IELTS vocab: “most delicious dessert” — food description.

11. These are the essential skills every leader should possess.

 These → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 essential → Adjective

 skills → Plural noun

 every → Determiner

 leader → Common noun

 should possess → Modal verb + verb

💡 IELTS vocab: “essential skills” — perfect for leadership, teamwork, or job

interview topics.

12. Those were unforgettable moments that shaped my personality.

 Those → Demonstrative pronoun

 were → Verb (past)

 unforgettable → Adjective
  moments → Plural noun

 that → Relative pronoun

 shaped → Verb (past)

 my → Possessive pronoun

 personality → Abstract noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “unforgettable moments” — strong for storytelling.

13. This is the kind of innovation our society needs.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 kind → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 innovation → Abstract noun

 our → Possessive pronoun

 society → Common noun

 needs → Verb

💡 IELTS vocab: “kind of innovation” — technology or development topics.

14. That is the main reason I decided to move abroad.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 main → Adjective

 reason → Common noun

 I → Personal pronoun

 decided → Verb (past)

  to move → Infinitive verb phrase

 abroad → Adverb

💡 IELTS vocab: “main reason” — used in cause-and-effect answers.

15. These are the cultural traditions we celebrate every year.

 These → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 cultural → Adjective

 traditions → Plural noun

 we → Personal pronoun

 celebrate → Verb (present)

 every → Determiner

 year → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “cultural traditions” — very common in Speaking Part 2.

16. Those were the golden days of my university life.

 Those → Demonstrative pronoun

 were → Verb (past)

 the → Article

 golden → Adjective (metaphorical use)

 days → Plural noun

 of → Preposition

 my → Possessive pronoun

 university → Common noun

 life → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “golden days” — idiomatic expression for happy times.

17. This is exactly the type of problem we must solve urgently.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 exactly → Adverb

 the → Article

 type → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 problem → Common noun

 we → Personal pronoun

 must solve → Modal verb + main verb

 urgently → Adverb

💡 IELTS vocab: “must solve urgently” — strong formal tone.

18. That is the kind of book which changes your perspective.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 kind → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 book → Common noun

 which → Relative pronoun

 changes → Verb (present)

 your → Possessive pronoun

 perspective → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “changes your perspective” — high-value phrase for

reading/culture.
19. These are the precautions you should take before travelling.

 These → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 precautions → Plural noun

 you → Personal pronoun

 should take → Modal verb + verb

 before → Conjunction

 travelling → Gerund (noun form of verb)

💡 IELTS vocab: “precautions before travelling” — useful for travel safety

topics.

20. Those are the principles that form the foundation of democracy.

 Those → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 principles → Plural noun

 that → Relative pronoun

 form → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 foundation → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 democracy → Abstract noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “foundation of democracy” — advanced political vocabulary.

21. This is a perfect example of teamwork in action.

  This → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 a → Article

 perfect → Adjective

 example → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 teamwork → Abstract noun

 in action → Prepositional phrase

💡 IELTS vocab: “perfect example of teamwork” — workplace or education

topics.

22. That is the most thought-provoking film I have watched recently.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 most thought-provoking → Superlative adjective

 film → Common noun

 I → Personal pronoun

 have watched → Verb phrase (present perfect)

 recently → Adverb

💡 IELTS vocab: “thought-provoking” — excellent for culture/arts.

23. These are my top priorities for the coming year.

 These → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 my → Possessive pronoun

 top → Adjective
  priorities → Plural noun

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 coming → Adjective

 year → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “top priorities” — goal-setting topics.

24. Those are the challenges we must overcome to succeed.

 Those → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 challenges → Plural noun

 we → Personal pronoun

 must overcome → Modal verb + main verb

 to succeed → Infinitive verb phrase

💡 IELTS vocab: “must overcome” — persuasive speaking.

25. This is the turning point in our negotiations.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 turning point → Compound noun

 in → Preposition

 our → Possessive pronoun

 negotiations → Plural noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “turning point in negotiations” — formal business language.

26. That is a classic example of poor time management.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 a → Article

 classic → Adjective

 example → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 poor → Adjective

 time management → Compound noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “classic example” — academic tone.

27. These are the habits that lead to long-term success.

 These → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 habits → Plural noun

 that → Relative pronoun

 lead → Verb (present)

 to → Preposition

 long-term → Adjective

 success → Abstract noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “long-term success” — career/business topics.

28. Those are the mistakes we need to avoid in the future.

 Those → Demonstrative pronoun

 are → Verb (present)

 the → Article
  mistakes → Plural noun

 we → Personal pronoun

 need to avoid → Verb phrase

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 future → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “need to avoid” — academic writing structure.

29. This is the precise moment I realised my true calling.

 This → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 precise → Adjective

 moment → Common noun

 I → Personal pronoun

 realised → Verb (past)

 my → Possessive pronoun

 true → Adjective

 calling → Common noun

💡 IELTS vocab: “true calling” — life purpose narrative.

