Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

and
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE

For ensuring optimal use of natural resources for sustainable development, a new
project requires environmental clearance.

For this, project authority submits some specified documents to the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Also designated as Impact Assessment
Agency).

Environmental Appraisal Committees (EACs) evaluate the impact of the project based
on the data furnished by the project authorities and if necessary, makes site visits for
on-the-spot assessment of various environmental aspects.

Based on such examination, the Committees make recommendations for approval or

rejection of the project, which are then processed in the Ministry for approval or
rejection.
 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE of Site specific Projects

For the following site specific projects, a two stage clearance procedure is adopted.
Project authorities have to obtain site clearance before applying for environmental
clearance of their projects.

Mining
Pit- head thermal power stations
Hydro-power, major irrigation projects and/or their combination including
flood control
Ports and harbours
Prospecting and exploration of major minerals in areas above 500 ha

This is to ensure avoiding areas which are ecologically fragile and environmentally
sensitive.
 DOCUMENT SUBMITTED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE

Essentially contains project description, likely environmental impacts due to upcoming

of the project and the action plan to mitigate the impacts.

The document is known as EIA-EMP.

EIA is acronym for Environmental Impact Assessment and EMP stands for
Environmental Management Plan.

In India, it Environmental Impact Assessment started with river valley projects in

1978-79.

Subsequent inclusions include developmental sectors such as:

1. Mining Projects
2. Industrial Projects
3. Thermal Power Projects
4. River Valley, Multipurpose, Irrigation and Hydroelectric(HE) Projects
5. Infrastructure Development and Miscellaneous Projects
6. Nuclear Power Project
 History of EIA

1970 - EIA as a mandatory regulatory procedure originated with the

implementation of the National Environment Policy Act (NEPA) 1969 in the US.

1973-74 - A large part of the initial development took place in a few high-income
countries, like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand (1973-74). However, there
were some developing countries as well, which introduced EIA relatively early -
Columbia (1974), Philippines (1978).

1989- The EIA process really took off after the mid-1980s. In 1989, the World Bank
adopted EIA for major development projects, in which a borrower country had to
undertake an EIA under the Bank's supervision
 History of EIA in India

1976-77 - The Planning Commission asked the Department of Science and

Technology to examine the river-valley projects from an environmental angle.
This was subsequently extended to cover those projects, which required the
approval of the Public Investment Board.

Till 1994 - Environmental clearance from the Central Government was an

administrative decision and lacked legislative support.

27 January 1994 - Thee Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF),

Government of India, under the Environmental (Protection) Act 1986,
promulgated an EIA notification making Environmental Clearance (EC)
mandatory for expansion or modernisation of any activity or for setting up
new projects listed in Schedule 1 of the notification. Since then there have
been 12 amendments made in the EIA notification of 1994.
 History of EIA in India

September 2006 - The MoEF notified new EIA legislation.

The notification makes it mandatory for various projects such as mining, thermal
power plants, river valley, infrastructure (road, highway, ports, harbours and
airports) and industries including very small electroplating or foundry units to get
environment clearance.

March 2020 – MoEFCC circulated the Draft version of the EIA Notification 2020
 EIA implementation in India

The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) of India is

the nodal Ministry for Environmental Impact Assessment in India.

The responsible body for this is Central Pollution Control Board (cpcb.nic.in).
 What is EIA ?

EIA is an activity designed to identify, predict and evaluate the likely effects of a
new development on the bio-geo-physico-chemical, cultural and socio-economic
environment.

The effects are fully understood and taken into account before the development is
allowed to go ahead. EIA exercise to be carried out before the start of any project
or major activity.

Short-term as well as long-term environmental effects need to be identified and

assessed.

Possible positive and negative impacts to the environment are identified.

A proposed project may have good intent and it addresses/solves a problem, but
ramifications may be serious, say for example, impact on human environment
may offset the possible benefit from the project. EIA aims to assess the overall
impact of a development project on environment.
 What is EIA ?

EIA systematically examines both beneficial and adverse

consequences of the project and ensures that these effects are
taken into account during project design.

