Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603
(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NACC ‘A’ Grade Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Department of Computer Engineering
(NBA Accredited)
Subject- Computer Organization & Architecture
Unit 1- Introduction
Interconnection Structure
Dr. D. B. Kshirsagar, Professor & Head
E-mail : hodcompcoe@sanjivani.org.in
Contact No: 02434 – 222862 Ext :141, 9890472165
What is a Bus?
• A communication pathway connecting two or more devices
• Usually broadcast
• Often grouped
• A number of channels in one bus
• e.g. 32 bit data bus is 32 separate single bit channels
• There are a number of possible interconnection systems
• Single and multiple BUS structures are most common
• e.g. Control/Address/Data bus (PCI)
• e.g. Unibus (DEC-PDP)
• e.g. Multibus (Intel)
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Data Bus
• Carries data
• Remember that there is no difference between “data” and “instruction” at
this level
• Width is a key determinant of performance
• 8, 16, 32, 64 bit
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Address bus
• Identify the source or destination of data
• e.g. CPU needs to read an instruction (data) from a given location in
memory
• Bus width determines maximum memory capacity of system
• e.g. 8080 has 16 bit address bus giving 64 KB address space
• e.g. 80386/80486/Pentium has 32 bit address bus giving 4 GB address space
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Bus Interconnection Scheme
Typical control Signals
• Memory write: causes data on the bus to be written into the addressed location
• Memory read: causes data from the addressed location to be placed on the bus
• I/O write: causes data on the bus to be output to the addressed I/O port
• I/O read: causes data from the addressed I/O port to be placed on the bus
• Transfer ACK: indicates that data have been accepted from or placed on the bus
• Bus request: indicates that a module needs to gain control of the bus
• Bus grant: indicates that a requesting module has been granted control of the bus
• Interrupt request: indicates that an interrupt is pending
• Interrupt ACK: acknowledges that the pending interrupt has been recognized
• Clock: is used to synchronize operations
• Reset: initializes all modules
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Bus Operation
• If one module wishes to send data to another, it must do two things -
(1) obtain the use of the bus, and
(2) transfer data via the bus.
• If one module wishes to request data from another module, it must –
(1) obtain the use of the bus, and
(2) transfer a request to the other module over the appropriate control and
address lines.
• It must then wait for that second module to send the data.
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Single Bus Problems
• Lots of devices on one bus leads to -
• Propagation delays
• Waiting time
• Bus capacity for data transfer
• Performance
• Amount of data transferred
• Bus contention and arbitrarion
• Most systems use multiple buses to overcome these problems
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 8
Traditional (ISA)(with cache)
An Industry Standard Architecture bus (ISA bus) is a
computer bus that allows additional expansion cards to
be connected to computer's motherboard.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 9
Contd. ..
• It is possible to connect I/O controllers directly onto the system bus.
• A more efficient solution is to make use of one or more expansion buses for this
purpose.
• An expansion bus interface buffers data transfers between the system bus and the
I/O controllers on the expansion bus.
• This arrangement allows the system to support a wide variety of I/O devices and at
the same time insulate, isolate memory-to-processor traffic from I/O traffic.
• Figure shows some typical examples of I/O devices that might be attached to the
expansion bus.
• Network connections include local area networks (LANs) such as a 10-Mbps Ethernet
and connections to wide area networks (WANs) such as a packet-switching network.
• SCSI (small computer system interface) is itself a type of bus used to support local
disk drives and other peripherals.
•A serial port could be used to support a printer or scanner.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, Sanjivani COE, Kopargaon 10
Book References
• William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for
performance, Pearson Education/ Prentice Hall of India, 10th Edition
• Zaky S, Hamacher, Computer Organization, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill
Publications, 5th Edition
• John P Hays, Computer Architecture and Organization, McGraw-Hill
Publication, 3rd Edition.
• A. Tannenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Prentice Hall of
India 4th Edition
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