30. That is the single greatest achievement of my life so far.

 That → Demonstrative pronoun

 is → Verb (present)

 the → Article

 single greatest → Superlative adjective phrase

 achievement → Common noun

  of → Preposition

 my → Possessive pronoun

 life → Common noun

 so far → Adverbial phrase

💡 IELTS vocab: “greatest achievement” — high-value phrase for personal

accomplishments.

Action Verbs – 30 Sentences (IELTS Focus)

1. She conducted a detailed analysis of the market trends.

 She → Personal pronoun

 conducted → Action verb (past tense)

 a → Article

 detailed → Adjective

 analysis → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 the → Article

 market → Common noun

 trends → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “conducted a detailed analysis” — strong academic/business

collocation.

2. The government implemented new policies to reduce carbon

emissions.

 The → Article

 government → Common noun

 implemented → Action verb (past tense)

 new → Adjective

 policies → Plural noun

  to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 reduce → Action verb (base form)

 carbon → Noun (modifier)

 emissions → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “implement policies” — high-level formal phrase for Task 2

essays.

3. He negotiated a better salary package during the interview.

 He → Personal pronoun

 negotiated → Action verb (past tense)

 a → Article

 better → Comparative adjective

 salary → Common noun

 package → Common noun

 during → Preposition

 the → Article

 interview → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “negotiate a salary package” — business context vocabulary.

4. The students collaborated on a research project.

 The → Article

 students → Plural noun

 collaborated → Action verb (past tense)

 on → Preposition

 a → Article

 research → Noun (modifier)

 project → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “collaborate on a project” — teamwork vocabulary, useful in
IELTS Speaking.

5. She delivered a powerful speech at the conference.

 She → Personal pronoun

 delivered → Action verb (past tense)

 a → Article

 powerful → Adjective

 speech → Common noun

 at → Preposition

 the → Article

 conference → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “deliver a speech” — formal academic/public speaking phrase.

6. They launched a new eco-friendly product last month.

 They → Personal pronoun

 launched → Action verb (past tense)

 a → Article

 new → Adjective

 eco-friendly → Compound adjective

 product → Common noun

 last → Adjective (time)

 month → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “launch a product” — marketing/business context.

7. The team achieved remarkable success in the competition.

 The → Article
  team → Collective noun

 achieved → Action verb (past tense)

 remarkable → Adjective

 success → Abstract noun

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 competition → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “achieve remarkable success” — strong collocation for

achievements.

8. She persuaded her parents to allow her to study abroad.

 She → Personal pronoun

 persuaded → Action verb (past tense)

 her → Possessive pronoun

 parents → Plural noun

 to allow → Infinitive verb phrase

 her → Personal pronoun

 to study → Infinitive verb phrase

 abroad → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “persuade someone to do something” —

persuasive/argumentative topic.

9. The company expanded its operations into Southeast Asia.

 The → Article

 company → Common noun

 expanded → Action verb (past tense)

 its → Possessive pronoun

  operations → Plural noun

 into → Preposition

 Southeast Asia → Proper noun

💡 Vocab tip: “expand operations” — business growth vocabulary.

10. He donated a large sum to the charity.

 He → Personal pronoun

 donated → Action verb (past tense)

 a → Article

 large → Adjective

 sum → Common noun

 to → Preposition

 the → Article

 charity → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “donate a large sum” — philanthropy vocabulary.

1. The scientist formulated a new theory about climate change.

 The → Article

 scientist → Common noun

 formulated → Action verb (past tense)

 a → Article

 new → Adjective

 theory → Common noun

 about → Preposition

 climate change → Noun phrase (abstract noun + common noun)

💡 Vocab tip: “formulate a theory” — academic/scientific writing phrase.

12. The manager delegated tasks to the junior staff.

  The → Article

 manager → Common noun

 delegated → Action verb (past tense)

 tasks → Plural noun

 to → Preposition

 the → Article

 junior → Adjective

 staff → Collective noun

💡 Vocab tip: “delegate tasks” — workplace leadership vocabulary.

13. He investigated the causes of the financial crisis.

 He → Personal pronoun

 investigated → Action verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 causes → Plural noun

 of → Preposition

 the → Article

 financial → Adjective

 crisis → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “investigate the causes” — formal academic phrase for essays.

14. The architect designed an innovative public library.

 The → Article

 architect → Common noun

 designed → Action verb (past tense)

 an → Article

 innovative → Adjective
  public → Adjective

 library → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “design an innovative structure” — urban planning vocabulary.

15. They celebrated their anniversary in Paris.

 They → Personal pronoun

 celebrated → Action verb (past tense)

 their → Possessive pronoun

 anniversary → Common noun

 in → Preposition

 Paris → Proper noun

💡 Vocab tip: “celebrate an anniversary” — everyday + travel vocabulary.

16. The teacher motivated the students to work harder.

 The → Article

 teacher → Common noun

 motivated → Action verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 students → Plural noun

 to work → Infinitive verb phrase

 harder → Comparative adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “motivate someone to do something” — education-related

vocabulary.

