Idea and meaning of interpolation

Until now, whenever we studied a problem in which a function appeared, it was given to us...
correctly an expression of the form f(x), or the necessary data to establish it.
This allowed us to conduct a study on its characteristics and behavior, and use it
in the resolution of a problem.

The inverse situation will now be presented, that is, given a series of points:

(x 1 , y 1 ),(x2, y 2),(x3, y 3n, y n)

find a real function of a real variable that verifies all those values and also allows:

Calculate the corresponding value at an intermediate point of the ones we have, in such a way
that the result adjusts with the least possible error to the experiment carried out, or to the values
from the function (depending on the source of the data table). This operation is called interpo-
lotion.

Interpolate: To determine the value of a quantity in a range when the known...

some of the values taken on either side of that interval

Study whether the obtained function fits the expected results outside the interval in the
that the given values of x are found. This process is called extrapolation.

Extrapolate: To find the value of a magnitude for values that are outside of the
interval in which that magnitude has been measured.

The need to raise such a problem arises from the following fact: in most cases, the
norms that govern human behavior, the evolution of nature, etc., do not come des-
written by a specific and known formula. Normally, we only have a series that is more or
menos amplia de valores recogidos de una forma experimental, que nos darán la pauta de su
behavior; from them we can deduce, with a more or less controlled error, data not
included in the study.

If we represent the points (x1 , y 1 2, y 2 ),(x33),............,(x n, y n in a coordinate system

Cartesian coordinates and we connect them with a curve, we solve the interpolation problem.

You are a function whose graph in the

intervalox1 , x nit is the curve drawn at the yn
right, to a certain intermediate value
f(x)
corresponds to(x), as seen in the figu- y3
It is evident that the value of f(x) depends y2
from the curve we trace connecting the points y1
I give you, and obviously, the number of cur-
What we can trace is infinite.
x 1x 2x 3 xn

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -1- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

The appropriate choice of the function and its mathematical expression can be demonstrated some times.
yes, but in other cases it is impossible; hence the importance of the researcher, based on their
experience and intuition, have a certain a priori idea of what the intended function should be
find.

Interpolation of a function in an interval

Interpolation in functions consists of

especially in replacing a given function
in an interval a,b for another simpler one
f(b)
and manageable to evaluate at those points.

Let's consider a function f and take the

points of your graph:
f(a)
A(a,f(a)) and B(b,f(b))
Any function g that passes through those two.
the same points are called death
of interpolation f.

Since it involves replacing a function f with another g in a given interval, it is evident

g must be simpler than f. The functions that are often chosen are polynomial, since
Aside from the ease with which operations are performed with them, they allow for obtaining expressions.
simple ways to limit the error made when replacing the function f with the polynomial g.

Interpolation error

Real function Linear interpolation Quadratic interpolation

The interpolation error is the difference, in absolute value, between the value of the given function f
and the one who takes the interpolating function g.

Error f(x) g(x)

In practice, a double option must be made to determine the results:

Choose the simplest interpolation function possible.
Make the committed error minimal.

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -2- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

Polynomial interpolation
Linear interpolation
It is the simplest case of polynomial interpolation. It is the one performed when two points,
P1(x 1,and1)andP2(x 2an,d2corresponding to two consecutive data points, are joined by
straight line segments.

The polynomial that fits those points is of the form:

P(x) ax b

What is the expression of the linear function? f(x) ax Its graph is a straight line.

The coefficients a and b, unknown, are the solutions of the system.

y 1 ax b1
y 2 ax2 b

whose equations are obtained by imposing the condition that f(x) passes through P (x1 , y1 1 )y
P2(x 2, y 2) .

Example: Find the equation of the line that passes through the points A(1,13) and B(3,5). Calculate-
the interpolation values when x 2 y x 4.

