1. Addition / Adding Information 2.
Contrast / Opposing Ideas
Connectors: Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, Connectors: However, On the other hand,
Also Although, Despite, In contrast
• Moreover / Furthermore – adds extra • However – shows contrast or exception.
information in a formal way. o Example: I wanted to go to the
o Example: She is an excellent party; however, I was too tired.
singer. Moreover, she can play • On the other hand – presents an opposite
the piano. view.
• In addition – adds information, slightly o Example: The hotel is expensive.
less formal. On the other hand, it is very
o Example: He speaks Spanish. In comfortable.
addition, he knows French. • Although / Though – introduces a
• Also – simple addition, common in contrast in the same sentence.
writing and speaking. o Example: Although it was
o Example: I like reading. I also raining, we went for a walk.
enjoy writing. • Despite / In spite of – contrast using a
noun or gerund.
o Example: Despite the rain, we
went outside.
• In contrast – emphasizes the difference
between two things.
o Example: In contrast to last year,
this year was much better.
Otherwise
• Explanation: Shows a negative
consequence if something doesn't happen.
• Example: You must study for the test;
otherwise, you will fail.
3. Cause / Reason 4. Result / Effect
Connectors: Because, Since, As, Due to, Owing Connectors: Therefore, As a result,
to Consequently, So
• Because – gives a reason. • Therefore – formal, shows result or
o Example: I stayed home because conclusion.
I was sick. o Example: He didn't study;
• Since / As – can also give reasons, therefore, he failed the exam.
slightly more formal. • As a result – shows effect, slightly less
o Example: Since it was raining, we formal.
canceled the picnic. o Example: She worked hard. As a
• Due to / Owing to – formal, usually result, she got promoted.
followed by a noun. • Consequently – formal, similar to
o Example: The flight was canceled “therefore.”
due to bad weather.
Regardless o Example: It rained all night.
Consequently, the match was
• Explanation: Means “without being canceled.
affected by something.” • So – simple, common in speaking.
• Example: Regardless of the weather, the o Example: I was tired, so I went to
festival will continue. bed early.
5. Giving Examples / Emphasis 6. Time / Sequence
Connectors: For example, For instance, Such as, Connectors: Then, After that, Later, Meanwhile,
Indeed, In fact Eventually
• For example / For instance – introduces • Then / After that / Later – shows
examples. sequence of events.
o Example: Many countries, for o Example: I finished my
example, Spain and Italy, have homework. Then, I watched TV.
beautiful beaches. • Meanwhile – something happening at the
• Such as – shows examples within a same time.
sentence. o Example: I was cooking dinner.
o Example: I like fruits such as Meanwhile, my brother was
apples and oranges. setting the table.
• Indeed / In fact – emphasizes or • Eventually – shows that something
reinforces a point. happens after a long time.
o Example: She is talented. Indeed, o Example: He studied hard and
she is one of the best in her class. eventually passed the exam.
• Finally
• Explanation: Shows the last point in a
sequence or a conclusion.
• Example: Finally, we reached the top of
the mountain.
When it comes to Addition / Adding Information
• Explanation: Introduces a topic or area Connector Explana.on Example
you are talking about. She is an excellent
• Example: When it comes to cooking, Adds
teacher. Addi.onally,
she is the best in the family. Addi.onally informa,on
she volunteers at a
formally
shelter.
6. According to Adds Along with his
Along with something with brother, he a<ended
• Explanation: Refers to what someone another thing the conference.
has said or a source of information. Adds emphasis
• Example: According to the report, sales Not only … She is not only smart
and
have increased by 20%. but also but also very kind.
informa,on
The new policy,
Together together with be<er
Combines ideas
with training, improved
produc,vity.
