Doraemon

Doraemon ( ドラえもん ) is a Japanese manga series

Doraemon
written and illustrated by Fujiko F. Fujio. First
serialized in 1969, the manga's chapters were collected
in 45 tankōbon volumes published by Shogakukan
from 1974 to 1996. The story revolves around an
earless robotic cat named Doraemon, who travels back
in time from the 22nd century to assist a boy named
Nobita Nobi in his day-to-day life.

The manga spawned a media franchise. It was adapted

into three different anime TV series in 1973, 1979, and
2005. Additionally, Shin-Ei Animation has produced
over forty animated films, including two 3D computer-
animated films, all of which are distributed by Toho.
Various types of merchandise and media have been
developed, including soundtrack albums, video games,
and musicals. The manga series was licensed for an
English language release in North America, via
Amazon Kindle, through a collaboration of Fujiko F.
Fujio Pro with Voyager Japan and AltJapan Co., Ltd.
The anime series was licensed by Disney for an
English-language release in North America in 2014, First tankōbon volume cover, featuring
and LUK International in Europe, the Middle East and Doraemon
Africa.
ドラえもん
Doraemon was well-received by critics and became a Genre Comedy[1]
commercial success in many Asian countries. It won Science fiction[2]
numerous awards, including the Japan Cartoonists
Association Award in 1973 and 1994, the Shogakukan Manga
Manga Award for children's manga in 1982, and the Written by Fujiko F. Fujio[a]
Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize in 1997. As of 2024, it Published by Shogakukan
has sold over 300 million copies worldwide, becoming English CN: 21st Century Publishing
one of the best-selling manga series of all time. The publisher House (bilingual
character of Doraemon is considered a Japanese
English-Chinese)
cultural icon, and was appointed as the first "anime
JP: Shogakukan (bilingual)
ambassador" in 2008 by the country's Foreign
Ministry. NA: Fujiko Pro
SG: Shogakukan Asia
TW: Chingwin Publishing
Group (bilingual
English-Chinese)
 Imprint Tentōmushi Comics
Synopsis Magazine CoroCoro Comic and other
Shogakukan children's
Nobita Nobi is a ten-year-old Japanese school boy who magazines
is kind-hearted and honest, but also lazy, clumsy, and Original run 1969 – 1996
hapless, performing poorly in both school and sports.
Anime television series
One day, a blue robot cat from the 22nd century named
Doraemon is sent back to the past by Nobita's future 1973 anime series
great-great-grandson, Sewashi Nobi, to take care of
1979 anime series
Nobita so that his descendants can have a better life.
2005 anime series
Doraemon has a four-dimensional pocket in which he
stores tools, inventions, and gadgets from the future to Other manga
aid Nobita whenever he is faced with a problem.
Although Doraemon is a cat robot, he has a fear of Doraemon's Long Tales
mice because of an incident where robotic mice The Doraemons
chewed off his ears. This is why Doraemon lost his Other media
original yellow color and turned blue, from sadness.
List of Doraemon films
Nobita has three main friends: Takeshi Goda
List of Doraemon video games
(nicknamed Gian), Suneo Honekawa (Gian's sidekick),
List of Doraemon soundtrack albums
and Shizuka Minamoto, Nobita's best friend and love-
interest. Gian is a strong, leading and domineering boy,
but also loyal to his friends. Suneo is a wealthy and spoiled boy who uses his friendship with Gian to win
the respect of other schoolmates. Shizuka is a gentle and kind girl who frequently plays with Nobita.
Nobita has a crush on Shizuka; she is his prospective future wife (Nobita's future wife is initially Gian's
younger sister). Although Gian and Suneo are Nobita's friends, they also typically bully and abuse him.
Nobita normally responds by using Doraemon's gadgets to fight back against them, but Nobita has a
tendency to get carried away with using the gadgets (or Gian and Suneo, if they steal it away), which
typically results in unintended consequences for him and others.

In addition to Gian, Suneo, and Shizuka, Dorami and Hidetoshi Dekisugi are also recurring characters.
Dorami is Doraemon's younger sister, and Dekisugi is a gifted student boy who as Shizuka's close friend,
frequently attracts the jealousy of Nobita.