The general equation of a line is y ax b, therefore:

13 a 1  b a 4
5 a 3 b b 17

The requested line is y 4 x17

x 2 y 4 2 17 9
x 4 y 4 4 17 1

Example: Knowing that log10 1 and log100 2, hall, by linear interpolation, log7 and
log90. Through the calculator, determine the error made.

The given values are A(10,1) and B(100,2).

1
a
1 10a b 90 1 8
y x
2 100a b 8 90 9
b
9
Parax 7obtains 0'966. Parax 90 is obtained 1'888.

I.E.S. Historiador Chabás -3- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

 Using the calculator, we have: log7 0.845 and log90 1,954

The mistakes made have been:

e 0.845 0'966 0'121paralog7

e 1'954 1,888 0'066 paralog90

Example: The price of the electricity bill based on the number of kilowatt-hours used
is approximately given by a linear function p(k) ak where to re-
presents the price of the kWh
from successive years of 1987 we have extracted the following table of consumption in kW-h and
price of the receipt in pesetas (excluding VAT):

k 84 61
p(k) 1850 1593

Find the price of the kw-h and the costs of power and equipment.

Substituting in the linear function p(k) ak the system is obtained:

1850 84a b a 11'17

p(k) 11'17k 912
1593 61a b b 912

It is then deduced that the price of the kWh in 1987 was 11.17 pts and the expenses of
power and equipment were 912 points.

Interpolation by the rule of three

When it comes to interpolating a single value between two given values from a function table, it is
much faster and easier to use the method of the rule of three.

Let's suppose we have the values P (x 11, y 1 )yP2 (x 2, y 2We wish to find the value
the corresponding interpolation axi.

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -4- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

In the figure we have, by the Theorem of
Thales says:
P2
y 2 y 1 y i y1 y2
x 2 x1x i x1
yi y 2 y1
(y 2 y1 )·(x i x1 ) y I y1 P1 dI
y i y 1 dI y1
x 2 x1 x i x 1
x 2 x1
And the value corresponding to xiit will be

y I y1 d i x1 xi x2

Example: Knowing that log200 2'301030 and log202 2'305351, calculate log201 for
linear interpolation (log denotes the logarithm to base 10).

2'305351 2'301030 d
d 0.002161
202 200 201 200

Therefore, log201 log200 0.002161 2'301030 0.002161 2'303191

The true value is log201 2'303196. The error is on the order of a few millionths.
more (rounded sixth digit).

Example: At a certain university, the number of students enrolled in the course 82-
In 83 it was 10,400 and in the 87-88 course it was 13,200. Estimate approximately.
how many enrolled in the 84-85 course.

13.200 10.400 d
d 1120
87 82 84 82

Therefore, we estimate that in the 84-85 school year there were: 10,400 1.120 11,520 students.

Quadratic interpolation
It is called quadratic interpolation when performed with three known points, and not
aligned1(x 1,and1),P2(x 2a,nd2) and P3(x 3an,d3), are adjusted using the parabola that passes through
they.

The polynomial that fits those points is of the form P(x) ax2 bx c, also known as
with the name of quadratic function, whose graph is a parabola.

The unknown coefficients a, b, and c are the solutions of the system:

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -5- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

 y 1 ax1 b2x1 c
y 2 ax2 b x2 c 2

y 3 ax  bx3 c
2
3

whose equations are obtained by imposing the condition that P(x) passes through P, P2yP13 .

A parabola always passes through three non-collinear points. Therefore, this system will be consistent.
determined. If the points were aligned, the unknown "a" (dex coefficient2 I would take the
zero value: the parabola would degenerate into a line.

Example: Find the corresponding quadratic interpolation function for the values:

x 1 3 4 5
y 4 9 ? 18

Determine its value when x 4.

The general equation of a parabola is of the form y ax2 bx c.