17. She compiled a list of potential investors.

 She → Personal pronoun

 compiled → Action verb (past tense)

  a → Article

 list → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 potential → Adjective

 investors → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “compile a list” — research/business task vocabulary.

18. The athlete overcame several obstacles to win the race.

 The → Article

 athlete → Common noun

 overcame → Action verb (past tense)

 several → Determiner

 obstacles → Plural noun

 to win → Infinitive verb phrase

 the → Article

 race → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “overcome obstacles” — motivational speaking vocabulary.

19. The chef experimented with new recipes.

 The → Article

 chef → Common noun

 experimented → Action verb (past tense)

 with → Preposition

 new → Adjective

 recipes → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “experiment with” — creative/innovation vocabulary.

20. He adopted a healthier lifestyle after the medical check-up.

 He → Personal pronoun

 adopted → Action verb (past tense)

 a → Article

 healthier → Comparative adjective

 lifestyle → Common noun

 after → Preposition

 the → Article

 medical → Adjective

 check-up → Compound noun

💡 Vocab tip: “adopt a lifestyle” — health & wellness vocabulary.

21. The writer published her first novel last year.

 The → Article

 writer → Common noun

 published → Action verb (past tense)

 her → Possessive pronoun

 first → Ordinal adjective

 novel → Common noun

 last → Adjective (time)

 year → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “publish a novel” — arts/literature vocabulary.

22. The engineer constructed a bridge over the river.

 The → Article

 engineer → Common noun

 constructed → Action verb (past tense)

  a → Article

 bridge → Common noun

 over → Preposition

 the → Article

 river → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “construct a bridge” — infrastructure vocabulary.

23. She translated the document into Spanish.

 She → Personal pronoun

 translated → Action verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 document → Common noun

 into → Preposition

 Spanish → Proper noun

💡 Vocab tip: “translate a document” — language services vocabulary.

24. The volunteers distributed food to the refugees.

 The → Article

 volunteers → Plural noun

 distributed → Action verb (past tense)

 food → Common noun

 to → Preposition

 the → Article

 refugees → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “distribute aid” — humanitarian vocabulary.

25. The company acquired a smaller rival last month.

  The → Article

 company → Common noun

 acquired → Action verb (past tense)

 a → Article

 smaller → Comparative adjective

 rival → Common noun

 last → Adjective (time)

 month → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “acquire a company” — corporate mergers vocabulary.

26. He invested heavily in renewable energy projects.

 He → Personal pronoun

 invested → Action verb (past tense)

 heavily → Adverb

 in → Preposition

 renewable → Adjective

 energy → Common noun

 projects → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “invest in renewable energy” — environmental/business

vocabulary.

27. The lawyer defended his client in court.

 The → Article

 lawyer → Common noun

 defended → Action verb (past tense)

 his → Possessive pronoun

 client → Common noun

  in → Preposition

 court → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “defend a client” — legal vocabulary.

28. The musician composed a symphony for the orchestra.

 The → Article

 musician → Common noun

 composed → Action verb (past tense)

 a → Article

 symphony → Common noun

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 orchestra → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “compose a symphony” — arts/music vocabulary.

29. She implemented the changes immediately.

 She → Personal pronoun

 implemented → Action verb (past tense)

 the → Article

 changes → Plural noun

 immediately → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “implement changes” — business/project management

vocabulary.

30. The students presented their findings at the seminar.

 The → Article

 students → Plural noun

  presented → Action verb (past tense)

 their → Possessive pronoun

 findings → Plural noun

 at → Preposition

 the → Article

 seminar → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “present findings” — academic presentation vocabulary.

Linking Verbs – 30 IELTS-Friendly Sentences

(Reminder: Linking verbs connect the subject to information about the

subject, often describing a state, condition, or characteristic. Common
examples: be, seem, become, appear, feel, remain, grow, turn, sound.)

1. She is an exceptionally talented pianist.

 She → Personal pronoun

 is → Linking verb (present tense, “be”)

 an → Article

 exceptionally → Adverb

 talented → Adjective

 pianist → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “exceptionally talented” — strong adjective for describing skills

in IELTS Speaking Part 2.

2. The weather seems unpredictable today.

 The → Article

 weather → Common noun

 seems → Linking verb (present tense)

 unpredictable → Adjective

 today → Adverb of time

💡 Vocab tip: “unpredictable” — good descriptive word for
environment/conditions.

3. He became increasingly frustrated with the delays.

 He → Personal pronoun

 became → Linking verb (past tense, “become”)

 increasingly → Adverb

 frustrated → Adjective (past participle used as adjective)

 with → Preposition

 the → Article

 delays → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “increasingly frustrated” — advanced way to describe growing

emotions.

4. The city is a vibrant hub of culture and commerce.

 The → Article

 city → Common noun

 is → Linking verb

 a → Article

 vibrant → Adjective

 hub → Common noun

 of → Preposition

 culture → Common noun

 and → Conjunction

 commerce → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “vibrant hub” — excellent for IELTS Task 1 maps or Task 2 urban
essays.
5. My coffee tastes bitter this morning.