Production

Development and themes

Doraemon was written and illustrated by Fujiko F. Fujio, the pen name of Japanese manga artist Hiroshi
Fujimoto.[5][6][7] According to Fujio, the series was originally conceived following a series of three
events: when searching for ideas for a new manga, he wished a machine existed that would come up with
ideas for him; during this, he tripped over his daughter's toy, and heard cats fighting in his
neighborhood.[8] To set up the plot and characters, he used some elements from his earlier manga series,
Obake no Q-Tarō, which involve an obake living with humans, with a similar formula.[9] Fujio said that
the idea for Doraemon came after "an accumulation of trial and error", during which he finally found the
most suitable style of manga to him.[10] Initially, the series
achieved little success as gekiga was well-known at the time,
and it only became a hit after its adaptation into an anime TV
series and multiple feature films.[9]

Doraemon is mainly aimed at children, so Fujio chose to

create the character with a simple graphic style, based on
shapes such as circles and ellipses.[11] He used the same
sequences of cartoons with regularity and continuity to
enhance the reader's ease of understanding. In addition, blue,
a characteristic color of Doraemon, was chosen as the main
color in magazine publications, which used to have a yellow
cover and red title.[12] Set in Tokyo, the manga reflected parts
of Japan's society, such as the class system and the "ideal" of
Japanese childhood.[13][14] Problems, if they occurred, were
resolved in a way so as not to rely on violence and
eroticism,[15] and the stories were integrated with the concept
of environmentalism.[16] The manga also insisted on the
ethical values of integrity, perseverance, courage, family and
respect.[17]

In order to underline the crucial role of the younger

generation in society, the manga's creator chose to have the
act carried out in a "children's domain" where young people
can live with happiness, freedom and power without adult
interference.[18] As Saya S. Shiraishi noted, the existence of
the "domain" helped Doraemon to have a strong appeal in
various Asian countries.[18] During Doraemon's development,
Fujio did not express a change in characters; he said, "When a
manga hero become a success, the manga suddenly stops
being interesting. So the hero has to be like the stripes on a
barber pole; he seems to keep moving upward, but actually he
stays in the same place."[19] A timeline of magazines in which the
manga's chapters (blue) or its long
According to Zensho Ito, Fujio's former student, the "length" stories (red) were published[3][4]
of time in the universe is one of the ideas that inspired Fujio
to make Doraemon.[20] Frequently displayed in its stories is
Nobita's desire to control time, and there exist time-control gadgets that he uses to satisfy that desire,
particularly the "Time Machine", which lies in his desk drawer.[21] Unlike Western works of science
fiction, the manga does not explain the theory nor the applied technology behind these tools, but instead
focusing on how the characters exploit them to their advantage, making it more child-friendly.[22]

Origin of the name

The name "Doraemon" can be roughly translated to "stray". Unusually, the name "Doraemon" ( ドラえも
ん ) is written in a mixture of two Japanese scripts: katakana ( ドラ ) and hiragana ( えもん ). "Dora"
derives from "dora neko" ( どら猫 [8]
; stray cat), and is a corruption of nora (stray), while "-emon" (in
kanji 右衛門 ) is an old-fashioned suffix for male names (for example, as in Ishikawa Goemon).[23]
Nobita's home address in Tsukimidai ("moon-view-heights"), Nerima refers to Fujimidai ("Fuji-view-
heights"), where Osamu Tezuka's residence and animation studio is based.[13] The name "Nobita Nobi"
refers to "nobi nobi", meaning "the way a young child grows up free, healthy, and happy, unrestrained in
any sense".[13][24]

Gadgets
Gadgets, or "himitsu dōgu" ( ひみつ道具 ), are
Doraemon's tools from the future, used to assist the
characters. Fujio said that Doraemon has a total of
1,293 gadgets;[25] according to a 2004 analysis by
Yasuyuki Yokoyama of Toyama University, there are
1,963 gadgets found in 1,344 sketches.[23] The most
recurring gadgets include "Take-Copter", a small piece
of headgear made out of bamboo that can allow its
users to fly; "Time Machine", a machine used for time
travel; "Anywhere Door", a pink-colored door that
allows people to travel according to the thoughts of the
person who turns the knob; "Time Kerchief", a
handkerchief which can turn an object new or old or a
person young or old; "Translator Tool", a cuboid jelly
that allows one to converse in any language; and
"Designer", a camera used to instantly dress-up the
user.[23][26]

Saya S. Shiraishi wrote that most of the gadgets were

"an impressive testimony to the standards of quality
control and innovation that exist in the twenty-second
century".[26] The gadgets are an essential part of the "Anywhere Door", a gadget in the manga series
series so as to reflect a positive point of view as seen in the Fujiko F. Fujio Museum.
concerning the association of technology in children,
and to express the wishes of modern society.[27]

Conclusion
The series ceased its original run in 1994 and was not given an ending before Fujimoto's death in 1996;
this has since aroused numerous urban legends throughout the years.[28] One of the most well-known
"endings" of the manga was by an amateur manga cartoonist under the pen name "Yasue T. Tajima", first
appearing on the Internet in 1998 and made into a manga in 2005. The story takes place when
Doraemon's battery dies, and Nobita later grows up becoming a robot engineer, potentially reviving
Doraemon and live a happy life. Tajima issued an apology making his own ending in 2007, and the
profits were shared with Shogakukan and the copyright owner, Fujiko F. Fujio Pro.[29]

