CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Stimuli
The changes in the environment to which the organisms
respond is called stimuli such as light, heat, cold, sound, smell,
touch etc.
Plants and animals both respond to stimuli but in different
manner.
Control and Coordination in ANIMALS
It is brought about in all animals with the help of two main
systems.
a) Nervous System
b) Endocrine System
Receptors
- These are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect
the information from the environment
Eyes : • Photoreceptors
Skin : • Thermoreceptors
Nose : • Olfactory receptors
Tongue : • Gustatory receptors
Phonoreceptors : Ears
Neuron
Structural and Functional unit of nervous system
Synapse
It is the gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and
dendrite of other neuron.
In this electrical signal is converted into chemical signal.
Because neurons never touch, chemical signallers called
neurotransmitters must travel through the space called
synapse between two neurons
Reflex Action
Reflex action is quick, sudden and immediate response of the
body to a stimulus.
Examples - When you smell your favorite dish, your mouth
waters.
Reflex Arc -
The pathway through which nerve impulses pass during reflex
action is called Reflex Arc.
Reflex actions are monitored and controlled through the
spinal cord of nervous system, not by the brain. This is
because; it may take more time for the brain to instruct the
muscle to move.
Reflex actions involve mainly spinal cord. Here, nerves from all
over the body meet in the form of bundle. Therefore the
process of detecting signals or the input and response to it by
an output action is completed quickly.
Flow chart of reflex arc
Importance of reflex action
Reflex action is important in the following ways :
(i) It enables an organism for an immediate response to a
harmful
signal
(ii) It reduces the overloading of brain
(iii) It increases the chances of survival of an organism
CNS: Brain + Spinal Cord
Human brain:
Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body.
It has three major parts -
1) Fore (Front) – Brain
2) Mid (Middle) – Brain
3) Hind (Back) – Brain
1) Fore (Front) Brain
It is the most complex part of the brain. It consists of
Cerebrum.
Functions –
i) Thinking part of the brain
ii) Control the voluntary actions
iii) Store Information (Memory)
2) Mid (Middle) Brain
It connects the Fore (Front) – Brain with Hind (Back) – Brain
Functions –
i) Controls Involuntary actions
ii) This part of brain helps in changing Size of Pupil in our Eyes
iii) Controls Reflex movements of Head, Neck
3) Hind (Back) Brain
It has three parts -
i) Cerebellum -
Controls posture and balance. Precision of voluntary actions
Eg. Picking Pen.
ii) Medulla -
Controls involuntary actions e.g. blood pressure, Vomiting
iii) Pons -
This also controls Involuntary actions but of different types
like Breathing
Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord
a) Brain - Brain is protected by a bony cover called cranium
(skull or brain box) .Outer membranes are called as meninges.
The gap between the brain ventricles is filled up with cerebro
spinal fluid which act as a shock absorber..
b) Spinal Cord - Spinal cord is enclosed in vertebral column.
PNS: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
1. Cranial nerves: These are the nerves which emerge from
brain and spread throughout the head (12 pairs).
2. Spinal nerves: These are the nerves, which arise from
spinal cord along most of its length and spread throughout the
body except head (31 pairs).
Control System in Plants
TROPIC MOVEMENTS NASTIC MOVEMENTS
1. GROWTH DEPENDENT 1.GROWTH INDEPENDENT
2.SLOW CHANGES 2.FAST CHANGES
3.RESPONSE IS 3. RESPONSE IS NON
DIRECTIONAL TO THE DIRECTIONAL TO THE
STIMULUS STIMULUS
4. ARE PERMANENT OR 4. ARE TEMPORARY OR
IRREVERSIBLE REVERSIBLE
5. FOUND IN ALL PLANTS 5.FOUND IN FEW
SPECIALISED PLANTS
6.EXAMPLES 6.EXAMPLES
Geotropism (gravity) seismonastic (response to
Phototropism(light) touch or mechanical shock),
Thigmotropism(touch) photonastic (response to
Thermotropism( light),
temperature) thermonastic (response to
Hydrotropism(water) temperature),
Chemotropism(chemicals) nyctinastic (response to daily
light and dark cycles), and
thigmonastic (response to
touch, but without regard to
direction).
Phytohormones
These chemical substances are naturally produced in plants.
Plant hormones: Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, abscisic acid
and ethylene.
HORMONE FUNCTION
Auxins (Growth regulators) Growth of roots
●Flowering
● Breaking of seed dormancy
● Cell differentiation and
formation of seedless fruits
Gibberellins Growth of the stem and
flower.
Stem elongation
Control seed germination
Control flowering specially on
lettuce
Cytokinins Promote cell division
Highest concentration of
Cytokinins occurs in fruit and
seeds i.e.
areas of rapid cell division.
Abscisic acid (ABA) ● Inhibit growth
● Causes wilting of leaves
Stress hormone
Ethylene gaseous plant hormone
produced in
all parts of grown plants
including roots, stems, tubers,
leaves, flower, fruits and
seeds.
Stimulates fruit ripening.
Auxins (Growth regulators)
They are usually synthesized in the tip of shoots.
It help them to grow longer when placed facing a light
source, they show bending towards it.
This is because auxin diffuses towards the shady side of
the shoot stimulating cells to grow.
Hormones in animal (Endocrine
system)