It helps to identify possible environmental effects of the proposed

project, proposes measures to mitigate adverse effects and predicts
whether there will be significant adverse environmental effects,
even after the mitigation is implemented.
 Benefits of EIA

Environmentally sound and sustainable design

Better compliance with standards
Savings in capital and operating costs
Reduced time and costs for approvals
Increased project acceptance
Better protection of the environment and human health
 EIA-8 Steps

1. Screening
First stage of EIA, determines whether the environmental and social impacts of a
proposed development project would be significant enough to develop an EIA and if
it does, then the level of assessment required.

2. Scoping
This stage identifies the key issues and impacts that should be further investigated.
This stage also defines the boundary and time limit of the study and set the basis of
the analyses that will be conducted at each stage.

3. Impact Assessment
This stage of EIA identifies and predicts the likely environmental and social impact of
the proposed project and its alternatives and evaluates their significance.

4. Impact Management/Mitigation
This step in EIA recommends the actions to be taken to reduce and avoid the
potential adverse environmental consequences of development activities. Prepare
the plans for other project risks, such as technological failures and natural disasters

Source: International Institute for Sustainable Development

 EIA-8 Steps

4. The EIA Report/Reporting

This stage pull together all the research and work done during the previous steps
into a comprehensive, structured document and submits it to the decision-making
body and other interested parties.

5. Review of EIA
It examines the adequacy and effectiveness of the EIA report and provides the
information necessary for decision-making.

6. Licensing/Decision making
Designated authorities review the EIA report to determine if the planned project
will get a license or if it requires amendments. The IAA decides whether the project
is rejected, approved or needs further change.

7. Monitoring
This stage comes into play once the project is commissioned. It ensures that the
mitigation measures, priorities listed in the EMP, and contingency plans are properly
implemented and effectively address the project’s impacts.

Source: International Institute for Sustainable Development

 Screening
(Also known as Initial Environmental Examination, IEE)

Is an EIA needed? IEE answers this.

▪ Many projects may have no significant environmental effects.
▪ A screening mechanism seeks to identify those projects with
potentially significant adverse environmental effects.
▪ Helps in taking a decision whether the project requires a full-scale EIA
▪ Through IEE, potential environmental effects are assessed within a
very limited budget and in short time
▪ Available recorded information and professional judgement of an
expert are utilised to assess the potential environmental effects.
▪ IEE identifies key issues that merit full analysis in EIA and issues the
deserve only a cursory discussion, thus resource ant time required for
the EIA is optimsed.
▪ IEE is desirable simply from economic point of view.
 Scoping

• The important issues and impacts/concerns are identified.

• Process of deciding which of a project’s possible alternatives and impacts should be
addressed in the EIA
• Legislative/regulatory requirements are identified.
• Scoping is carried out in discussions between the developer, the competent
authority, relevant agencies and, ideally, the public.

Scoping is a critical step in the preparation of an EIA, as it identifies the issues that
are likely to be of most importance during the EIA and eliminates those that are of
little concern.

Scoping is a systematic exercise that establishes the boundaries of your EIA and sets
the basis of the analyses you will conduct at each stage.

A quality scoping study reduces the risk of including inappropriate components or

excluding components that should be addressed.
 Baseline studies

➢ Following the scoping phase, it is essential to assemble all the

relevant information on the current status of the environment,
i.e., Description of the existing environment.
➢ Determination of components of the Project.
➢ The baseline study should anticipate the future state of the
environment assuming the project is not undertaken - the ‘no
action alternative’.
➢ This provides the ‘baseline’ against which future impacts can be
assessed.
Prediction of impacts

• Identification of environmental modifications that may be significant

• Estimation of probability of impacts occurring
• Estimation of magnitude of each impact
• Assessment of spatial and temporal dimension of each impact

Impact types
❑ Direct impact
❑ Indirect impact (Impact remote to the project site or visible after
long time. Ex: Land cleaning-increase in erosion-increase in SPM
in waterways-impairment of downstream quality for water for the
fauna or for human usage)
❑ Cumulative impact (Project impact increases by combining with
other projects/actions)
Impact assessment (Evaluation)

• Impact assessment involves evaluating the significance of the impacts identified

• Significance can be determined through professional judgement, reference to
regulations etc.
• Potential for bias in determining what is significant
• The conclusions of the impact assessment can ultimately be used by decision-
makers when determining the fate of the project application
 Impact assessment

• Determine adverse negative impacts

• Determine magnitude, including cumulative impacts
• Determine geographical extension of negative impacts
• Determine duration and frequency
• Determine the degree of reversibility
• Assess its probability of occurrence
• Assess the scientific uncertainty of the probability of
occurrence of a significant impact
 Impact assessment – Key points

Magnitude and frequency

This refers to the size or amount of an impact, determined on a quantitative basis if possible (e.g.,
scale of vegetation removal, water withdrawals, increased emissions from transportation,
operations, energy production etc.).