Ryūichi Yagi and Takashi Yamazaki, the directors of Stand by Me Doraemon, confirmed that it had only
one opening, while the ending has been rewritten several times.[30] Because of this, Shogakukan had to
clarify that only if the marriage of Nobita and Shizuka is finalized will the mission be accomplished, and
then Doraemon will return to the future.[28]

Media

Manga

Main tankōbon[31][4]
Chapter Publication
Title Note Label Volumes Publisher
count date

The Complete
Doraemon Works of Fujiko F. 20 1326 2009–2012 Shogakukan
Fujio

Doraemon Kindle Edition 200 1311 2013–2016 Shogakukan

Chūkō comics:
Doraemon 45 833 1984–1990 Chūōkōronsha
Fujiko Fujio Land

Normal
Doraemon Tentōmushi Comics 45 822 1974–1996 Shogakukan
volume

Doraemon 2005–2006,
Tentōmushi Comics 7 145 Shogakukan
Plus 2014, 2023
Doraemon Tentōmushi Comics
6 119 1999–2006 Shogakukan
Color Works Special

Doraemon Volume 0 Tentōmushi Comics 1 9 2019 Shogakukan

In December 1969, the Doraemon manga appeared in

six different children's monthly magazines published by
Shogakukan: Yoiko, Yōchien, Shogaku Ichi-nensei,
Shogaku Ni-nensei, Shogaku San-nensei, and Shogaku
Yo-nensei. The magazines were aimed at children from
nursery school to fourth grade. In 1973, two other
magazines, Shogaku Go-nensei and Shogaku Roku-
nensei (aimed at fifth-grade and sixth-grade students
respectively), started publishing the manga. In 1977,
CoroCoro Comic was launched as the flagship
magazine of Doraemon.[32][33][34]

Since the debut of Doraemon in 1969, the stories have The first appearance of Doraemon, who arrives
via a time machine
been selectively collected into forty-five tankōbon
volumes that were published under Shogakukan's
Tentōmushi Comics ( てんとう虫コミックス ) imprint from July 31, 1974, to April 26, 1996.[35][36]
These volumes are collected in the Takaoka Central Library in Toyama, Japan, where Fujio was born.[37]
Between April 25, 2005, and February 28, 2006, Shōgakukan published a series of five manga volumes
under the title Doraemon Plus (Doraemon+), featuring short stories which did not appear in the forty-
five original volumes;[38][39] a sixth volume, the first volume in eight years, was published on December
1, 2014.[40] Additionally, 119 unpublished stories were compiled into six colored-manga volumes under
the title Doraemon Kara Sakuhin-shu ( ドラえもん カラー作品集 ; Doraemon Color Works), published
from July 17, 1999, to September 2, 2006.[12][41] Between July 24, 2009, and September 25, 2012,
Shogakukan published a master works collection, consisting of twenty volumes with all 1,345 stories
written by Fujio.[42][43] In December 2019, on the 50th anniversary of Doraemon, a "Volume 0" was
published by Shogakukan featuring six different versions of Doraemon's first appearance.[44]

There have been two series of bilingual, Japanese and English, volumes of the manga by Shogakukan
English Comics under the title Doraemon: Gadget Cat from the Future, and two audio versions.[45][46]
The first series has ten volumes and the second one has six.[45] 21st Century Publishing House released
bilingual English-Chinese versions in mainland China,[47] and Chingwin Publishing Group released
bilingual English-Chinese versions in Taiwan.[48]

In July 2013, Fujiko F. Fujio Pro announced that they would be collaborating with ebook publisher
Voyager Japan and localization company AltJapan Co., Ltd. to release an English-language version of the
manga in full color digitally via the Amazon Kindle platform in North America.[49] Shogakukan released
the first volume in November 2013;[50] by 2016, a total of 200 volumes have been published.[50][51] The
English version incorporates a variety of changes to character names; Nobita is "Noby", Shizuka is "Sue",
Suneo is "Sneech", and Gian is "Big G", while the food dorayaki is "Yummy Bun/Fudgy Pudgy Pie".[52]
Also, by 2016, four volumes of the manga had been published in English in print by Shogakukan
Asia.[53][54]

Shogakukan started digital distribution of all forty-five original volumes throughout Japan from July 16,
2015.[55]

Long Stories
Doraemon's Long Tales, also known as Doraemon's Long Stories, is a manga and movie series ongoing
since 1979, featuring longer and continuous narratives about the characters' adventures into various lands
of science fiction and fantasy. The series consists of twenty-four tankōbon volumes published from 1983
to 2004.[56][57]

