1. Explain the classification of galaxies based on Hubble's tuning fork diagram.
(15 marks)
Hubble's Tuning Fork Diagram is a morphological classification scheme introduced by Edwin Hubble
in 1926 to categorize galaxies based on their appearance. It's shaped like a tuning fork and includes
three major types of galaxies: Ellipticals, Spirals, and Irregulars.
1. Elliptical Galaxies (E0-E7):
- Smooth, ellipsoidal shape with minimal internal structure.
- Range from E0 (nearly spherical) to E7 (highly elongated).
- Contain older stars, little gas and dust, and minimal star formation.
- Example: M87 in the Virgo cluster.
2. Spiral Galaxies (Sa, Sb, Sc):
- Have a central bulge and spiral arms in a rotating disk.
- Classified by tightness of arms and bulge size:
- Sa: Tight arms, large bulge.
- Sb: Moderate arms, medium bulge.
- Sc: Loose arms, small bulge.
- Rich in gas and dust, active star formation.
- Example: The Milky Way.
3. Barred Spiral Galaxies (SBa, SBb, SBc):
- Feature a bar structure across the center.
- Classified similarly to spirals (SBa to SBc).
- Example: NGC 1300.
4. Irregular Galaxies:
- No defined shape or structure.
- Formed from gravitational interactions or collisions.
- Example: Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC).
Significance: The diagram is a classification system rather than an evolutionary path and is still used
today to study galaxy structure and formation.
2. Discuss the formation and evolution of galaxies in the universe. (15 marks)
Formation and evolution of galaxies are central to cosmology. Galaxies are systems of stars, gas,
dust, and dark matter formed shortly after the Big Bang.
1. Formation:
- Originated from density fluctuations post-Big Bang (13.8 billion years ago).
- Gas collapsed into dark matter halos forming proto-galaxies and stars.
2. Evolution:
a. Star Formation: Converts gas to stars; galaxies change color as stars age.
b. Mergers: Interactions lead to formation of elliptical galaxies or starbursts.
c. Feedback: Supernovae and black holes regulate star formation.
d. Secular Evolution: Internal changes such as bar formation over time.
3. Types:
- Ellipticals: Old stars, merger origins.
- Spirals: Active star-forming disks.
- Irregulars: Disturbed or early-stage galaxies.
4. Observations:
- Hubble Telescope images show evolving galaxies.
- Deep field views provide insight into early universe structures.
Conclusion: Galaxies evolve through various mechanisms over billions of years, reflecting the
history of cosmic structure.