Duration
This refers to the time over which the impacts lasts, including during construction, operations and
after site closing; the duration of an activity may differ from the duration of the resulting impact
caused by the activity.

Spatial distribution
This refers to the extent of the impacts to both the project site and beyond.

Reversibility
An irreversible (permanent) impact is one from which recovery is not possible within a reasonable
timescale or for which there is no reasonable chance of action being taken to reverse it
A reversible (temporary) impact is one from which spontaneous recovery is possible or, for which
effective mitigation is both possible and an enforceable commitment has been made.
 Impact assessment – Key points

Positive/negative effects
Positive impacts merit just as much consideration as negative ones, as international,
national and local policies increasingly press for projects to deliver positive outcomes for
environmental, social and other sustainable development impacts.

Likelihood of occurrence (Probability of occurrence)

This indicates the risks that the impacts may occur and then a risk mitigation options can
be considered for impacts that are high risks but low occurrence.

Direct/indirect effects
Direct effects are related to the development such as land and soil lost (ex: in case of a
road development)
Indirect impacts related to habitat fragmentation and downstream effects on the
hydrological systems.

Cumulative effects
This indicates changes to the biophysical, social, economic, and cultural environments
caused by the combination of past, present and ‘reasonably foreseeable’ future actions in
a specific location
 Assessment of significance of an impact

Key elements to establish the SIX interrelated factors to be considered:

significance (importance) of an
impact Magnitude – Impact is reversible/irreversible, rate of recovery of
an impact area
• Cultural Importance Prevalence – Localised impacts of small importance and
• Social Importance magnitude, a no. of actions can have widespread effect.
• Ecological Relevance Duration and Frequency – Will the activity be short-term or
long-term?
• Environmental Patterns
If the activity is intermittent, will it recover during the active
• Statistical Significance period?
• Technical Issues Risk – Risk on project activity, Risk on environment
• Political/institutional Issues Importance – Value that is attached to an environmental
component.
Mitigation – Are solutions to the problem available? Technical/
Economic viability
 Themes of interest in EIA

❑ Public health
❑ Safety and security, occupational health
❑ Vulnerable groups
❑ Gender
❑ Economic organization and wellbeing
❑ Population growth
❑ Cultural and aesthetic values
 Social Impact Assessment (SIA)

A Social Impact Assessment is a process of research, planning and the management of social
change or consequences (positive and negative, intended and unintended) arising from
policies, plans, developments and projects (UNEP, 2007).

The core focus of an SIA is on the important impacts of projects and developments beyond the
impacts on natural resources.

Examples of social impacts include:

People’s way of life – that is, how they live, work, play and interact with one another on a
day-to-day basis.
Their culture – that is, their shared beliefs, customs, values and language or dialect.
Their community – its cohesion, stability, character, services and facilities.
Their political systems – the extent to which people are able to participate in decisions
that affect their lives, the level of democratization that is taking place, and the resources
provided for this purpose.
Their health and well-being – health is a state of complete physical, mental, social and
spiritual well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
 Mitigation

• Negative impacts on the environment identified during the EIA can be

alleviated through mitigation measures
• The mitigation hierarchy:
Avoid – Reduce - Remedy - Compensate - Enhance
• Impacts remaining after mitigation are known as residual impacts
 Public consultation/Public hearing

Public consultation is an integral part of EIA.

Different view points are brought forward, concerns aroused are identified, potential
conflict areas are pinpointed, and the comfort level of decision makers is raised.

The attendance of all those who are present at the venue shall be noted and
annexed with the final proceedings.

There shall be no quorum required for attendance for starting the proceedings.