Spin-offs
Several spin-off manga series of Doraemon have been made. The Doraemons, a manga illustrated by
Michiaki Tanaka based on Doraemon, was published by Shogakukan in six tankōbon volumes from 1996
to 2001.[58][59] Between 1997 and 2003, Shogakukan also published fifteen volumes of The Doraemons
Special, created by Yukihiro Mitani and Masaru Miyazaki as a complement part of The Doraemons,
including twelve from the main series[60][61] and three from the Robot Training School Edition.[62][63]
Dorabase, a baseball-themed manga written and illustrated by Mugiwara Shintarō, is another spin-off of
Doraemon; twenty-three volumes of the manga were published by Shogakukan from April 26, 2001, to
October 28, 2011.[64][65]

Anime
The first attempt of a Doraemon animated series was in 1973, by Nippon Television. After a January
1973 pilot named Doraemon Mirai Kara Yattekuru (
[67]
ドラえもんが未来からやってくる ; Doraemon
Coming from the Future), twenty-six episodes, each with two segments, were broadcast on Nippon TV
from April 1 to September 30 of the same year.[68] The series was directed by Mitsuo Kaminashi with a
voice cast from Aoni Production; Doraemon was voiced by Kōsei Tomita, then later by Masako
Nozawa.[69] Later in the series, the animation studio, Nippon
TeleMovie Productions, went bankrupt, and the masters were
sold off or destroyed.[70] The series re-aired on Nippon TV
and several local stations until 1979,[71][72] when Shogakukan
requested Toyama Television to cease broadcasting.[73] Some
of the segments were found in the archives of Imagica in
1995,[74] and some others were recovered by Jun Masami in
2003.[69] As of 2013, 21 of 52 segments are known to
survive, two of which have no audio.[75]

Doraemon remained fairly exclusive in manga form until

1979 when an animation studio, Shin-Ei Animation (now
owned by TV Asahi) produced an animated second attempt of
Doraemon.[6] The series debuted on TV Asahi on April 2,
1979.[76] Ryo Motohira served as chief director from 1981,
and Tsutomu Shibayama from 1984.[77] Eiichi Nakamura
served as director of character design,[77][78] while Shunsuke
Kikuchi served as composer.[76][79] Nobuyo Ōyama voiced Timeline of Doraemon anime[66]
Doraemon in the series; because of this, in Asia, this version
is sometimes referred to as the Ōyama Edition.[80] In total,
1,787 episodes were produced and released in VHS and DVD by Toho.[81][82] On April 15, 2005, a major
renewal premiered; it includes the replacement of voice actors and staff, and updated character
designs.[83] The third series is sometimes referred to in Asia as the Mizuta Edition, as a tribute for the
voice actress for Doraemon, Wasabi Mizuta.[80] It was released in DVD on February 10, 2006, under the
title New TV-ban Doraemon (NEW TV
[84][85]
版 ドラえもん ; Doraemon NEW TV Version) with a Shogakukan
Video banner.

In May 2014, TV Asahi Corporation announced an agreement with The Walt Disney Company to bring
the 2005 series to the Disney XD television channel and Disney Channel in the United States beginning
in the summer of that year.[86][87][88] Besides using the name changes that were used in AltJapan's
English adaptation of the original manga, other changes and edits had also been made to make the show
more accessible to an American audience, such as Japanese text being replaced with English text on
certain objects like signs and graded papers, items such as yen notes being replaced by US dollar bills,
and the setting being changed from Japan to the United States.[89] Initial response to the edited dub was
positive.[90] The Disney adaptation began broadcast in Japan on Disney Channel on February 1, 2016.
The broadcast offered the choice of the English dub or a newly recorded Japanese track by the Japanese
cast of the 2005 series.[91]

The anime has been aired in over sixty countries worldwide.[92] It premiered in Thailand in 1982,[93] the
Philippines in 1999,[94] India in 2005,[95] and Vietnam in 2010.[96][97] Other Asian countries and regions
that broadcast the series include China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and South
Korea.[98] The series is licensed in EMEA regions by LUK International;[99] it premiered in Spain in
1993[100] and France in 2003.[101] It has also been distributed in South American countries, including
Brazil,[102] Colombia,[103] and Chile.[104] In 2017, POPS Worldwide, a Vietnamese multimedia company,
collaborated with TV Asahi to release the anime series on YouTube and other digital platforms.[105]
Films
As of 2025, there have been 44 annual feature-length animated films produced by Shin-Ei Animation and
released by Toho.[106] The first twenty-five films are based on the 1979 anime, while the rest are based on
the 2005 anime.[106] Unlike the anime and manga series, the films are more action-adventure oriented,
taking the familiar characters of Doraemon and placing them in a variety of exotic and perilous
settings.[107][108]

