COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

CC102: LECTURE 1

Computer Programming

●​ Software is a set of instructions that provides information to computers to solve problems. The
smallest form of software is a program.
●​ Computers understand instructions that are written in a specific syntax called a programming
language.
●​ Features fast, cheap, and 24/7 work, accurate data, storage capacity, and reliability.
●​ Programming languages are used to write instructions to computer systems.

Binary numbers allow computers to efficiently store and manipulate data, all by using a system of switches
that can be turned on or off (represented by the binary digits 0 and 1).
1 0

True/Present False/Absent

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

19 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

200 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

E10

●​ E10 (hexadecimal: 111000001000) usually refers to exponent 10 in decimal scientific notation.

●​ A way to express large (or small) numbers in shorthand.
●​ E10 means “×10^10.”
●​ 1.101E10 means 1.101 × 10^10 (in base 10)

➢​ There are 700 programming languages

➢​ First General Computer System: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)

WHY LEARN PROGRAMMING?

●​ Programming is fun to work on.

●​ Pretty good salary
●​ Computer programs are used in every field
●​ Modern tools to increase productivity and performance

C PROGRAMMING

●​ It is an amazing and simple language that helps you develop complex software applications with ease.
●​ Invented by Dennis Ritchie (Father of C Programming) at Bell Laboratories in early 1970s
●​ Standard coding of C programming was done in 1968 by the American National Standards Institute as
ANSIC.
●​ C is a high-level programming language that supports low-level programming languages.
●​ The development of C language was followed by the origin of unix, the first operating system
implemented in a high-level language

WHY LEARN C?

-​ Versatile and most popular programming language in the world.

 FEATURES OF C PROGRAMMING

★​ Library functions are predefined in C, making it an optimal choice for programming.

★​ Almost all programming languages derived from C inherited their features from C, the mother of all
programming languages.
★​ C is a compiler-based language. To execute a code, we first need to compile it
○​ you need to translate it into binary
○​ C compiler/Online Compiler
○​ Output is executable once compiled
★​ C is case sensitive; if you write “program” and “Program,” both of them would connote different meaning
in C

Weakness of C Programming

●​ Difficulties in making changes in the program that we write to solve the problems: modification and
update issues.
●​ Difficulties in debugging the errors During programming in C, correction of errors or bugs is
complex.
●​ Difficulties in writing complex code for solutions: it takes longer times and planning to write
programs for bigger projects.

CC102: LECTURE 2

Advantages of C language

●​ Structured Programming: C helps to organize code into modular and easy-to-understand structures.
With functions, loops, and conditionals, developers can produce clear code that is easy to maintain.
●​ Procedural Language: C follows a procedural paradigm that is often simpler and more straightforward
for some types of programming tasks.
●​ Versatility: C language is a versatile programming language and it can be used for various types of
software, such as system applications, compilers, firmware, application software, etc.
●​ Efficiency and speed: C is known for being high-performing and efficient.
●​ Portable: C programs can be compiled and executed on different platforms with minimal or no
modifications.
●​ Close to Hardware: C allows direct manipulation of hardware through the use of pointers and low-level
operations.
●​ Standard Libraries: C comes with a large standard library,, which helps developers write code more
efficiently by leveraging pre-built functions.

Drawbacks of C Language

●​ Manual Memory Management: C languages need manual memory management, where a developer
has to take care of allocating and deallocating memory explicitly.
●​ No Object-Oriented Feature: Nowadays, most of the programming languages support the OOPs
features. But the C language does not support it.
●​ No Garbage Collection: The C language does not support the concept of garbage collection. A
developer needs to allocate and deallocate memory manually, and this can be error-prone and lead to
memory leaks or inefficient memory usage.
●​ No Exception Handling: The C language does not provide any library for handling exceptions. A
developer needs to write code to handle all types of expectations.
 Application of C language

1.​ System programming

2.​ Embedded Systems
3.​ Compilers and Interpreters
4.​ Database Systems
5.​ Networking Software
6.​ Game Development
7.​ Scientific and Mathematical App
8.​ Text editors and IDEs (Integrated Development Environment)

CC102: LECTURE 3

Syntax
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello World!");
return 0;
}

Line 1: #include <stdio.h> is a header file library that lets us work with input and output functions, such as
printf() (used in line 4). Header files add functionality to C programs.

Line 2: A blank line. C ignores white space. But we

use it to make the code more readable.

Line 3: Another thing that always appear in a C program is main(). This is called a function. Any code inside
its curly brackets {} will be executed.

Line 4: printf() is a function used to output/print text to the screen. In our example, it will output "Hello
World!".

Line 5: return 0 ends the main() function.

Line 6: Do not forget to add the closing curly bracket } to actually end the main function.

Take note of the following:

●​ It is important that you end the statement with a semicolon ;
●​ printf: to print text or to output value
●​ \n: to make new line

Variables

Data types (Variables) Format Specifier

int (integers; whole numbers) “%d”

char (single character) “%c”

float (w/ decimal) “%f”

double “%lf”
 string (multiple characters) “%s”

Example:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int x = 15;
float deci = 15.99;
char letter = ‘D’;

printf("%d \n", x);

printf("%f \n", deci);
printf("%c \n", letter);
return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
char myText [] = “Hello”;
printf("%s", myText);

return 0;
}

Decimal Precision

Example:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
float myFloatNum = 3.5;
printf("%f", myFloatNum); //6 digits
printf("%.1f", myFloatNum); //1 digit
printf("%.2f", myFloatNum); //2 digits
printf("%.3f", myFloatNum); //3 digits
printf("%.4f", myFloatNum); //6 digits

return 0;
}

Arithmetic Operators

Operator Name Description Example

+ addition Add together two values x+y

- subtraction Subtracts one value from another x-y

* multiplication Multiplies two values x*y

/ division Divides one value by another x/y

% modulus Returns the division remainder x%y

++ increment Increase the value by 1 ++x

-- decrement Decrease the value by 1 -- x

Assignment Operators

Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5

+= x += 3 x=x+3

-= x -= 3 x=x-3

*= x *= 3 x=x*3

/= x /= 3 x=x/3

%= x %= 3 x=x%3

&= x &= 3 x=x&3

|= x|3 x=x|3

^= x^=3 x=x^3

>>= x >> = 3 x = x >> 3

<<= x << = 3 x = x << 3

Comparison operators

Operator Name Example Description

== Equal to x == y Returs 1 if the values are

equal

!= Not equal x != y Returns 1 if the values

are not equal

> Greater than x>y Returns 1 if the first

value is greater than the
second value

< Less than x<y Returns 1 if the first

value is less than the
second value

>= Greater than or equal to x >= y Returns 1 if the first

value is greater than, or
equal to, the second
value

<= Less than or equal to x <= y Returns 1 if the first

value is less than, or
equal to, the second
value
 Logical Operators

Operator Name Example Description

&& AND x < 5 && x < 10 Returns 1 if both

statements are true

|| OR x < 5 || x < 4 Returns 1 if one of the

statements is true

! NOT !(x < 5 && x < 10) Reverse the result,

returns 0 if the result is 1

https://www.w3schools.com/c/index.php