I. What is Mechanical Engineering?

Before entering into the Mechanical Engineer role, let us first understand the concept of
Mechanical Engineering. Mechanical Engineering is defined as the branch of engineering that
deals with the design, development, construction, and operation of mechanical systems and
tools. It include machines, tools, and equipment used in various industries, such as
transportation, manufacturing, power generation, and medical devices etc.

1.1 What role does a Mechanical Engineer play in our society and in Industries?
Mechanical engineers are involved in almost every aspect of human existence and welfare,
including machines, cars and other vehicles, aircraft, power plants, automobile parts, and
manufacturing plants etc. A Mechanical Engineer plays a significant role in designing,
developing, and testing machines as well as thermal devices. It also includes systems that are
essential to many aspects of modern society and Industries. They use their knowledge of
mechanics, thermodynamics, materials science, and energy to create solutions that improve
the quality of life of people.

Besides, the role of a mechanical engineer in our society is contributed as:

1.Power Generation: Mechanical engineers design and develop power-generating machines

such as internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and steam and wind turbines etc.

2. Heating and Cooling Systems: They design and develop heating, ventilation, refrigeration
and air conditioning systems for buildings and other structures.

3.Transportation: Mechanical engineers are involved in designing and developing

transportation systems, including cars, trains, airplanes, steamers and boats.

4.Industrial Equipment: They design, develop and maintain industrial equipment such as
machine tools, robots, and conveyor systems & belts.

5.Infrastructure: Mechanical engineers play a key role in the design and maintenance of
infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, roads, and transportation systems.

Overall, Mechanical Engineers are involved in designing, building, and maintaining the
engines, machines, and structures that make modern life possible and comfortable.

They contribute to society by using their skills to improve the safety, security, efficiency, and
comfort of the systems and devices that we rely on every day.
 Power Generation

Heating and cooling system

Industrial Equipment

Mechanical engineering plays a critical role in manufactured technologies, from cars to

airplanes to refrigerators. lt enables you to do many daily activities with ease, as it brings
helpful technologies to our modern society.
Mechanical englneers work in various industries, building and designing nuclear plants, or
automobiles, or railway equipment, or spacecraft. These mechanical engineers are sometimes
called nuclear engineers, automotive engineers, railway engineers, and aerospace engineers'

Mechanical engineers also work as consulting practices, government and universities. They
may work in classrooms, factories offices, laboratories or testing facilities as teachers,
managers, designers or researchers. Some mechanical engineers work in sales and product
quality control or equipment maintenance. Many hold managerial positions in their
companies. whether working on an oil rig or in corporate headquarters, mechanical engineers
are solvlng the technical problems of today and tomorrow

1.2 Emerging Trends and Technologies in energy sector

Renewable energy infrastructure development, power generation, storage, and efficiency

drive innovations in the sector with numerous emerging companies developing low-cost
renewable energy technology.

a) Renewable:

Renewable is one of the emerging trends in energy sector. This Renewable energy trend helps
to safeguard the environment by emitting Iittle to no harmful pollutants. The fundamental
premise of renewable energy is to obtain it from a consistent source in the environment, such
as the sun, wind, or geothermal sources. The source is then converted into useful power or
fuel.

A variety of technologies that address various facets of generating power and heat from
renewable sources is one of the latest technology trends in renewable energy. This involves
lowering the cost of building renewable infrastructure and enhancing the efficiency of power
generation.

b) Energy Storage

Energy storage is one of the effective energy industry emerging trends. Energy storage
permits steady pricing by proactively maintaining demand from consumers ln response to
shifting energy demands and technological advancements, the energy storage business has
evolved, adapted, and innovated during the last century. Energy storage systems offer a
diverse set of technological solutions for improving our power supply to build more resilient
energy infrastructure and save money for utilities and customers.

The many methods of energy storage can be classified into five categories based on their
technology:

Batteries .
Thermal
Mechanical
Pumped hydro
Hydrogen
It has the potential to save consumers money while also improving dependability and
resilience, integrating power sources, and reducing environmental impacts.

c) Blockchains:
 Blockchains or distributed ledgers are emerging technology trends in the energy
industry that has drawn significant interest from energy supply firms, start-ups, financial
institutions, Governments, technology developers, and the academic community' Block chain
technology proposes to combine all energy stakeholders under a single decentralized system.
Electricity producers, metering operators, distribution network operators' and traders
potentially avail from utilizing smart contracts. These agreements ensure that all energY-
related transactions are routed through a safe and immutable network, reducing the risk of
losses. Block chain also has the abitity to achieve some degree of equity between energy
generators and consumers.