A 3D computer-animated film, Stand by Me Doraemon, released in Japan on August 8, 2014.[109]

Directed by Takashi Yamazaki and Ryūichi Yagi,[110] it combines elements from the short stories of the
manga series: "All the Way from the Country of the Future", "Imprinting Egg", "Goodbye, Shizuka-
chan", "Romance in Snowy Mountain", "Nobita's the Night Before a Wedding", and "Goodbye,
Doraemon ..." into a new complete story, from the first time Doraemon came to Nobita's house to
Doraemon bidding farewell to Nobita.[109][111] The film was a box office success, grossing $183.4
million worldwide.[112] A sequel, Stand by Me Doraemon 2, also directed by Yamazaki and Yagi, was
released on November 20, 2020.[113]

Short films, OVA and crossover

Several Doraemon short films were produced and released between 1989 and 2004.[106] These include
2112: The Birth of Doraemon, a film about the life of Doraemon from birth before coming to Nobita;[114]
Doraemon: Nobita's the Night Before a Wedding, a film about the events related to the marriage of Nobita
and Shizuka;[115] The Day When I Was Born[116] and Doraemon: A Grandmother's Recollections,[117] the
films about the relationship between Nobita and his parents along with his grandmother. Other short films
focus on Dorami and The Doraemons.[106] In 1981, Toho released What Am I for Momotaro, a film about
Momotarō, the hero of Japanese folklore.[118]

In 1994, an educational OVA was made, titled Doraemon: Nobita to Mirai Note ( ドラえもん のび太と
未来ノート ), where the main characters express the hope for a better Earth. The OVA was released in
DVD along with the 13th issue of Fujiko F. Fujio Wonderland magazine in September 2004.[119][120] A
crossover episode of Doraemon with AIBOU: Tokyo Detective Duo aired on TV Asahi on November 9,
2018.[121]

Music
The soundtrack of the 1973 anime series was composed by Nobuyoshi Koshibe,[69] who also arranged the
opening theme song "Doraemon" ( ドラえもん ) and the ending theme song "Doraemon Rumba" ( ドラえ
もん ルンバ ), both performed by Harumi Naitō.[68] For the 1979 anime, Shunsuke Kikuchi was the
composer, who arranged "Doraemon no Uta" ( ドラえもんのうた );[68][79] it had been performed by
numerous singers, including Kumiko Ōsugi and Satoko Yamano.[122] When the anime got a reboot in
2005, Kan Sawada was the composer of the series.[123][124] There are four other opening themes,
including an instrumental version of "Doraemon no Uta" performed by Twelve Girls Band;[125]
ハグしちゃお
"Hagushichao" ( ) performed by Rimi Natsukawa;[126] "Yume wo Kanaete Doraemon" ( 夢
をかなえてドラえもん ), the opening theme broadcast from 2007 to 2018;[127] and "Doraemon"
performed by Gen Hoshino, broadcast since October 2019.[128]
Numerous collections of theme songs of the anime series and feature films were initially available in
cassettes.[129] Since the 1990s, Doraemon songs have been released in CD, under the type of singles and
compilation albums.[130][131] Soundtracks of Doraemon feature films have been released by Nippon
Columbia since 2001 in the album series "Doraemon Soundtrack History" ( ドラえもんサウンドトラッ
クヒストリー ).[132][133][134]

Musical shows
Doraemon has been adapted into a musical, titled Doraemon the Musical: Nobita and the Animal Planet
プラネット
舞台版ドラえもん のび太とアニマル惑
( 星 , Butaiban Doraemon: Nobita to Animaru Puranetto).
Based on the 1990 anime film of the same name, it debuted at Tokyo Metropolitan Art Space on
September 4, 2008, running through September 14. Shoji Kokami was the director and writer, Makoto
Sakamoto played Nobita and Reiko Suho as Shizuka; Jaian and Suneo were portrayed by Tomohiro Waki
and Kensaku Kobayashi, respectively; Wasabi Mizuta voiced Doraemon.[135][136] The musical was later
revived and ran at Sunshine Theater, Tokyo from March 26 to April 2, 2017,[137] then later in other
prefectures including Fukuoka, Osaka, Miyagi and Aichi.[138] The 2017 revival is also directed and
written by Kokami,[139] with Mizuta reprising her role;[138] Nobita, Shizuka, Jaian and Suneo were
played by Yuuchi Ogoe, Hina Higuchi, Koki Azuma and Shō Jinnai, respectively.[140]