The SPCB or UTPCC shall arrange to video film the entire proceedings. A copy of the
videotape or a CD shall be enclosed with the public hearing proceedings while
forwarding it to the Regulatory Authority concerned.

The public hearing shall be completed within a period of 45 (forty five) days from
date of receipt of the request letter from the Applicant.

SPCB or UTPCC concerned shall sent the public hearing proceedings to the
concerned regulatory authority within 8 (eight) days of the completion of the public
hearing .
 Monitoring

Monitoring should determine:

• Accuracy of the original predictions

• Degree of deviation from the predictions
• Possible reasons for any deviations
• Extent to which mitigation measures have achieved their objectives
 EIA methods

1. Experts Judgement
EIA methodologies – approaches developed
2. Checklists and matrices to identify, predict and value changes of an
action.
3. Flowcharts and decision trees
4. Multicriteria analysis Reflected in the sequence of activities, steps,
as well on the range of environmental issues
5. Case comparison
considered (physical, chemical, biological,
6. Simulation Models socioeconomic, cultural, landscape values
and processes)
7. GIS and map overlays
8. Contingency analysis Uses methods and techniques to quantify or
to qualify those changes. All aspects and
9. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), Cost-
variables can be measured, problem is to
effectiveness Analysis (CEA), other economic value them.
evaluation
 Expert judgment

These are perhaps the oldest and crudest approaches to EIA.

It involves assembling a team of specialists to identify impacts in

their area of expertise.

Expert judgment is based on the professional option of experts that

have considerable experience in the areas of assessed impacts such
as on water, soil, biodiversity and communities.

There are often based on objectivity and intuition.

These methods focus on broad areas of possible impacts rather than

specifying specific parameters to be investigated.
 Checklists

Checklists are a variant of the Expert Judegement method.

❑ Structured list to identify relevant environmental factors for

consideration in EIA
❑ Encourage discussion during the early stages
❑ Represent the collective knowledge and judgment
❑ Ensure nothing has been left out
❑ Do not require the clear establishment of direct cause effect
links to project activities
❑ Checklists cannot represent the interdependence, connectivity,
or synergism between interacting environmental components
 Checklists

Extensive and complete.

Main function: identify ALL possible consequences of the proposal

Simple Checklists:
No information needed on magnitude or importance of impacts“

Descriptive Checklists:
Require information on magnitude or importance of impacts as well as indication on
prediction methods and indicators.

Questionnaire Checklists:
Three types of answer: “yes”, “no”, “may be”
 Simple checklist

Factors Construction phase Operation phase

Beneficial Adverse effect No effect Beneficial Adverse effect No effect
Construction
Erosion x x
Ground cover x x
Stability x x
(slides)
Land use
Open space x x
Residential x x
Commercial x x
Water
resources
Quality x x
Ground water x x

Offers simplicity for gathering and classifying information

Do not provide information on specific needs for data
 Descriptive Checklist

Data required Information sources, Predictive

techniques
Nuisance
Change in occurrence of odour, smoke, haze, etc. Expected industrial processes
Number of people affected Expected traffic volume
Citizen survey
Water quality
Change in water use of water bodies Current water quality
Number of people affected Current and expected effluent
Noise
Change in noise level, frequency of occurrences Current noise level
Number of people affected Change of traffic and other noise
sources
Changes in noise mitigation measures
Noise propagation model
Citizen survey
(Source: Schaenman 1976)

Gives guidance how to assess impact

 The Battelle environmental evaluation System (BEES)

Designed by Battelle Columbus Laboratories, USA to assess the impacts of

water resource developments, water quality management plans, highways,
nuclear power plants and other projects.

The system is essentially a very sophisticated checklist.