1.3 Emerging Trends and Technologies in Manufacturing sector

Al, robots, 3D printing, and the like are all the latest manufacturing trends in
manufacturing technology - and have been for some time. 2021 is the year. Manufacturing
technology gets even smarter. Robots on the factory floor are growing at warp speed thanks
to their declining cost and increasing capabilities.
1.4 Emerging Trends and Technologies in Automotive sector
The automotive industry has been experiencing a great deal of change within the past several
years. More software is being added to vehicles, along with a greater number of electric and
autonomous vehicles are in production and on the road.
Here are the most common automotive trends of 2021. .
A Greater Amount of Al/Machine Learning and Connectivity
An increase ln Electric and Autonomous Vehicles .
Software Security Has Become a Top Concern
Electrification .
Artificial intelligence (Al).
Human-Machine interface.

1.5 Emerging Trends and Technologies in Aerospace sector

Aerospace collectively refers to the atmosphere and outer space; it's a diverse industry
with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications. Aerospace engineering
consists of aeronautics and astronautics and the research, design, production, operation, or
maintenance of aircraft and spacecraft involves the work of numerous organizations.

10 Aerospace Engineering Technology Trends

1. Zero-Fuel Aircraft
2. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
3. Advanced Materials
4. Smart Automation and Block chain
5. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)
5. Supersonic Flights
7. More Resilient and Oynamic A&D Supply Chains
8. Utilizing Internet of Things (loT) to Anticipate Maintenance lssues
9. Artificial intelligence (Al)
1.0. Autonomous Flight Systems.
1.6 What is emerging technologies in the maritime industry?
Advances in shipbuilding, propulsion, smart shipping, advanced materials, big data and
analytics, robotics, sensors and communications in conjunction with an increasingly skilled
workforce are all having monumental shifts in how the maritime industry are approaching
new challenges and opportunities.
The lndian Manufacturing sector currently contributes 16-17% to GDP and gives
employment to around l2o/o (201a) of the country's workforce. Various studies have
estimated that every job created in manufacturing has a multiplier effect in creating 2-3 jobs
in the services sector. Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) in lndia was reported at 12.96
% in 2020, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from
officially recognized sources.
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 Pelton Wheel Turbine

What is Pelton Wheel Turbine?

 The Pelton wheel turbine is one kind of an impulse turbine utilized for high heads of
water (greater than 300 meters) and was invented by an American Engineer, Lester Allan
Pelton.
 The energy available at the turbine inlet is only kinetic. The pressure is atmospheric at the
inlet and outlet of the turbine.
 Pelton wheel turbine is a hydraulic turbine, and its primary application is in the
hydropower plant for producing electricity.
 In 2012, hydroelectric power plants were responsible for producing about 16% of the
total electricity around the world.
 Hydroelectricity is the most broadly practiced form of renewable energy. It is a resilient
source of electricity that is generated at a relatively low price.

Parts of a Pelton Wheel Turbine:

Each Pelton wheel turbine is comprised of many parts, which four of those major parts are as
below:
 Nozzle
 Runner and buckets
 Casing and
 Breaking jet
Nozzle:
 The nozzle is used to enhance the kinetic energy of the water that will strike the buckets
or vanes connected to the runner.
 The amount of water hitting the runner’s buckets is controlled by implementing a spear in
the nozzle.
 The speed is a conical needle that is performed either automatically or by a hand wheel in
an axial direction regarding the unit’s size.
 When the spear is pushed forward to the nozzle, the volume of water striking the runner
is diminished. Conversely, if the sphere is pushed back, the amount of water hitting the
runner grows.