 My → Possessive pronoun

 coffee → Common noun

 tastes → Linking verb (sense verb)

 bitter → Adjective

 this → Determiner

 morning → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “taste bitter/sweet” — sense-related descriptive vocabulary.

6. The room smelled damp after the heavy rain.

 The → Article

 room → Common noun

 smelled → Linking verb (past tense)

 damp → Adjective

 after → Preposition

 the → Article

 heavy → Adjective

 rain → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “smell damp/musty” — good environmental description.

7. She appears confident despite the challenge.

 She → Personal pronoun

 appears → Linking verb (present tense)

 confident → Adjective

 despite → Preposition

 the → Article

 challenge → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “appear confident” — formal way to describe visible traits.

8. The negotiations remain unresolved.

 The → Article

 negotiations → Plural noun

 remain → Linking verb (present tense)

 unresolved → Adjective

💡 Vocab tip: “remain unresolved” — useful for IELTS Task 2 problem essays.

9. He felt exhausted after the long journey.

 He → Personal pronoun

 felt → Linking verb (past tense, “feel”)

 exhausted → Adjective

 after → Preposition

 the → Article

 long → Adjective

 journey → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “feel exhausted” — natural for speaking & narrative writing.

10. The plan proved effective in reducing costs.

 The → Article

 plan → Common noun

 proved → Linking verb (past tense)

 effective → Adjective

 in → Preposition

 reducing → Present participle verb (gerund)

 costs → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “prove effective” — formal/business writing phrase.

11. The water turned cold during the night.

 The → Article

 water → Common noun

 turned → Linking verb (past tense)

 cold → Adjective

 during → Preposition

 the → Article

 night → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “turn cold/sour” — idiomatic state change expressions.

12. She is a highly respected scholar.

 She → Personal pronoun

 is → Linking verb

 a → Article

 highly → Adverb

 respected → Adjective

 scholar → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “highly respected” — perfect for academic IELTS writing.

13. The food looks delicious on the plate.

 The → Article

 food → Common noun

 looks → Linking verb (sense verb)

 delicious → Adjective

 on → Preposition
  the → Article

 plate → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “look delicious/appetising” — descriptive vocab for food.

14. His explanation sounds reasonable to me.

 His → Possessive pronoun

 explanation → Common noun

 sounds → Linking verb

 reasonable → Adjective

 to → Preposition

 me → Personal pronoun

💡 Vocab tip: “sound reasonable” — polite way to agree in speaking.

15. The economy has become increasingly unstable.

 The → Article

 economy → Common noun

 has become → Linking verb (present perfect tense)

 increasingly → Adverb

 unstable → Adjective

💡 Vocab tip: “increasingly unstable” — formal tone for writing.

16. The streets were deserted at midnight.

 The → Article

 streets → Plural noun

 were → Linking verb (past tense, “be”)

 deserted → Adjective

 at → Preposition

 midnight → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “deserted” — advanced synonym for empty/abandoned.

17. He grew impatient while waiting for the train.

 He → Personal pronoun

 grew → Linking verb (past tense, “grow”)

 impatient → Adjective

 while → Conjunction

 waiting → Verb (present participle)

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 train → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “grow impatient” — great for describing gradual emotional

change.

18. The concert was a breathtaking experience.

 The → Article

 concert → Common noun

 was → Linking verb (past tense, “be”)

 a → Article

 breathtaking → Adjective

 experience → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “breathtaking” — high-impact adjective for describing

impressive sights or events.

19. Her voice sounds soothing and calm.

 Her → Possessive pronoun

 voice → Common noun

  sounds → Linking verb (present tense)

 soothing → Adjective

 and → Conjunction

 calm → Adjective

💡 Vocab tip: “soothing” — advanced adjective, useful for describing music,

voices, environments.

20. The soup smells appetising from here.

 The → Article

 soup → Common noun

 smells → Linking verb (present tense)

 appetising → Adjective

 from → Preposition

 here → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “appetising” — more sophisticated than “delicious”.

21. The mountains look majestic in the sunlight.

 The → Article

 mountains → Plural noun

 look → Linking verb (present tense)

 majestic → Adjective

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 sunlight → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “majestic” — formal adjective for describing landscapes.

22. The meeting remained productive until the very end.

  The → Article

 meeting → Common noun

 remained → Linking verb (past tense)

 productive → Adjective

 until → Preposition

 the → Article

 very → Adverb

 end → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “remain productive” — good collocation for business/academic

contexts.

23. She is a passionate advocate for human rights.

 She → Personal pronoun

 is → Linking verb (present tense)

 a → Article

 passionate → Adjective

 advocate → Common noun

 for → Preposition

 human → Adjective

 rights → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “passionate advocate” — strong formal phrase for social issues
essays.

24. The situation appears under control now.

 The → Article

 situation → Common noun

 appears → Linking verb (present tense)

  under → Preposition

 control → Common noun

 now → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “under control” — idiomatic phrase for problem-solving.

