Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
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1. Image recognition and classification algorithms How can computing technolo-
can be used to identify cancerous tumours in gy assist medical professionals to
medical imaging make a diagnosis
2. A hospital in the US used 25 hours of super- Give an example of an advance in
computing time to analyse 120 billion DNA se- genomic technology
quences, narrowing down the cause of the illness
to only two possibilities, saving the babies life.
3. Genetic editing of human embryos, to prevent What are future possible changes,
non-life threatening attributes. in genomic technology
4. It encrypts it in ciphertext, meaning essentially How is encryption technology
that to anyone who is not the intended recipient, used to protect information priva-
the ciphertext will be meaningless. cy
5. a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptogra- What is cryptocurrency?
phy for security
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6. Has no value on its own What is fiat currency?
7. IT managers, Computer programmers and Web What are three new jobs, currently
designers concerned with computing tech-
nologies
8. Supercomputers can test nuclear detonations, Identify two positive ways that
meaning that live tests do not have to be actually technology has affected the envi-
carried out. There is also less reliance on paper, ronment
which means that we can communicate in a more
sustainable manner
9. Computers consume a large amount of energy, State one negative effect that com-
which is naturally bad for the environment. puting technology has had on the
environment
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10. Scan airport passengers, to reduce queue times Give two examples of facial recog-
at immigration, and can grant users access to nition technology
mobile phones
11. Computing technology advances have enabled Give two examples of how edu-
online learning to be feasible, and actually imple- cation has changed as a result of
mentable. Has enabled devices such as Raspber- computing technology
ry Pi to be developed, and the micro-bit which can
assist in giving people more access to education.
12. Text autocompletion/prediction and Automatic Give two examples of changes
translation in linguistics and communication
that have occurred due to techno-
logical advances
13. Animated film tech in video games, AI generated Give two examples of how com-
art, to provide interesting art. puting technology has affected the
areas of art and entertainment
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14. Given the same input, the algorithm will always What is meant when an algorithm
have the same output. is defined as deterministic
15. The gap between those who have easy and af- What is meant by the term 'digital
fordable access to the internet and computers, divide'
and those who do not.
16. To advance human rights for everyone, and assist Why is it important that the 'digital
those currently disadvantaged. divide' narrows
17. E-voting could be subject to hacking, skewing an State one positive and one nega-
election, but it can also make voting much quick- tive effect that computing technol-
er, and can provide constant statistical updates ogy can have on democratic elec-
on leaders in an election. tions
18. It leads to new laws developing, such as the prolif- Give three examples of how com-
eration of escooters, algorithms have begun au- puting technology is now being
tomatically setting bail and others have began us- used in the area of law
ing image processing and other automated tech-
niques to search for and profile crime suspects.
19.
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It is possible that future conflicts will involve at- What could the use of cyber war-
tacking enemy computer resources, power grids fare involve, if used in future con-
and other computer controlled systems more flicts
than in the past. For example, remotely con-
trolled missiles.
20. Negative: distribution of Fake News, Positive: the State one positive and one nega-
'common voice' has a bigger weight than ever tive implication of the use of social
before media by politicians
21. material that is generated by artificial intelli- What is meant by the term 'deep
gence, to create fraudulent but credible looking fake'
photos, audio clips, videos and other artefacts
22. They use a combination of labelled and unla- Describe semi-supervised learn-
belled data, as large data sets can be impossible ing algorithms
or extremely expensive
23. Through 'reward and punishment', by maximis- How do reinforcement learning al-
ing reward by finding the best possible action to gorithms 'learn'
take in a particular situation. e.g., chess.com AI
'blunder', 'brilliant move' etc.
24. AlphaGo, which allows a computer to play the Give a famous example of rein-
Chinese board game 'Go' forcement learning
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25. When it produces data of a good fit In what situations does the real
value of machine learning become
apparent
26. a model that is too simple What is meant by an under-fitting
model
27. Captures the relationship between values in a What does a model with a good fit
simple and reasonable way do
28. If data quality is poor, the ML models that we What effect is poor quality data
develop will be useless. likely to have on the usefulness of
a model based on that data
29. Missing values and outliers (grossly different data Outline two typical issues with data
to what is normal) quality
30. Generally, this means that you can either repeat Explain how oversampling and
the number of instances in a smaller class (over- undersampling can be used to
sampling) or reduce the number of instances in a correct an imbalance in a data set.
larger class (undersampling)
31. It is not representative of the whole population What does bias in a data set mean
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32. The models are going to be biased also, e.g., What are the consequences for
racial bias found by Berkely in an AI system widely models if they are based on biased
used by the U.S. healthcare system. data
33. Frequently, the algorithms used are 'black-box', Why can it be difficult to uncover
which means the algorithms are not transparent, bias in machine learning systems
so it is unclear how the prediction is being made.
34. It can help them make decisions faster. It can Outline two appropriate ways of in
help them making better or more well-informed which AI systems can help medical
decisions. professionals
35. The safety, validity, reproducibility, usability and What must there be clear scientific
reliability of the ML decision support systems. evidence of, before ML decision
support systems can be trusted
36. Through intrinsic models, which incorporate How can AI systems become more
interpretability directly into their design. And trustworthy
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through Post-Hoc interpretability, which provide
explanations for black box algorithms.
37. Explainable AI What does the term XAI mean
38. Post-Hoc and Intrinsic interpretability Name and briefly describe two
categories of interpretable ma-
chine learning techniques.
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