Runner and Buckets:

 In a Pelton wheel turbine, the runner or blade is a circular disc on the periphery of which
several buckets evenly aligned are fixed. The bucket is a double hemispherical cup or
bowl which is divided into two symmetrical parts by a dividing wall known as a splitter.
 The jet of water hits on the splitter and is divided into two equal parts. The jets go out at
the outside edge of the bucket. The bucket is formed so that the jet gets deflected through
160 degrees or 170 degrees.
 The bucket is made of cast steel bronze, cast iron, or stainless steel, depending upon the
head at the turbine’s inlet.
Casing:
 The outer covering in the Pelton turbine is called the casing, which is made of cast iron or
fabricated steel plates.
 It inhibits the splashing of the water and helps to release the water to the trail race. It also
acts as a protection in case an accident occurs.
Breaking Jet:
 When the water jet is entirely closed by pushing the spear in the forward direction, the
volume of water striking the runner converts to zero. Yet still, the runner keeps running
due to the inertia of the runner.
 To hinder the runner in the shortest reasonable time, a tiny nozzle is provided directing
the water jet at the back of the vanes. This jet of water, which is applied to stop the
runner of the turbine, is known as the breaking jet.

Parts of Pelton Wheel

Working Principle:
Here, we want to review the working of the Pelton wheel turbine.
 Water flows from the nozzle with high kinetic energy along the runner’s path. When the
water jet comes in touch with the bucket, it exerts a push on the bucket, which is called
the impulse force.
 The nozzle applied at the end of the penstock is provided with a spear or needle, which is
fixed at the end of a rod to control the water quantity hitting the runner.
 During this process, the momentum of the water is conveyed to the turbine. The impulse
force generated due to this momentum of water makes the turbine rotate.
 The double semi ellipsoidal buckets split the water jet into two equal amounts, which
helps in balancing the wheel(runner). This guarantees a smooth transfer of the water jet to
the turbine wheel.
 For maximum efficiency and power, the turbine is designed in a way that the velocity of
the water jet is twice that of the bucket.
 Schematic of working of a Pelton Wheel turbine
Advantages of Pelton Wheel:
Pelton Wheel Turbine has some advantages as below:
 The Pelton wheel turbine is the most efficient available hydro turbine.
 It operates at a very flat performance curve.
 It works on low discharge and high head.
 It has fewer parts in comparison with Francis’s turbine, which has both guided vanes and
fixed vanes.
 It can have both axial flow or radial flow.
 Pelton wheel turbine can be assembled easily.
 The water jet strikes only a specific portion of the runner in the Pelton wheel, so the
cavitation will not occur.
 Pelton wheel turbine has high overall efficiency.
 The first law in addition to the second law of motion are applied in this kind of turbine.
 In this turbine, the main advantage is that the whole process of the water jet hitting and
leaving the runner occurs at atmospheric pressure.
Disadvantages of Pelton Wheel:
 Some disadvantages of Pelton Wheel Turbine are presented here:
 The efficiency diminishes promptly with time.
 The runner, powerhouse, and generator are large in this turbine.
 There are some challenges in controlling the operating head because of the high heads.
Applications of the Pelton Wheel
 The applications of the Pelton Wheel Turbine are as follows:
 The Pelton wheel is the preferred turbine for hydropower when the accessible water
source has a comparatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates. The head is from 150
meters to 2000 meters in hydroelectric powerplants.
 In a hydroelectric power plant, this is employed to drive the turbine’s generator to
generate the turbine mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 To obtain the highest power and efficiency, the turbine blades are designed in a way that
water jet speed is twice the speed of rotating buckets.
 It is also applied as set up in the laboratories of Educational Institutions.
 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

SIMPLE VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

A vapour compression refrigeration system is an improved type of air refrigeration system in
which a suitable orking substance, termed as refrigerant, is used. It condenses and evaporates at
temperatures and pressures close to the atmospheric conditions. The refrigerants, usually, used
for this purpose are ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2).

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM OVER AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM.
Following are the advantages and disadvantages of the vapour compression refrigeration system
over air refrigeration system.
Advantages:
1. It has smaller size for the given capacity of refrigeration.
2. It has less running cost.
3. It can be employed over a large range of temperatures.
4. The coefficient of performance is quite high.

Disadvantages:
1. The initial cost is high.
2. The prevention of leakage of the refrigerant is the major problem in vapour compression
system.