1
a
To pass through (1, 4), it is given 4=a+b+c 2
1
Passing through (3, 9) one has 9 = 9a + 3b + c b
2
By passing through (5, 18) it is obtained 18 = 25a + 5b + c c 3

1 1
The equation of the parabola is y x 2 x 3
2 2

Six the function takes the value y 13

Example: Given the table of the function f(x), find the error.x 1 2 3 4
committed when calculating f (4) by the in- f(x)35 62
quadratic interpolation using the other values
from the table.

The quadratic function is f(x) ax2 bx c.

19
a
By passing through (1, 3) it is obtained c+b+a=3 2
73
To pass through (2, 5) it is had  5 = 4a + 2b + c b 
2
To pass through (3, 6) it has 6 = 9a + 3b + c c 30

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -6- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

 19 73
The interpolation function is f(x) x 2 x 30
2 2

19 73
Six 4 f(x) · 4 2  · 4  30 f(4) 36
2 2

The mistake made is e 2 36 38. Such a great mistake must lead us to the con-
conclusion that the interpolation, in this case, is not correct.

Polynomial interpolation in general. Practical method

The resolution of a system of n equations with n unknowns is a long and tedious process.
the larger n is, the more so when some coefficients, as is often the case in these situations,
they are very large numbers or decimals. Therefore, it is not surprising that mathematicians have
meticulous in inventing other methods with which the interpolating polynomial can be found more quickly
please.

In practice, the initial expression of the interpolating polynomial that passes through the points

(x 1 , y 1 ),(x2, y 2),(x3,and3)............,(x n, y n)

it can help simplify calculations.

The natural expression is:

P(x) a n 1 x n 1  a n  2x  2 a n  3x n  3. ............ a 2x 2 a 1x a o

However, the alternative expression is more manageable:

y a b x x c x1x x x . .....................

1 2 r x x x x .....  xx   2   n1 
1

Well, the system obtained by substituting (x, y) with the known values is very simple to re-
solver y, therefore, the coefficients a, b, c, ..., r are easily obtained.

This will always be possible, since if P(x) a n1x n1 a n 2x n 2. ............ a 2x 2 a 1x a o
it is a polynomial, when dividing P(x) by (x x 1we would obtain P(x) Q 1(x)(x x 1)  a.

Next, when dividing Q1(x)for(x x 2we would obtain Q1(x) Q 2(x)(x x 2)  bcon
what P(x) Q (x)2 (x x )b (x x2 )a Q (x) (x1 x )(x x )2b(x x ) a, etc.
2 1 1

Note that in both cases the polynomial is of degree. 1, one less than the number of
data. The n coefficients are different in each of the expressions.

It is common that, after having the interpolating polynomial corresponding to n points, one
get a new point x, y  n1 n1 If it is then 1 polynomial that passes through the points first
points, the new polynomial will be:

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -7- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

 y Pn 1 (x) Pn(x) k(x x1  x 2)..........(x x n)

By substituting the coordinates of the new point, an equation is obtained from which the
value of k.

Example: From a function we know three points(( 3, 5), (1, y(3,11). What can we
to say the value of that function when x 0? And when? 10?

The interpolating polynomial will be of second degree. Its generic expression is:

y a b(x 3) c(x 3)(x

By substituting the coordinates of the given points, the system is obtained:

a 5
5 a b ( 3 3) c ( 3  3)(3
3
1 a b ( 1  3) c ( 1  3)(1 b 
2
11 a b ( 3  3) c ( 3  3) (3
15
c
12

The interpolating polynomial is:

3 15
y 5  (x 3) (x 3)(x
2 12

13
Six 0 y(0) 
4

This interpolation is probably a good approximation of the value of the function

unknown at the abscissa point 0, since this abscissa is close to the ones we have
used to obtain the polynomial.

527
Six 10 y(10)
4

527
The value it is likely to resemble little the value of the function at point 10,
4
Well, it is the result of a very distant extrapolation.

Example: Find the interpolating polynomial generated by the points (2,1),(3,7),( 1 ,4)
y(5,0).