Video games
Many Japanese-only video games based on Doraemon have been developed. For instance, in 1983,
Bandai developed Dokodemo Dorayaki Doraemon (
[141]
どこでも ドラヤキ ドラえもん ), an arcade game
inspired by Pac-Man. Doraemon, a NES video game made by Hudson Soft, was released on
December 12, 1986, [142] and became one of the best-selling games of that year in Japan with over 1.15
million copies sold. [143] On December 6, 2007, Sega published Doraemon Wii, the first Doraemon video
game released on Wii. [144] Doraemon can also be seen in Namco's Taiko no Tatsujin rhythm game series,
such as in Taiko no Tatsujin: Sesson de Dodon ga Don! (2017).[145] The first Doraemon game to receive a
Western release was Doraemon Story of Seasons (2019).[146][147] Card games with Doraemon themes
have also been made in several special occasions, sometimes to exploit the popularity of feature
films.[148] In 2016, a special edition of Uno about the series' characters was released exclusively in Japan,
as a result of a cooperation between Asatsu-DK and Mattel.[149] In April 2025, CTW announced
Doramonn Comic Traveler ( ドラえもん コミックトラベラー
[150]
), the first online browser game based on
the series, on its gaming platform G123.

Merchandise
In Japan, the Doraemon merchandising rights belong to Shogakukan-Shueisha Productions, which has
produced and distributed a wide range of products under its brand, such as toys, food, stationery, action
figures,[151] gashapon, shoes, clothing, and others.[152][153] Several companies have collaborated on the
creation and distribution of products on the series and its characters, including Sanrio,[154] Converse,[155]
Moleskine,[156] and ESP Guitars, which has made guitars decorated with Doraemon characters;[157] a
further partnership of Doraemon with Uniqlo led to a line of clothing designed by Takashi
Murakami.[158] The Doraemon franchise has also collaborated with various Japanese brands, including
Tsi Groove & Sports's Jack Bunny!! golf apparel brand,[159][160][161] Unicharm's MamiPoko diaper
brand,[162] and the video games LINE Pop 2,[163] Monster Strike,[164] and Granblue Fantasy.[165][166]
Viz Media owns the Doraemon merchandising rights in North and Latin America,[1] which has developed
Doraemon-themed clothing and collectibles in collaboration with retail chain Hot Topic,[167] and themed
Happy Meals in a 2015 collaboration with McDonald's.[168] Viz Media Europe (now Crunchyroll EMEA)
manages the merchandising in Europe except Spain and Portugal;[169] LUK International has obtained
licenses in these two countries.[170]

Characters from Doraemon have been used in advertising through specific agreements with Shogakukan.
For instance, following the Cool Japan initiative promoted by the Japanese government, Sharp
Corporation produced a series of commercials featuring the characters of Doraemon and Nobita, which
were broadcast in several ASEAN countries.[171] In late 2011, Shogakukan and Toyota Motor
Corporation joined forces to create a series of live-action commercials as part of Toyota's ReBorn ad
campaign, which depicted the manga's characters two decades after being grown up, where Hollywood
actor Jean Reno played Doraemon.[172][173]

Reception

General
Doraemon is considered one of the best-known manga of all time, a true Japanese cultural icon,[9] and an
essential part of family life of the Japanese post-war generation.[152] Akihiro Motoyama observed that
"mothers who watched the movies when they were children are now taking their own children to see
them".[152][174] It was also commercially successful: over 108 million volumes were sold in Japan by
1996.[175] The 1979[174] and 2005 anime series[176] also achieved high ratings on television. With the
film Doraemon: Nobita's Secret Gadget Museum, the Doraemon anime film series reached 100 million
tickets sold at the Japanese box office, surpassing Godzilla as the highest-grossing film franchise in
Japan.[177] By 2015, it had sold over 103 million tickets, and was the largest franchise by numbers of
admissions in the country.[178]

Doraemon was also a hit in other parts of Asia, and is considered an archetypical example of Japanese
soft power,[179] although it has been published without a license in some countries.[180] The anime
television series is available in over 60 countries,[92] and reportedly getting high ratings in at least 30
countries.[181] However, Doraemon has been less successful in Western countries, due to being viewed by
many as a children-only series, and there were tight restrictions about publishing manga and broadcasting
anime series the region.[182][183] The manga had sold over 170 million copies worldwide by
2012;[184][185] over 250 million by 2019;[186] and over 300 million by 2024.[187] Estimates show that
Doraemon has generated at least more than $4.3 billion in merchandise sales by 2019,[b] and over $1.7
billion from feature films by 2020,[198] making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