 The Battelle environmental evaluation System

Major environmental concerns are grouped in four different categories:

❖ Ecology
❖ Environmental Pollution
❖ Aesthetics
❖ Human interest and social

These categories are further divided into 18 factors/environmental

components and 78 parameters.
 Framework for the Battle Environmental
Environmental Impacts Evaluation System (Dee et al., 1973)
Numbers denote PIUs

Ecology 240 Environmental Pollution 402 Aesthetics 153 Human Interest 205

Species & Populations Water Pollution Land Education/Scientific

Terrestrial 20) Basin hydrologic loss 6) Geologic surface material 13) Archeological
14)Browsers and grazers 25) BOD 16) Relief & topographic 13) Ecological
14)Crops 31) Dissolved oxygen character 11) Geological
14)Natural vegetation 18) Fecal coliforms 10) Width and alignment 11) Hydrological
14)Pest species 22) Inorganic carbon 32 48
14)Upland game birds 25) Inorganic nitrogen
28) Inorganic phosphate
Aquatic 16) Pesticides Air Historical
14)Commercia1 fisheries 18) pH 3) Odour and visual 11) Architecture and
14)Natural vegetation 28) Streamflow variation 2) Sounds styles
14)Pest species 28) Temperature 5 11) Events
14)Sport fish 25) Total dissolved solids 11) Persons
14)Water fowl 14) Toxic substances 11) Religions and
Water
140 20) Turbidity cultures
10) Appearance of water
318 11) 'Western Frontier'
16) Land & water interface
55
6) Odour and floating material
10) Water surface area
Habitats & Communities 10) Wooded and geologic
Air Poluution Cultures
Terrestrial shoreline 52
5) Carbon monoxide 14) Indians
12) Food web index
5) Hydrocarbons 7) Other ethnic groups
12) Land use
10) Nitrogen oxides 7) Religious groups
12) Rare & endangered Biota
12) Particulate matter 28
species 5) Animals -domestic
5) Photochemical oxidants
14)Species diversity 5) Animals -wild
10) Sulpher oxides
9) Diversity of vegetation types Mood/ Atmosphere
5) Other
Aquatic 5) Variety within vegetation 11) Awe/inspiration
52
12) Food web index types 24 11) Isolation/solitude
12) Rare & endangered 4) Mystery
species 11) 'Oneness' with
Land Pollution
12) River characteristics Manufactured Objects nature 37
14) Land use
14)Species diversity 10) Manufactured objects
14) Soil erosion
100 10
28 Life Patterns
13) Employment
Composition opportunities
Noise Pollution
15) Composite effect 13) Housing
Ecosystems Descriptive 4) Noise
15) Unique composition 11) Social interactions
only 4
15 37
 Parameter importance units (PIU)

Importance unit is assigned to each parameter.

A total of 1000 PIU is distributed among 78 parameters, based

on value judgment.

The higher the value, the greater is the relative importance of

the parameter.

For different project alternatives, the PIU values will be different.

 Environmental Quality (EQ)

Using functional relationships, 78 environmental factors are

converted into numeric values.

The functional relationship is called “value function” and the

numeric values obtained are called ‘Environmental Quality”
value.

The EQ value varies from 0 to 1.

EQ value = 0 indicates very poor quality
EQ value = 1 indicates very good quality.

The value function is devised by a group of experts.

 EQ score

Weights are fixed and overall impact of project alternative is

calculated by summing the weighted impacts.
 Environmental Impact Unit (EIU)

Obtained by multiplying EQ and PIU:

𝐸𝐼𝑈𝑗 =σ𝑛𝑖=𝑗 𝐸𝑄𝑖𝑗 𝑃𝐼𝑈𝑖

𝐸𝐼𝑈𝑗 = Environmental impact unit for jth alternative

𝐸𝑄𝑖𝑗 = Environmental quality value for ith factor and jth alternative
𝑃𝐼𝑈𝑖 = Parameter importance unit for ith factor
n = Total number of indicators/factors

Therefore EUI scores are based on magnitude and importance of

specific impacts.
 Environmental Impact Unit (EIU)

Two EIU scores are produced; one “with” and another “without” the proposed
project.

The difference between the two scores is a measure of the environmental impact.

𝐸𝐼𝑈𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 =𝐸𝐼𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 -𝐸𝐼𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

=σ𝑛𝑖 (𝐸𝑄𝑖 )2 𝑃𝐼𝑈𝑖 -σ𝑛𝑖 (𝐸𝑄𝑖 )1 𝑃𝐼𝑈𝑖

Where :

(𝐸𝑄𝑖 )2 is the environmental quality for indicator “i” in the project conditions
(𝐸𝑄𝑖 )1 is the environmental quality for indicator “i” without the project
𝑃𝐼𝑈𝑖 is the parametric importance unit (relative weight) of the indicator “i”
n is the total number of indicators
 Battle system: Advantages

❑ Has high capability for identification and prediction

of impacts and good replicability of results.

