Basic Mathematics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Mathematics is the foundation of science and technology. Basic
Mathematics covers arithmetic, algebra, and geometry that support further
learning in advanced fields.
Chapter 2: Numbers and Operations
2.1 Natural Numbers and Integers
Natural numbers: 1, 2, 3, …
Integers: … -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …
2.2 Arithmetic Operations
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
Properties: commutative, associative, distributive.
Example:
23
+
17
=
40
23+17=40
45
−
28
=
17
45−28=17
7
×
8
=
56
7×8=56
144
÷
12
=
12
144÷12=12
Chapter 3: Fractions and Decimals
3.1 Fractions
Proper fractions, improper fractions, mixed numbers.
Simplification of fractions.
3.2 Decimals
Conversion between fractions and decimals.
Rounding decimals.
Example:
3
4
=
0.75
4
3
=0.75
Round 3.14159 to 2 decimal places → 3.14
Chapter 4: Algebra Essentials
4.1 Variables and Expressions
A variable is a symbol that represents a number.
Algebraic expressions combine numbers and variables.
4.2 Solving Equations
Linear equations:
𝑎
𝑥
+
𝑏
=
0
ax+b=0.
Quadratic equations:
𝑎
𝑥
2
+
𝑏
𝑥
+
𝑐
=
0
ax
2
+bx+c=0.
Example:
Solve
2
𝑥
+
3
=
7
2x+3=7 →
2
𝑥
=
4
2x=4 →
𝑥
=
2
x=2.
Chapter 5: Geometry Basics
5.1 Lines and Angles
Types of angles: acute, right, obtuse, straight.
Complementary and supplementary angles.
5.2 Triangles
Types: equilateral, isosceles, scalene.
Pythagoras theorem:
𝑎
2
+
𝑏
2
=
𝑐
2
a
2
+b
2
=c
2
.
5.3 Circles
Radius, diameter, circumference.
Area of a circle:
𝐴
=
𝜋
𝑟
2
A=πr
2
.
Chapter 6: Statistics and Probability
6.1 Statistics Basics
Mean, median, mode.
Example:
Data: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Mean = 6, Median = 6, Mode = none.
6.2 Probability
Probability =
favorable outcomes
total outcomes
total outcomes
favorable outcomes
Example:
Probability of rolling a 6 on a fair die =
1
6
6
1
Chapter 7: Practice Exercises
Simplify
24
36
36
24
Convert 0.875 into a fraction.
Solve:
3
𝑥
−
5
=
10
3x−5=10.
Find the area of a triangle with base = 8 cm and height = 5 cm.
The average of 5 numbers is 12. Find their total.
Chapter 8: Summary
This chapter introduced arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and probability.
These skills are the stepping stones to higher mathematics and applied
sciences.