25. His performance was remarkable for a beginner.

 His → Possessive pronoun

 performance → Common noun

 was → Linking verb (past tense)

 remarkable → Adjective

 for → Preposition

 a → Article

 beginner → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “remarkable” — excellent for IELTS Task 1/2 evaluations.

26. The garden became overgrown in just a few months.

 The → Article

 garden → Common noun

 became → Linking verb (past tense, “become”)

 overgrown → Adjective

 in → Preposition

 just → Adverb

 a → Article

 few → Adjective

 months → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “overgrown” — advanced adjective for nature/landscapes.

27. The air felt humid after the storm.

 The → Article

 air → Common noun

 felt → Linking verb (past tense, “feel”)

 humid → Adjective

 after → Preposition

 the → Article

 storm → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “humid” — precise climate vocabulary for IELTS Speaking.

28. The building remains structurally sound despite the earthquake.

 The → Article

 building → Common noun

 remains → Linking verb (present tense)

 structurally → Adverb

 sound → Adjective

 despite → Preposition

 the → Article

 earthquake → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “structurally sound” — technical term for building stability.

29. The teacher was visibly proud of her students.

 The → Article

 teacher → Common noun

 was → Linking verb (past tense)

 visibly → Adverb

 proud → Adjective
  of → Preposition

 her → Possessive pronoun

 students → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “visibly proud” — advanced emotional description.

30. His explanation turned complex halfway through.

 His → Possessive pronoun

 explanation → Common noun

 turned → Linking verb (past tense)

 complex → Adjective

 halfway → Adverb

 through → Preposition

💡 Vocab tip: “turn complex” — advanced way to say “become complicated”.

Helping / Auxiliary Verbs – Sentences 1–15

1. She has been preparing for the conference all week.

 She → Personal pronoun

 has → Helping verb (present perfect)

 been → Helping verb (continuous aspect)

 preparing → Main verb (present participle)

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 conference → Common noun

 all → Adjective

 week → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “conference” — useful for IELTS work/academic topics.

2. They are considering alternative solutions to the issue.

 They → Personal pronoun

 are → Helping verb (present continuous)

 considering → Main verb (present participle)

 alternative → Adjective

 solutions → Plural noun

 to → Preposition

 the → Article

 issue → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “alternative solutions” — formal collocation for IELTS Task 2.

3. The documents were being reviewed by the legal team.

 The → Article

 documents → Plural noun

 were → Helping verb (past continuous passive)

 being → Helping verb (passive voice)

 reviewed → Main verb (past participle)

 by → Preposition

 the → Article

 legal → Adjective

 team → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “legal team” — useful for formal/business contexts.

4. He has achieved remarkable progress in his studies.

 He → Personal pronoun

 has → Helping verb (present perfect)

 achieved → Main verb (past participle)

  remarkable → Adjective

 progress → Common noun

 in → Preposition

 his → Possessive pronoun

 studies → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “remarkable progress” — strong academic phrase.

5. We will be attending the networking event tomorrow.

 We → Personal pronoun

 will → Helping verb (future tense)

 be → Helping verb (continuous aspect)

 attending → Main verb (present participle)

 the → Article

 networking → Adjective

 event → Common noun

 tomorrow → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “networking event” — common in career-related IELTS topics.

6. The new policy is being implemented gradually.

 The → Article

 new → Adjective

 policy → Common noun

 is → Helping verb (present continuous passive)

 being → Helping verb (passive voice)

 implemented → Main verb (past participle)

 gradually → Adverb
💡 Vocab tip: “implemented” — strong formal alternative to “started” or
“done”.

7. She has been recognised for her contribution to research.

 She → Personal pronoun

 has → Helping verb (present perfect)

 been → Helping verb (passive voice)

 recognised → Main verb (past participle)

 for → Preposition

 her → Possessive pronoun

 contribution → Common noun

 to → Preposition

 research → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “recognised for her contribution” — academic & professional

context.

8. They will have completed the project by next month.

 They → Personal pronoun

 will → Helping verb (future perfect)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 completed → Main verb (past participle)

 the → Article

 project → Common noun

 by → Preposition

 next → Adjective

 month → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “future perfect” tense is great for IELTS predictions.

9. The students are expected to submit their assignments on time.

 The → Article

 students → Plural noun

 are → Helping verb (passive voice)

 expected → Main verb (past participle)

 to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 submit → Verb (base form)

 their → Possessive pronoun

 assignments → Plural noun

 on → Preposition

 time → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “are expected to” — polite formal obligation phrase.

10. He might have forgotten about the appointment.

 He → Personal pronoun

 might → Helping verb (modal)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 forgotten → Main verb (past participle)

 about → Preposition

 the → Article

 appointment → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “appointment” — everyday and business English word.

11. The roads were repaired after the heavy rains.

 The → Article

 roads → Plural noun

  were → Helping verb (passive)

 repaired → Main verb (past participle)

 after → Preposition

 the → Article

 heavy → Adjective

 rains → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “heavy rains” — useful for environment/weather IELTS topics.