Outside Japan, Doraemon achieved particular success in Vietnam,[199] with a record-breaking 40 million
copies sold by 2006.[200] The manga was first launched there in 1992 by Kim Đồng Publishing House,
but the copyright from Shogakukan was not fully acquired until 1996.[201][202] In 1993, the Vietnamese
Ministry of Culture considered the manga's publication to be "an impactful event for the improvement of
children, youth and adult's likings ... [Doraemon] is a comprehensively educational book series which has
the effect of developing children's personality".[201] Doraemon is now a cultural icon in Vietnam, having
been featured at many cultural events.[203][204]
Critical reception and analysis
Doraemon has received favorable reviews. Critic Mark Schilling wrote, "For kids whose lives are often
so regulated, Doraemon represents a welcome breath of freedom and a glimpse of a funnier, friendlier
world where all dreams, even foolish ones, can come true."[205] Italian writer Massimo Nicora wrote that
the manga "can be interpreted as a type of book that criticizes, with irony, the omnipotence of science that
pretends to solve every problem with its tools", alluding to the fact that Doraemon's gadgets often end up
making the problems even worse than they initially were, more than anything else. He added that it
represents "the metaphor of the childish imagination, which always manages to find the most bizarre and
original solutions, in a continuous game of transformation of reality".[206]

Some critics considered that Nobita's flawed personality and modest background is different from the
special or extraordinary characteristics usually seen in other typical anime and manga protagonists; this
portrayal has been seen as reasons of its appeal as well as the contrary, especially in the United
States.[184][198] According to the Italian Parents Movement (Moige), in the manga, "the lazy Nobita does
not know any kind of appreciable evolution", though there are still good points including "the criticism of
bullying, the goodness that transpires from the little Nobita and the positive figure of Shizuka".[207]

In his 2000 article, Leo Ching explained that the success of Doraemon in Asia was due to reflecting Asian
values such as imagination and responsibility, the same reason that Oshin, another Japanese cultural
export, became well known there.[208] On the other hand, according to an analysis by Anne Allison,
professor of cultural anthropology at Duke University, the strong point of it was not the variety of the
gadgets, but the relationship between Doraemon and Nobita, which was particularly appreciated.[209]
Jason Thompson praised the "silly situations" and "old fashioned, simple artwork", with Doraemon's
expression and comments adding to the "surrounding elementary-school mischief".[46] On the manga's
50th anniversary, an op-ed published on Asahi Shimbun stated that the manga "has already become a
contemporary classic".[210]

Awards, accolades and public recognition

Doraemon has received numerous accolades. It won the Japan Cartoonists Association Award twice in
1973 and 1994, the former for the Excellence Award while the latter for the Minister of Education,
Science and Technology Award.[211][212] In 1982, it received the first Shogakukan Manga Award for
children's manga.[213][214] In 1997, the manga won the Grand Prize at the first Tezuka Osamu Cultural
Prize.[215] The 1979 series won the award from the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs four times for
best television series in 1984, 1985, 1988 and 1989.[216]

A 2006 poll among 80,000 Japanese fans for the 10th anniversary of the Japan Media Arts Festival placed
Doraemon at fifth among the top ten best manga of all time.[217] The 2005 and 2006 surveys conducted
by TV Asahi found the Doraemon anime ranked fifth and third, respectively, among the 100 favorite
anime series of all time.[218][219] In 2010, a survey conducted by researchers of Tokyo Polytechnic
University found that most responders considered Doraemon, along with Dragon Ball franchise, to be the
anime series that best represents Cool Japan.[220] In a 2013 survey, Doraemon was found to be the best
anime recommended for foreign people.[221]
Criticism
Doraemon has been blamed for having a negative impact on children, due to the controversial traits of the
characters in the anime. The character has received criticism in China, where some media outlets
considered Doraemon to be a politically subversive character and that it was a tool of Japan's "cultural
invasion".[222][223][224] Some education groups in Taiwan demanded the anime to be banned, as the plot
involves bullying, which was feared would encourage campus bullying.[225] In 2016, a resolution to ban
the Hindi-dubbed Doraemon anime series was submitted in Pakistan.[226] Around the same time, legal
notices were served against several companies in India, targeting Doraemon and Crayon Shin-chan for
bans (which did not materialize), as having an adverse effect on children.[226][227] Disney Channel India,
the regional broadcaster of the anime, was banned in Bangladesh and Pakistan due to the non-availability
of localized dubs for content including Doraemon.[228][229]

Cultural impact and legacy

The Doraemon manga has
inspired many other mangakas;
these include Eiichiro Oda, the
creator of One Piece with the
idea of "Devil Fruits",[230][231]
and Masashi Kishimoto, the
creator of Naruto, who drew
characters from anime shows
Shuttle bus featuring Doraemon Doraemon and Anywhere Door
during his childhood, including
to Fujiko F. Fujio Museum in statues at the National Museum of
Doraemon.[232] The manga has Kawasaki Singapore in October 2020
also been referenced in Gin Tama
and Great Teacher
Onizuka. [233][234] The character Doraemon is considered one of the most recognizable cultural icons in
Japan, [9][235] and one of the most well-known characters in manga history;[179] some critics compared his
popularity with that of Mickey Mouse and Snoopy.[236][237] Mark Schilling noted that Doraemon's "Take-
Copter" is familiar among Japanese people "just as Snoopy's biplane is familiar to most Americans".[238]