❑ Provides high level of detail for assessment and

documentation purposes.

❑ Basis for the development of environmental

indicators and associated weights is fully
documented.
 Matrices

Two-dimensional tables used to identify impacts arising from the interaction

between project activities and specific environmental components.

The entries in the cells of matrix can either be qualitative or quantitative

estimates of the impact.

Double entrance tables, permit establishment of relationships:

1. Project actions or activities (causes)
2. And the environmental factors (effects)

Most commonly used method of impact identification

 Matrices Types:

Simple Matrices
Time Dependent Matrices
Magnitude Matrices
Quantified Matrix (Leopold Matrix)
Weighted Matrices
• Peterson matrix
• Component interaction matrix
•…etc…
Simple Matrix
Time dependent Matrix
Magnitude Matrix
Weighted Matrices
Weighted Matrices
 Leopold matrix
Identify all actions that are part of the proposed project.

Project actions: 100 no

Environmental characteristics: 88 no

Upper left hand corner of each box:

Indicates MAGNITUDE of the possible impact in the scale of 1-10 and with +/- sign
10 indicates highest impact; 1 indicates least impact (No zero)
(+) sign indicates impact will be beneficial; (-) sign indicates adverse impact

Lower right hand corner of each box

Indicates IMPORTANCE of the possible impacts in the scale of 1-10
10 indicates highest impact (e.g. regional scale); 1 indicates lowest impact (e.g. local)
(No zero)
Matrices advantages:

• Visually describe relationship between two sets of factors

• Expanded or contracted to meet needs of the proposal being assessed
• Identify impacts of different phases of project, construction, operation….
• Help separate site-specific impacts from impacts affecting region
Current EIA methodologies: An evaluation
End Note…

Environmental Impact Assessment is much more than a process for

obtaining an environmental permit or license.

It aims to minimize, avoid or offset the environmental and social

impacts of a proposed development project.

If done properly, it can even promote sustainability in the area where

the project is being implemented.
 SUGGESTED REFERENCES

B. F. Noble (2006). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. Oxford

University Press.

K.S. Hanna (2005) Environmental Impact Assessment: practice and participation.

Oxford University Press.

Wood, C. (2002). Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review (2nd

Edition). Harlow, Prentice Hall.

Anjaneyulu, Y. and Manickam, V. (2010). Environmental Impact Assessment

Methodologies (2nd Edition). B S Publishers, Hyderabad.

Canter, L. 1996, Environmental Impact Assessment. McGraw-Hill. (ch 3, ch 15)“

Morris, P. and Therivel, R. (Eds), 2001. Methods of Environmental Impact

Assessment, 2nd edition, Spon Press, London (2008 reprint).
 Sample question. 1
For a new developmental project, the environmental parameters that are likely to get affected are
listed below. For each parameter, the relative importance and the environmental quality scores
(in a scale of 0 to 1; 0 indicates very poor quality and 1 indicates very good quality) for "without
project" and "with project" scenario are given below in the table. What is the environmental
impact of the proposed project?
EQ score
Relative
Parameter Without With
importance
project project
Landuse 12 0.9 0.4
Noise 4 0.8 0.6
Soil erosion 14 0.8 0.5
Crops 14 0.5 0.4
Employment 13 0.4 0.7
Housing 13 0.2 0.3

Solution 1
𝐸𝐼𝑈𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 =𝐸𝐼𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 -𝐸𝐼𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
=σ𝑛𝑖 (𝐸𝑄𝑖 )2 𝑃𝐼𝑈𝑖 -σ𝑛𝑖 (𝐸𝑄𝑖 )1 𝑃𝐼𝑈𝑖

= 12 × 0.4 + 4 × 0.6 + 14 × 0.5 + 14 × 0.4 + 13 × 0.7 + 13 × 0.3 -

12 × 0.9 + 4 × 0.8 + 14 × 0.8 + 14 × 0.5 + 13 × 0.4 + 13 × 0.2

= 32.8 − 40 = −7.8

The environment deteriorated by 7.8 EIU.

Thank you