12. She is going to present her findings at the seminar.

 She → Personal pronoun

 is → Helping verb (future plan)

 going → Main verb (present participle)

 to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 present → Main verb (base form)

 her → Possessive pronoun

 findings → Plural noun

 at → Preposition

 the → Article

 seminar → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “present her findings” — perfect for academic context.

13. We have been informed about the schedule change.

 We → Personal pronoun

 have → Helping verb (present perfect)

 been → Helping verb (passive)

 informed → Main verb (past participle)

 about → Preposition
  the → Article

 schedule → Common noun

 change → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “been informed” — formal notification phrase.

14. They should be arriving any minute now.

 They → Personal pronoun

 should → Helping verb (modal)

 be → Helping verb (continuous)

 arriving → Main verb (present participle)

 any → Adjective

 minute → Common noun

 now → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “should be arriving” — polite way to predict timing.

15. The results will have been analysed before the meeting starts.

 The → Article

 results → Plural noun

 will → Helping verb (future perfect passive)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 been → Helping verb (passive)

 analysed → Main verb (past participle)

 before → Conjunction

 the → Article

 meeting → Common noun

 starts → Verb (present tense)

💡 Vocab tip: “will have been analysed” — high-level formal structure.

16. She has been striving to enhance her communication skills.

 She → Personal pronoun

 has → Helping verb (present perfect)

 been → Helping verb (continuous aspect)

 striving → Main verb (present participle)

 to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 enhance → Verb (base form)

 her → Possessive pronoun

 communication → Common noun

 skills → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “striving to enhance” — formal and determined action, good for
IELTS essays about self-improvement.

17. The data is being analysed for potential inaccuracies.

 The → Article

 data → Common noun (uncountable)

 is → Helping verb (present continuous passive)

 being → Helping verb (passive)

 analysed → Main verb (past participle)

 for → Preposition

 potential → Adjective

 inaccuracies → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “potential inaccuracies” — academic/scientific register.

18. They will have secured funding before launching the project.
  They → Personal pronoun

 will → Helping verb (future perfect)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 secured → Main verb (past participle)

 funding → Common noun

 before → Conjunction

 launching → Verb (present participle)

 the → Article

 project → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “secured funding” — high-frequency business phrase.

19. He was being questioned about his role in the negotiations.

 He → Personal pronoun

 was → Helping verb (past continuous passive)

 being → Helping verb (passive)

 questioned → Main verb (past participle)

 about → Preposition

 his → Possessive pronoun

 role → Common noun

 in → Preposition

 the → Article

 negotiations → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “role in the negotiations” — political and formal discussions.

20. The report has been finalised after weeks of revisions.

 The → Article

 report → Common noun

  has → Helping verb (present perfect)

 been → Helping verb (passive)

 finalised → Main verb (past participle)

 after → Preposition

 weeks → Plural noun

 of → Preposition

 revisions → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “finalised after weeks of revisions” — academic writing context.

21. We are scheduled to meet the minister next Friday.

 We → Personal pronoun

 are → Helping verb (passive)

 scheduled → Main verb (past participle)

 to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 meet → Verb (base form)

 the → Article

 minister → Common noun

 next → Adjective

 Friday → Proper noun

💡 Vocab tip: “scheduled to meet” — formal event planning phrase.

22. The results have been delayed due to technical difficulties.

 The → Article

 results → Plural noun

 have → Helping verb (present perfect)

 been → Helping verb (passive)

 delayed → Main verb (past participle)

  due → Preposition

 to → Preposition

 technical → Adjective

 difficulties → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “due to technical difficulties” — common formal delay

explanation.

23. He will be representing our country at the conference.

 He → Personal pronoun

 will → Helping verb (future)

 be → Helping verb (continuous)

 representing → Main verb (present participle)

 our → Possessive pronoun

 country → Common noun

 at → Preposition

 the → Article

 conference → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “representing our country” — formal international context.

24. The machines are being maintained regularly to avoid

breakdowns.

 The → Article

 machines → Plural noun

 are → Helping verb (present continuous passive)

 being → Helping verb (passive)

 maintained → Main verb (past participle)

 regularly → Adverb
  to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 avoid → Verb (base form)

 breakdowns → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “maintained regularly” — workplace and technical description.

25. She might have overlooked an important detail.

 She → Personal pronoun

 might → Helping verb (modal)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 overlooked → Main verb (past participle)

 an → Article

 important → Adjective

 detail → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “overlooked an important detail” — advanced vocabulary for

error discussion.

26. They were being guided through the process by an expert.

 They → Personal pronoun

 were → Helping verb (past continuous passive)

 being → Helping verb (passive)

 guided → Main verb (past participle)

 through → Preposition

 the → Article

 process → Common noun

 by → Preposition

 an → Article

 expert → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “guided through the process” — good for describing training.

27. I have been told that the policy will change soon.

 I → Personal pronoun

 have → Helping verb (present perfect)

 been → Helping verb (passive)

 told → Main verb (past participle)

 that → Conjunction

 the → Article

 policy → Common noun

 will → Helping verb (future)

 change → Main verb (base form)

 soon → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “have been told” — passive way to give information in formal
speech.