If once the interpolating polynomial is calculated we are given a new point (8, 211),
obtain the interpolating polynomial again taking advantage of the one we already have

Its generic expression is:

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -8- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

 y a b(x 2)  c(x 2)(x 3) d(x 2)(x 3)(x

Substituting the coordinates of the given points yields the system:

a 1
1 a b 6
7 a b 7
c
4 a 3b 12c 4
0 a 3b 6c 36d 59
d
72

A third degree polynomial emerges, whose expression is:

7 59
y 1 6(x 2) (x 2)(x 3) (x 2)(x 3)(x 1)
4 72

Unless indicated otherwise, it is not necessary to operate in this expression.

reduced expression is:

59 362 257 390

y  x 3 x 2 x
72 72 72 72

The new interpolating polynomial including the point (8,211) will be:

59 362 257 390

y  x 3 x 2 x  k(x 2)(x 3)(x 1)(x5)
72 72 72 72

Now we calculate k so that this 4th degree polynomial passes through the point
(8,211).

59 362 257 390

y(8) 8 3 8 2 8  k (8 2) (8 3)(8 1)(8 211
72 72 72 72

k 0'4231 the new polynomial is:

59 362 257 390

y  x 3 x 2 x  0' 4231(x 2)(x 3)(x 1)(x5)
72 72 72 72

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -9- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

 Problem 1

In the magazine Tiempo (8/2/88), the following graph appeared showing the profits in
millions of pesetas for the exports of the company Codorniu between 1983 and 1987.

3000 2900

2500
2100
2000
1600
1500 1300
1100
1000

500

0
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

Given the growth, it is presumable that the function expressing the number of millions of
pesetas per export depending on the time elapsed is a parabola. The request is:

a) Determine the equation of that parabola taking as variable t the years 1, 3, and 5
 1 1983,3 1985, 5 1987. 
b) Compare the theoretical data that results for years 2 and 4 with the actual data provided.
through the table.

c) Extrapolate to calculate the millions in exports obtained in 1988.

a) The interpolation function will have the form y at 2 bt c

Assuming that the points (1,1100), (3,1600), and (5,2900) satisfy its equation, we obtain
the system:

1100 a b c a 100
1600 9a 3b c b 150
2900 25a 5b c c 1150

The theoretical function that approximates these data is y 100t2 150t 1150

b) Sit it is obtained and 1250, and it's ready 4 the result is y 2150.

I.E.S. Historiador Chabás -10- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

 The error of the theoretical data regarding the real values given by the table is then:

t 2 1300 1250 50 million

t 4 2100 2150 50 million

c) The year 1988 corresponds to taking t 3850. Therefore, if the

6 and it is obtained then that y
export continues with the growth experienced in previous years, everything suggests
that in 1988 a profit of 3,850 million pesetas will be obtained, with a margin of error of
approximately 50 million.

Problem 2

The number of tourists who visited Spain between 1970 and 1985 followed the following
trend:

Years 1970 1975 1980 1985

Millions of tourists 24.1 30.1 38.1 43.2

a) Find the forecast for 1988 based on the linear function of the last segment 1980-1985.

b) Make the same forecast with the 2nd degree interpolation polynomial from the
data from 1975 and 1985.

a) The most convenient thing is to make an appropriate table, using the year 70 as the starting point in time.
This is how it turns out:

0 5 10 15 18
24'1 30'1 38'1 43'2 ?