Fig shows the schematic diagram of a simple vapour compression refrigeration system. It
consists of the following five essential parts.
1. Compressor: The low pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant from evaporator is drawn
into the compressor through the inlet or suction valve A, where it is compressed to a high
pressure and temperature. This high pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant is discharged
into the condenser through the delivery or discharge valve B.
2. Condenser: The condenser or cooler consists coils of pipe in which the high pressure and
temperature vapour refrigerant is cooled and condensed. The refrigerant, while passing through
the condenser, gives up its latent heat to the surrounding condensing medium which is normally
air or water.
3. Receiver: The condensed liquid refrigerant from the condenser is stored in a vessel known as
receiver from where it is supplied to the evaporator through the expansion valve or refrigerant
control valve.
4. Expansion valve: It is also called throttle valve or refrigerant control valve. The function of
the expansion valve is to allow the liquid refrigerant under high pressure and temperature to pass
at a controlled rate after reducing its pressure and temperature. Some of the liquid refrigerant
evaporates as it passes through the expansion valve, but the greater portion is vaporized in the
evaporator at the low pressure and temperature.
5. Evaporator: An evaporator consists of coils of pipe in which the liquid-vapour refrigerant at
low pressure and temperature is evaporated and changed into vapour refrigerant at low pressure
and temperature. In evaporating, the liquid vapour refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of
vaporization from the medium (air, water or brine) which is to be cooled.

REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
The vapour absorption system uses heat energy, instead of mechanical energy as in vapour
compression systems, in order to change the conditions of the refrigerant required for the
operation of the refrigeration cycle.
In the vapour absorption system, the compressor is replaced by absorber, a pump, a generator
and a pressure reducing valve.
The simple vapour absorption system, as shown in figure, consists of an absorber, a pump, a
generator and a pressure reducing valve to replace the compressor of vapour compression
system. The other components of the system are condenser, receiver, expansion valve and
evaporator as in the vapour compression system.
In this system, the low pressure ammonia vapour leaving the evaporator, enters the absorber
where it is absorbed by the cold water in the absorber. The water has the ability to absorb very
large quantities of ammonia vapour andthe solution thus formed, is known as aqua-ammonia.
The absorption of ammonia vapour in water lowers the pressure in the absorber which in turn
draws more ammonia vapour from the evaporator and thus raises the temperature of solution.
The strong solution of ammonia in the generator is heated by some external source such as gas or
steam. During the heating process, the ammonia vapour is driven off the solution at high pressure
leaving behind the hot weak ammonia solution in the generator. This weak ammonia solution
flows back to the absorber at low pressure after passing through the pressure reducing valve. The
high pressure ammonia vapour from the generator is condensed in the condenser to a high
pressure liquid ammonia. This liquid ammonia is passed to the expansion valve through the
receiver and then to the evaporator. This completes the simple vapour absorption cycle.
Practical vapour absorption system-:
These accessories help to improve the performance and working of the plant, as discussed
below-:
1. Analyser: When ammonia is vaporized in the generator, some water is also vaporized and will
flow into the condenser along with the ammonia vapour in the simple system. If these unwanted
water particles are not removed before entering into the condenser, they will enter into the
expansion valve where they freeze and choke the pipe line. In order to remove these unwanted
particles flowing to the condenser, an analyser is used.
2. Rectifier: In case the water vapours are not completely removed in the analyser, a closed type
vapour cooler called rectifier (also known as dehydrator) is used. It is generally water cooled and
may be of the double pipe, shell and coil or shell and tube type. Its function is to cool further the
ammonia vapours leaving the analyser so that the remaining water vapours are condensed.
3. Heat exchangers: The heat exchanger provided between the pump and the generator is used
to cool the weak hot solution returning from the generator to the absorber.
Advantages of vapour absorption refrigeration system over vapour compression
refrigeration system.
1. In the vapour absorption system, the only moving part of the entire system is a pump which
has a small motor. thus, the operation of this system is essentially quiet and is subjected to little
wear. The vapour compression system of the same capacity has more wear, tear and noise due to
moving parts of the compressor.
2. The vapour absorption system uses heat energy to change the condition of the refrigerant from
the evaporator. The vapour compression system uses mechanical energy to change the condition
of the refrigerant from the evaporator.
3. The vapour absorption systems are usually designed to use steam, either at high pressure or
low pressure. The exhaust steam from furnaces and solar energy may also be used. Thus this
system can be used where the electric power is difficult to obtain or is very expensive.
4. The load variations does not effect the performance of a vapour absorption system. The load
variations are met by controlling the quantity of aqua circulated and the quantity of steam
supplied to the generator. The performance of a vapour compression system at partial loads is
poor.