28. The final decision will have been made by tomorrow.

 The → Article

 final → Adjective

 decision → Common noun

 will → Helping verb (future perfect passive)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 been → Helping verb (passive)

 made → Main verb (past participle)

 by → Preposition

 tomorrow → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “final decision” — common in business and legal contexts.

29. We are supposed to wear formal attire for the ceremony.

 We → Personal pronoun

 are → Helping verb (passive)

 supposed → Main verb (past participle)

 to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 wear → Verb (base form)

 formal → Adjective

 attire → Common noun

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 ceremony → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “formal attire” — polite term for dress code.

30. The application has been rejected due to incomplete documents.

 The → Article

 application → Common noun

 has → Helping verb (present perfect)

 been → Helping verb (passive)

 rejected → Main verb (past participle)

 due → Preposition

 to → Preposition

 incomplete → Adjective

 documents → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “rejected due to incomplete documents” — useful for formal

letter-writing.

Modal Verbs – Sentences 1–15

1. You must submit your application before the deadline.

 You → Personal pronoun

 must → Modal verb (expressing obligation)

 submit → Main verb (base form)

 your → Possessive pronoun

 application → Common noun

 before → Preposition

 the → Article

 deadline → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “submit your application” — formal academic and job context.

2. We should address the environmental concerns immediately.

 We → Personal pronoun

 should → Modal verb (advice/recommendation)

 address → Main verb (base form)

 the → Article

 environmental → Adjective

 concerns → Plural noun

 immediately → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “address concerns” — academic and formal writing collocation.

3. Students can access the digital library from home.

 Students → Plural noun

 can → Modal verb (ability/permission)

 access → Main verb (base form)

 the → Article
  digital → Adjective

 library → Common noun

 from → Preposition

 home → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “digital library” — modern academic resource term.

4. The government might introduce new regulations next year.

 The → Article

 government → Common noun

 might → Modal verb (possibility)

 introduce → Main verb (base form)

 new → Adjective

 regulations → Plural noun

 next → Adjective

 year → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “introduce regulations” — formal policy language.

5. You could improve your score by practising daily.

 You → Personal pronoun

 could → Modal verb (suggestion/possibility)

 improve → Main verb (base form)

 your → Possessive pronoun

 score → Common noun

 by → Preposition

 practising → Verb (present participle)

 daily → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “improve your score” — IELTS exam preparation phrase.

6. They must have forgotten to include the attachment.

 They → Personal pronoun

 must → Modal verb (strong deduction)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 forgotten → Main verb (past participle)

 to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 include → Main verb (base form)

 the → Article

 attachment → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “must have forgotten” — polite way to point out an omission.

7. We should have prepared more thoroughly for the meeting.

 We → Personal pronoun

 should → Modal verb (past regret/advice)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 prepared → Main verb (past participle)

 more → Adverb

 thoroughly → Adverb

 for → Preposition

 the → Article

 meeting → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “prepared more thoroughly” — formal academic/business

feedback phrase.

8. He might be working on the proposal right now.

 He → Personal pronoun
  might → Modal verb (possibility)

 be → Helping verb (continuous aspect)

 working → Main verb (present participle)

 on → Preposition

 the → Article

 proposal → Common noun

 right → Adverb

 now → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “working on the proposal” — common in professional project

updates.

9. You could have been selected if you had applied earlier.

 You → Personal pronoun

 could → Modal verb (missed opportunity)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 been → Helping verb (passive)

 selected → Main verb (past participle)

 if → Conjunction

 you → Personal pronoun

 had → Helping verb (past perfect)

 applied → Main verb (past participle)

 earlier → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “could have been selected” — formal way to discuss missed
chances.

10. We must not disclose confidential information to outsiders.

 We → Personal pronoun
  must → Modal verb (prohibition)

 not → Adverb

 disclose → Main verb (base form)

 confidential → Adjective

 information → Common noun

 to → Preposition

 outsiders → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “disclose confidential information” — business/legal context.

11. You may encounter some technical issues during installation.

 You → Personal pronoun

 may → Modal verb (possibility)

 encounter → Main verb (base form)

 some → Determiner

 technical → Adjective

 issues → Plural noun

 during → Preposition

 installation → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “encounter technical issues” — professional/IT usage.

12. The project should generate significant economic benefits.

 The → Article

 project → Common noun

 should → Modal verb (expectation)

 generate → Main verb (base form)

 significant → Adjective

 economic → Adjective
  benefits → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “generate significant benefits” — economic/policy vocabulary.

13. We might need to revise the strategy.

 We → Personal pronoun

 might → Modal verb (possibility)

 need → Main verb (base form)

 to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 revise → Main verb (base form)

 the → Article

 strategy → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “revise the strategy” — formal planning phrase.

14. You must attend the orientation session next Monday.

 You → Personal pronoun

 must → Modal verb (obligation)

 attend → Main verb (base form)

 the → Article

 orientation → Common noun

 session → Common noun

 next → Adjective

 Monday → Proper noun

💡 Vocab tip: “attend the orientation session” — academic and workplace

onboarding term.