For the requested linear interpolation, we need to find a linear expression that takes the values
data for 10 and 15. The most convenient thing is to put:

L(x) a b(x 10)

Now substituting for the points (10,38'1) and (15,43'2) we obtain:

38'1 a a 38.1
43.2 a 5b b 1'02

The linear expression takes the form L(x) 38'1 1'02(x 10)

Therefore L(18) 38'1 1'02(18 10) 46'26

b) Similarly, the most convenient thing is to look for now:

I.E.S. Historiador Chabás -11- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

 C(x) a b(x 10)  c(x 10)(x 15)

Substituting for the points (5,30'1),(10,38'1) and (15,43'2) we obtain:

30'1 a 5b 50c a 38'1

38'1 a b 1 minute and 2 seconds
43'2 a 5b c 0 '058

The expression that results is C(x) 38'1 1'02(x 10) 0'058(x 10)(x 15), therefore:

C(18) 38'1 1'02·8 0'058·8·3 44,868

Problem 3

1
Calculate the second-degree polynomial P(x) such that P(0) P(1) 0y such that p(x) dx0 1 .

The polynomial will be of the form P(x) ax2 bx c

P(0) 0 c 0

P(1) 0 a b 0

1
x3 x2 a b
1
0
 ax  bx dx
2
a
3
b
2

3 2
1
0

a b 0
a 6
a b P(x) 6 x 2 6x
 1 b 6
3 2

Problem 4

Given the following table of values of a function:

x 1 2'5 4 5
f(x)21 8 30

make an estimation of the value of the function for x 3.

The most convenient is to look for a cubic polynomial of the form:

p(x) a b(x  1)c(x  1)(x 2'5) d(x1)(x 2.5)(x4)

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -12- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

Substituting we have:

a 2
2 a b 2
1 a 1.5b 8
c
8 a 3b 4.5c 3
30 a 4b 10c 10d 14
d
15

Thus:

8 14
p(x) 2 2(x   (x1)(x 2.5) (x1)(x 2'5)(x4)
3 15

8 14 4
p(3) 2 4 2 0.5 2 0.5 ( 
3 15 15

Problem 5

The expense on photocopies in an office is given by the following data during the three
first months of the year. Obtain the interpolating polynomial and deduce the photocopying expenses
likely for the month of April.

January February March

1100 1500 1550

We call 1 to the month of January, 2 to the month of February, 3 to the month of March and 4 to the month of April.

1 2 3 4
1100 1500 1550 ?

Since we are given three data points, we need to think of a parabola. The polynomial we are looking for...
we can comfortably put in the form:

P(x) a b(x  c(x 1)(x 2)

Substituting the data from the problem:

1100 1 a 1100
1500 a b b 400 P(x) 1100 400(x  175(x 1)(x2)
1550 a 2b 2c c 175

For April it is estimated: P(4) 1250 photocopies

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -13- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

 Problem 6

Find 150 using the second degree interpolating polynomial of the function.
f(x) the points x1 121, x2 144 and x3 169.

f(121) 11
f(x) x f(144) 12
f(169) 13

We are looking for a second degree interpolating polynomial of the form:

P(x) a b(x  121) c(x  121)(x 144)

Imposing the previously proposed conditions on P results in:

a 11
11 a
1
12 a 23b b
23
13 a 54b 1200c
1
c 
13800

The polynomial is:

1 1
P(x) 11  (x121)  (x121)(x 144)
23 13800

P(150) 12'2482

With the calculator we have 150 12'2474, therefore we have obtained a good approximation.

Problem 7

The different contractions of a spring (in mm), depending on the applied loads
(in kp), are given in the following table:

Load(x) 5 10 15 20 25
Contract. (and) 49 105 172 253 352

Find the quadratic function that fits the contractions corresponding to x. 5

x 15 y x 25. What mistake is made if we use it to calculate contractions?
when the charges arex 10 y x 20?

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -14- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

The values to consider are: (5, 49), (15, 172), and (25, 352)

The interpolating polynomial will be: P(x) a b(x  5) c(x  5)(x 15)

Substituting we have:

49 a a 49
172 a 10b b 12'3 p(x) 49 12'3(x 5) 0'285(x 5)(x 15)
352 a 20b 200c c 0'285

p(10) 49 12'3·5 0'285·5·(5) 103,375

e 105 103,375 2,375

p(20) 49 12'3·15 0'285·15·5 254,875

e 253 254,875 1,875

In both cases, the error is comparatively small.

