Data Types in NumPy
NumPy has some extra data types, and refer to data types with one character, like i for
integers, u for unsigned integers etc.
Below is a list of all data types in NumPy and the characters used to represent them.
i - integer
b - boolean
u - unsigned integer
f - float
c - complex float
m - timedelta
M - datetime
O - object
S - string
U - unicode string
V - fixed chunk of memory for other type ( void )
Checking the Data Type of an Array
The NumPy array object has a property called dtype that returns the data type of the array:
ExampleGet your own Python Server
Get the data type of an array object:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(arr.dtype)
Example
Get the data type of an array containing strings:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array(['apple', 'banana', 'cherry'])
print(arr.dtype)
The Difference Between Copy and View
The main difference between a copy and a view of an array is that the copy is a new array, and
the view is just a view of the original array.
The copy owns the data and any changes made to the copy will not affect original array, and any
changes made to the original array will not affect the copy.
The view does not own the data and any changes made to the view will affect the original array,
and any changes made to the original array will affect the view.
COPY:
ExampleGet your own Python Server
Make a copy, change the original array, and display both arrays:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
x = arr.copy()
arr[0] = 42
print(arr)
print(x)
The copy SHOULD NOT be affected by the changes made to the original array.
VIEW:
Example
Make a view, change the original array, and display both arrays:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
x = arr.view()
arr[0] = 42
print(arr)
print(x)
NumPy Joining Array
oining NumPy Arrays
Joining means putting contents of two or more arrays in a single array.
In SQL we join tables based on a key, whereas in NumPy we join arrays by axes.
We pass a sequence of arrays that we want to join to the concatenate() function, along with the
axis. If axis is not explicitly passed, it is taken as 0.
ExampleGet your own Python Server
Join two arrays
import numpy as np
arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])
arr = np.concatenate((arr1, arr2))
print(arr)
Example
Join two 2-D arrays along rows (axis=1):
import numpy as np
arr1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
arr2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])
arr = np.concatenate((arr1, arr2), axis=1)
print(arr)
Joining Arrays Using Stack Functions
Stacking is same as concatenation, the only difference is that stacking is done along a new axis.
We can concatenate two 1-D arrays along the second axis which would result in putting them
one over the other, ie. stacking.
We pass a sequence of arrays that we want to join to the stack() method along with the axis. If
axis is not explicitly passed it is taken as 0.
Example
import numpy as np
arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3])
arr2 = np.array([4, 5, 6])
arr = np.stack((arr1, arr2), axis=1)
print(arr)
[[1 4]
[2 5]
[3 6]]
NumPy Splitting Array
Splitting NumPy Arrays
Splitting is reverse operation of Joining.
Joining merges multiple arrays into one and Splitting breaks one array into multiple.
We use array_split() for splitting arrays, we pass it the array we want to split and the number of
splits.
Example
Split the array in 3 parts:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
newarr = np.array_split(arr, 3)
print(newarr)
Note: The return value is a list containing three arrays.
If the array has less elements than required, it will adjust from the end accordingly.
Example
Split the array in 4 parts:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
newarr = np.array_split(arr, 4)
print(newarr)
Note: We also have the method split() available but it will not adjust the elements when
elements are less in source array for splitting like in example above, array_split() worked
properly but split() would fail.
Split Into Arrays
The return value of the array_split() method is an array containing each of the split as an array.
If you split an array into 3 arrays, you can access them from the result just like any array
element:
Example
Access the splitted arrays:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
newarr = np.array_split(arr, 3)
print(newarr[0])
print(newarr[1])
print(newarr[2])
NumPy Searching Arrays
Searching Arrays
You can search an array for a certain value, and return the indexes that get a match.
To search an array, use the where() method.
Example
Find the indexes where the value is 4:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4])
x = np.where(arr == 4)
print(x)
Find the indexes where the values are even:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
x = np.where(arr%2 == 0)
print(x)
Example
Find the indexes where the values are odd:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
x = np.where(arr%2 == 1)
print(x)
Search Sorted
There is a method called searchsorted() which performs a binary search in the array, and
returns the index where the specified value would be inserted to maintain the search order.
Example
Find the indexes where the value 7 should be inserted:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([6, 7, 8, 9])
x = np.searchsorted(arr, 7)
print(x)
Search From the Right Side
By default the left most index is returned, but we can give side='right' to return the right most
index instead.
Example
Find the indexes where the value 7 should be inserted, starting from the right:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([6, 7, 8, 9])
x = np.searchsorted(arr, 7, side='right')
Multiple Values
To search for more than one value, use an array with the specified values.
Example
Find the indexes where the values 2, 4, and 6 should be inserted:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 3, 5, 7])
x = np.searchsorted(arr, [2, 4, 6])
print(x)
NumPy Sorting Arrays
Sorting Arrays
Sorting means putting elements in an ordered sequence.
Ordered sequence is any sequence that has an order corresponding to elements, like numeric or
alphabetical, ascending or descending.
The NumPy ndarray object has a function called sort(), that will sort a specified array.
Example
Sort the array:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([3, 2, 0, 1])
print(np.sort(arr))
Note: This method returns a copy of the array, leaving the original array unchanged.
You can also sort arrays of strings, or any other data type:
Example
Sort the array alphabetically:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array(['banana', 'cherry', 'apple'])
print(np.sort(arr))
Example
Sort a boolean array:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([True, False, True])
print(np.sort(arr))
Sorting a 2-D Array
If you use the sort() method on a 2-D array, both arrays will be sorted:
Example
Sort a 2-D array:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[3, 2, 4], [5, 0, 1]])
print(np.sort(arr))
NumPy Filter Array
Filtering Arrays
Getting some elements out of an existing array and creating a new array out of them is
called filtering.
In NumPy, you filter an array using a boolean index list.
A boolean index list is a list of booleans corresponding to indexes in the array.
If the value at an index is True that element is contained in the filtered array, if the value at that
index is False that element is excluded from the filtered array.
ExampleGet your own Python Server
Create an array from the elements on index 0 and 2:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([41, 42, 43, 44])
x = [True, False, True, False]
newarr = arr[x]
print(newarr)
The example above will return [41, 43], why?
Because the new array contains only the values where the filter array had the value True, in this
case, index 0 and 2.
Creating the Filter Array
In the example above we hard-coded the True and False values, but the common use is to create
a filter array based on conditions.
Example
Create a filter array that will return only values higher than 42:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([41, 42, 43, 44])
# Create an empty list
filter_arr = []
# go through each element in arr
for element in arr:
# if the element is higher than 42, set the value to True, otherwise False:
if element > 42:
filter_arr.append(True)
else:
filter_arr.append(False)
newarr = arr[filter_arr]
print(filter_arr)
print(newarr)
