Projects with operational amplifiers

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audio source

Theoperational amplifiers, also known as op-amps, have two inputs,

inverted (-) and non-inverted (+), and one output. The polarity of the signal applied to the input
inverted is inverted at the output. A signal applied to the non-inverted input maintains the
polarity at the output.

The gain (amplification level) of an operational amplifier is determined by

a feedback resistor that feeds part of the amplified output signal to
the feedback input. This reduces the amplitude of the output signal, and with it the gain.
The smaller this resistance is, the lower the gain will be.

General considerations
1. The power cables of an op-amp must be short; if they are longer than 150 mm
A 0.1µf capacitor must be placed between each input and ground.
avoid erratic operation or oscillations.
2. Usually, one op-amp can be substituted for another in a circuit, for example,
Can you use a dual amp-op IC-1458 in a circuit that requires two simple amp-ops?
IC-741, being careful with the correct connection of the pins.
3. Never apply an input signal to an op-amp without voltage supply.
4. The input voltages V+ and V- must always be equal in magnitude.
The input signal voltage must never exceed the supply voltage.

In all the circuits presented on this page, the popular op-amps IC-741 will be used.
IC-1458, the first single and the second double.

IC-741

The IC-741 is a very general purpose op-amp.

used, it is easy to use, practical and cheap.
Figure 1 shows a schematic of this op-amp.
indicating the function of its legs.

Technical characteristics

Output cancellation voltage-----------2 to 6

mV
2. Input leg resistance-----0.3 to 2
megaohms
3. Profit-------------------------------------------
20,000 to 200,000 Figure 1
 4. Current consumption -----------------------1.7
a 2.8 mA
5. Power consumption-------------------------50
a 85 mW

Maximum usable values

Supply voltage +/-18 v

2. Power dissipation 500 mv
3. Input differential voltage ±30 v
4. Input voltage ±15 v
5. Short-circuit time undefined

6. Operating temperature 0° C to 70° C

IC-1458

The IC-1458 includes two independent op-amps.

general purpose in a single package. These two amp-
They share the power supply voltage legs.
It can be used to replace two IC-741.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of this amp-op

indicating the function of its legs.

Figure 2

Projects
Project 1: Mixer
audio

Figure 3 shows the diagram

how to use an IC-741 as
mixer of different inputs
audio.
In this case, the output will be the mixture.
of all the entries.
Figure 3
Project 2: Voltage Adder

Figure 3 shows how to use

an operational amplifier for
sum input voltages. The signal
the output is of inverted polarity to
the tickets.

The sum of the input voltages

must always be less than the
supply voltage at 1 or 2
volts.

There can be multiple entries but

you always have to use a resistor
of 10k in each one. Figure 4
Figure 5 shows how
achieve the same effect while maintaining
the polarity of the input signal to
the output. Two ICs can be used.
741 instead of the IC-1458 always
that they connect properly the
legs.

Figure 5
Project 3: Voltage Differentiator

Figure 6 shows a
diagram of how to perform subtraction
two voltages, in this case the output
will be equal to Vent2¯ VentThe voltage of
the signal cannot exceed the voltage
of feeding.

The polarity of the output voltage

it will be the same as that of the tickets.

Figure 6

Project 4: Selector switch (flip-flop)

The circuit in figure 7 uses a chip

analogto execute a function
digitallogic. Depending on a
where the input E is connected
it will turn on one LED or the other.
ThediodesD1y D2 zener diodes
optional and are used to limit the
level of the output to the threshold value
connection of the zener diodes
5.1 volts son reasonable.
This circuit has "memory" that is
the acquired state is maintained
although the entry floats after
shot in a address.
It works as follows: Figure 7
Entry E LED 1 LED 2
+V on off
-V off on
Project 5: Low-pass filter

Figure 8 represents a circuit that

it is used to reduce the power of the
high frequencies at the output by
above the frequency valuec en
the input signal, in it:

R1= R2= R
C1= C2= C

R3= 0.586×R4
Gain = R4/R3

The cut-off frequency f is consideredc

to the frequency where the signal of
the output is 0.707 the value of the signal
maximum of exit.
Figure 8
The magnitude of the reduction of the
high frequencies will be greater than
as it rises.

If used:
R= 4700 ohms
C = 0.01 µf
fc3,386 Hz

These values are not exact, must

try with different components
for to achieve a purpose
determined.
Project 6: High-pass filter

This circuit is identical to the previous one.

of low-pass filters except that R 1,
R2y
C1, C2they have been exchanged. This
produce the opposite effect, reduce the
pass of the high frequencies.

The considerations and the value ofc

they are the same as in the previous case.

Figure 9

Project 7: Tunable band-pass filter

Figure 10 shows the circuit.

to build a band-pass filter of
frequencies. This filter can be
tuned using the potentiometer,
to let pass through a strait
range of a few hundred Hz up to
around 3000 Hz.