On April 22, 2002, in the special issue of Asian Hero in Time magazine, Doraemon was the only anime
character to be named one of the twenty-two Asian Heroes, and was described as "The Cuddliest Hero in
Asia".[239] A 2007 poll by Oricon shown that Doraemon was the second-strongest manga character ever,
behind only Son Goku of Dragon Ball.[240] Doraemon is also referred as something with the ability to
satisfy all wishes.[206]

In 2005, the Taiwan Society of New York selected Doraemon as a culturally significant work of Japanese
otaku pop-culture in its exhibit Little Boy: The Arts of Japan's Exploding Subculture, curated by
renowned artist Takashi Murakami.[241] In 2008, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs appointed
Doraemon as the first anime cultural ambassador;[242] a Ministry spokesperson explained the decision as
an attempt to help people in other countries better understand anime and to deepen their interest in
Japanese culture.[243] On September 3, 2012, Doraemon was granted official residence in the city of
Kawasaki, Kanagawa, one hundred years before he was born.[244] In the same year, Hong Kong
celebrated the birthday of Doraemon 100 years early with a series of displays of the character.[245] In
April 2013, Doraemon was chosen as Japan's ambassador in Tokyo's bid to host the 2020 Summer
Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics.[246] He appeared in the 2016 Summer Olympics closing
ceremony to promote the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.[247][248]

A Fujiko F. Fujio museum opened in Kawasaki on September 3, 2011, featuring Doraemon as the star of
the museum.[249][250] The National Museum of Singapore held a time-travelling exhibition in October
2020 as a tribute to the manga.[251] After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Shogakukan released
an earthquake survival guidebook, which included the main cast of the Doraemon manga series.[252] TV
Asahi launched the Doraemon Fund charity fund to raise money for natural disasters in 2004[253] and
2011.[254] In 2020, the Mumbai's Sion Friends Circle group distributed food and books to children using
mascots, one being Doraemon, to those in need during the COVID-19 pandemic.[255] In Vietnam, a
Doraemon scholarship fund was established in 1996,[256] and the Doraemon character has been used for
education of traffic safety.[257] Doraemon's creator, Fujiko F. Fujio, received the Culture Fighter Medal
from the Vietnamese Ministry of Culture in 1996 for his contributions to youth education through the
manga.[258]

Many prominent figures have been nicknamed after the cast of Doraemon: politician Osamu Fujimura is
known as the "Doraemon of Nagatacho" due to his figure and warm personality,[259] and sumo wrestler
Takamisugi was nicknamed "Doraemon" because of his resemblance to the character.[260] In 2015, a
group of people in a drought-affected village in northern Thailand used a Doraemon toy to complete a
rain-ritual, in order to avoid controversies that would occur by using real animals.[261]

A parody of Doraemon created by Hikari Fujisaki, titled Nozoemon ( のぞえもん ), was first serialized in
Nihon Bungeisha's Comic Heaven magazine in September 2014, with the compiled book volume released
on June 9, 2015; however, it was discontinued in August 2015 due to content issues.[262]

Notes
a. Credited as Fujiko Fujio until 1988.
b. Doraemon licensed merchandise sales:

Royalties (1979–1994) – ¥15.3 billion ($153 million)[175]

Japan (1999–2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010) – ¥223.75 billion ($2.549 billion)[188]

1999 – ¥84.21 billion[189]

2000 – ¥50 billion[190]
2003 – ¥30 billion[190]
2005 – ¥24.96 billion[191]
2007 – ¥17.6 billion[192]
2010 – ¥16.98 billion[193]
Worldwide (2015–2016) – $1.108 billion

2015 – $557 million[194]

2016 – $551 million[194]
Japan (2018–2019) – ¥64.01 billion[195][196][197] ($587 million)
References

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External links
Doraemon official TV Asahi website (http://www.tv-asahi.co.jp/doraemon/) (in Japanese)
Doraemon official US website (http://www.doraemon.com/) Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20141129122837/http://www.doraemon.com/) 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine
Doraemon Channel official website (https://dora-world.com/) (in Japanese)
Doraemon official Shin-Ei Animation website (https://web.archive.org/web/20120503202652/
http://www.shin-ei-animation.jp/doraemon/) (in Japanese)
Doraemon (https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=1335)
(manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia

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