15. He can speak three foreign languages fluently.

 He → Personal pronoun
  can → Modal verb (ability)

 speak → Main verb (base form)

 three → Number

 foreign → Adjective

 languages → Plural noun

 fluently → Adverb

💡 Vocab tip: “speak three foreign languages fluently” — strong skill

description for IELTS Speaking.

16. You should explore alternative solutions before making a

decision.

 You → Personal pronoun

 should → Modal verb (advice)

 explore → Main verb (base form)

 alternative → Adjective

 solutions → Plural noun

 before → Preposition

 making → Verb (present participle)

 a → Article

 decision → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “explore alternative solutions” — formal academic problem-

solving phrase.

17. They must comply with international safety standards.

 They → Personal pronoun

 must → Modal verb (obligation)

 comply → Main verb (base form)

 with → Preposition

 international → Adjective
  safety → Common noun

 standards → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “comply with standards” — common in law, policy, and

corporate writing.

18. We could organise a fundraising event to support the cause.

 We → Personal pronoun

 could → Modal verb (suggestion)

 organise → Main verb (base form)

 a → Article

 fundraising → Adjective

 event → Common noun

 to → Preposition

 support → Main verb (base form)

 the → Article

 cause → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “fundraising event” — common in NGO and community contexts.

19. The results might indicate a significant trend.

 The → Article

 results → Plural noun

 might → Modal verb (possibility)

 indicate → Main verb (base form)

 a → Article

 significant → Adjective

 trend → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “indicate a significant trend” — formal academic research
phrasing.

20. You may be required to show identification at the entrance.

 You → Personal pronoun

 may → Modal verb (possibility/permission)

 be → Helping verb (passive)

 required → Main verb (past participle)

 to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 show → Main verb (base form)

 identification → Common noun

 at → Preposition

 the → Article

 entrance → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “be required to show identification” — formal procedural

language.

21. He should take responsibility for his actions.

 He → Personal pronoun

 should → Modal verb (advice/moral duty)

 take → Main verb (base form)

 responsibility → Common noun

 for → Preposition

 his → Possessive pronoun

 actions → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “take responsibility” — strong collocation for IELTS Task 2 essays.
22. The committee must have considered all possible outcomes.

 The → Article

 committee → Collective noun

 must → Modal verb (deduction)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 considered → Main verb (past participle)

 all → Determiner

 possible → Adjective

 outcomes → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “consider all possible outcomes” — useful in formal decision-

making contexts.

23. We could face serious consequences if we ignore the warning.

 We → Personal pronoun

 could → Modal verb (possibility)

 face → Main verb (base form)

 serious → Adjective

 consequences → Plural noun

 if → Conjunction

 we → Personal pronoun

 ignore → Main verb (base form)

 the → Article

 warning → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “face serious consequences” — formal cautionary phrase.

24. You must wear protective gear at all times.

 You → Personal pronoun

  must → Modal verb (obligation)

 wear → Main verb (base form)

 protective → Adjective

 gear → Common noun

 at → Preposition

 all → Determiner

 times → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “protective gear” — safety-related vocabulary.

25. They should have anticipated the market changes.

 They → Personal pronoun

 should → Modal verb (past regret)

 have → Helping verb (perfect aspect)

 anticipated → Main verb (past participle)

 the → Article

 market → Common noun

 changes → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “anticipate market changes” — business and economic

language.

26. You might be able to negotiate a better price.

 You → Personal pronoun

 might → Modal verb (possibility)

 be → Helping verb

 able → Adjective

 to → Particle (infinitive marker)

 negotiate → Main verb (base form)

  a → Article

 better → Adjective

 price → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “negotiate a better price” — useful in business and daily life.

27. The new policy could lead to improved public health.

 The → Article

 new → Adjective

 policy → Common noun

 could → Modal verb (possibility)

 lead → Main verb (base form)

 to → Preposition

 improved → Adjective

 public → Adjective

 health → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “lead to improved public health” — common in academic health

discussions.

28. We must ensure that all participants understand the rules.

 We → Personal pronoun

 must → Modal verb (obligation)

 ensure → Main verb (base form)

 that → Conjunction

 all → Determiner

 participants → Plural noun

 understand → Main verb (base form)

 the → Article
  rules → Plural noun

💡 Vocab tip: “ensure that participants understand” — formal instruction

phrase.

29. He should consult an expert before making a decision.

 He → Personal pronoun

 should → Modal verb (advice)

 consult → Main verb (base form)

 an → Article

 expert → Common noun

 before → Preposition

 making → Verb (present participle)

 a → Article

 decision → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “consult an expert” — academic/professional recommendation

phrase.

30. They may develop a new app to solve this issue.

 They → Personal pronoun

 may → Modal verb (possibility)

 develop → Main verb (base form)

 a → Article

 new → Adjective

 app → Common noun

 to → Preposition

 solve → Main verb (base form)

 this → Determiner
  issue → Common noun

💡 Vocab tip: “develop a new app” — tech and innovation-related vocabulary.