Figure 10
Project 8: Square Wave Generator

This circuit is easily adjustable

to generate square waves. The
time components are C1, R4,
R5, R6, and R7.

The R components12y R3
they control the duration of the pulses
(width). The pulses are symmetrical.
when R2is in its center.
You can connect R2directly to
+V and earth eliminating R1y R3.

Figure 11

This page was last modified on: Sunday, August 7, 2011

Operational amplifier
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Operational amplifiers are integrated circuits that are used to amplify signals.
of voltage. Son very useful in the preparation of circuits.
An operational amplifier has two inputs, inverting (-) and non-inverting (+), and one output.
The polarity of a signal applied to the inverting input is reversed at the output. A signal
applied to the non-inverted input, it maintains its polarity at the output.
The gain (degree of amplification) of an operational amplifier is determined by
a feedback resistor that feeds part of the amplified signal from the output to
the inverted input. This reduces the amplitude of the output signal, and with it the gain.
The smaller this resistance is, the lower the gain will be.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of the basic connection of an operational amplifier.

with inverted output, in it:

Profit = Rin/Rent

Vsalt= - Vent(Rre/ Rent)

 Figure No. 1

The gain is independent of the power supply voltage. Notice how the
the unused input is connected to ground so the operational amplifier
amplify the difference between input Ventand ground (0 volts).

the feedback resistance Rreand the operational amplifier form a

closed feedback loop. When the resistance Rreis omitted
amplifier delivers its maximum gain, in this case the output changes to
completely open to completely closed or vice versa for very
small changes in the input signal. In this open loop mode the
operational amplifier has no practical use as a linear amplifier and is used
to determine when the voltage of one of the inputs differs from the voltage of the
another input, how to compare the two voltages are known as comparators.

Most operational amplifiers need a voltage input

+ and another - as can be seen in figure 1, this voltage source can be achieved
connecting two identical batteries in series, then the connecting wire is connected
among them to ground leaving the other ends as +V and -V.

Typical connections
Connection without investment

Figure 2 shows the typical connection of an operational amplifier with the

non-inverted output with respect to the input. One of the most has been used
popular operational amplifier the IC-741.
The drawing shows the formulas to determine the basic indexes of
circuit as well as the nominal values of supply voltage.
Figure No. 2

Reversed connection

Figure 3 shows the typical connection of an operational amplifier with the inverted output.
Regarding the input. One of the most popular op-amps, the IC-741, has been used.
In this case:

Profit = - (R2/ R1)

R3= (R1R2) / (R1+ R2)

With the nominal supply voltage equal to that of figure 2.

Figure 3

Comparators
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A comparator is a circuitanalogthat monitors two voltage inputs. One is
called reference voltage (Vref) and the other voltage is the input voltage (Vin). When Vin is
It increases above or drops below Vref, the output (Vout) of the comparator.
changes state between low and high.

Someintegrated circuits(such as the IC-339, IC-311, etc.) have been specifically designed
like comparators such as the IC-741 although they are actually amplifiers
operationalcan be used as comparators. These chips (typically with 8 pins)
they have an input for Vref, another for Vin, one output Vout, one for the voltage of
power supply (Vcc) and another one for Ground.

The following diagram is a diagram of how to connect an IC-741 type integrated circuit.
as a comparator.

As can be observed, the voltage of

the power supply connects to the leg
number 7 and 4 to ground. The legs 2
and 3 are the input legs of the
voltages to compare, and the voltage of
output is obtained through leg 6.
In this case when Vin exceeds
Vref the output goes to high voltage
(almost Vcc) at low voltage (small
voltage remnant), no
exactly the volts. For this reason
The high and low states are discussed.

Below is a diagram of a practical voltage comparator circuit that is used

to turn off and turn on aLedindicator.

Building this simple circuit you

you can learn the basics of a
comparator. R1 and R2 are functioning
as voltage dividers those who
they supply a range of voltage to
both inputs of the IC-741 (Vref and
Vin). The transistor Q1 establishes
current to the LED when the output of the
IC-741 goes to high.
If we assume that R1 is calibrated to
center will then provide 4.5v as Vref,
then moving R2 (Vin) we can
turn off and turn on the LED accordingly
whether it is greater or less than Vref.
Analog
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It is said that a signal is analog when its magnitudes are represented

through continuous variables, analogous to the magnitudes that give rise to the generation of this
signal.
Referring to a device or a measuring instrument, we say it is analog when the
The result of the measurement is represented by continuous variables, analogous to the magnitudes.
what we are measuring.
An analog measurement is, for example, the measurement of temperature with a thermometer.
needle, in this device the movement of the needle is proportional (continues in a continuous manner)
the values of the temperature.