Problem 8

The number of calories per Spaniard per day, during the period 1962-1987, followed this trend:

Year 1962 1970 1980 1987

Thousands of calories 2.76 2.87 3.32 3.49

a) Find the forecast for 1990 based on the linear function of the last two years.

b) Make the same prediction with the 2nd degree interpolation polynomial based on the
data from 1970 to 1987.

a) If we take the year 1962 as the starting point of time, the resulting data table is:

Year 0 8 18 25
Miles de calorías2'76 2'87 3'32 3'49

The linear function will be: f(x) a b(x 18)

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -15- Juan Bragado Rodríguez
 3'32 a a 3'32
f(x) 3'32 0'0242(x 18) f(x) 0'0242x 2.88
3'49 a 7b b 0.0242

Para 1990 x 28valef(28) 0.0242·28 2'88 3.5576

b) The second-degree interpolating polynomial will now be:

P(x) a b ( x  8) c(x 8) (x 18)

2.87 a a 2.87
3'32 a 10b b 0.045
3'49 a 17b 119c c 0'0012

f(x) a b(x  8) c(x  8)(x 18)

f(x) 2.87 0'045(x 8) 0'0012(x 8)(x 18)

For 1990 x 28 valef(28) 2.87 0.04520 0'0012·20·10 3'53

The difference between both solutions is due to rounding.

Problem 9

e xthrough a line in the interval 0,1. What error is co-

Approximate the function f(x)
exceed When does the exponential function get replaced by the linear one?
Narla uses the calculator.

The equation of the line is y ax b

For x = 0 and y = e0 1 1 a 0 b a e 1 1'71828

For x = 1 y=e1 e e a 1 b b 1

I.E.S. Historiador Chabás -16- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

The linear function is:

y 1'71828x 1 y 1'71828x 1

x 0'7 y 1'71828·0'7 1 2'202796

E 0'189

On the calculator we get

e 0'7 2'01375271
y ex
The error made is

2'01375271 2'202796 0'189

Problem 10

The following data corresponds to the evolution of the population in Madrid. The population-
Census data is obtained for the years that are multiples of 5, and the rest according to the data.
officials of births and deaths (births, deaths, transfers, etc.):

Years Population Years Population

2,620,797
Find the interpolating polynomial. 2,712,641
corresponding to the census years 2,803,416 h.
1965, 1970, 1975 and 1980. Calculate the 2,870,849 h.
values corresponding to the years an-
prior to a census (1969, 1974, 1979) 2,937,734
compare them with those in the table. Inter- 3,120,941 inhabitants
show the result. 3,164,848 inhabitants
3,209,246
3,247,108

Taking the year 1965 as year zero we have:

Years
The interpolating polynomial will be of the type:
0 2,620,797 h.
5 3,120,941 h.
10 3,228,057 h. P(x) a b(x  0)  c(x  0)(x 5) d(x 0)(x 5)(x 10)
15 3,357,903 hours.

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -17- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

 2,620,797 a a 2,620,797
3,120,941 a 5b b 100.028'8
3,228,057 a 10b 50c c 7 .860'56
3,357,903 a 15b 150c 750d d 554'34

The interpolating polynomial is:

P(x) 2,620,797 100.028'8· x 7.860'56·x·(x 5) 554'34· x·(x 5)·(x 10)

P(4) 3,065,659 P(9) 3,218,120 P(14) 3,310,159

The data differs significantly from the table because the most reliable data corresponds
They give more weight to the census years and less reliable to the immediately preceding ones.

Problem 11

A projectile is launched, and after describing a parabolic trajectory, it falls 2.4 km from its starting point.
of launch. Find the equation of its trajectory knowing that it reaches a maximum height
maximum of 180 m.

The points to consider for interpolation are (0,0), (1.2,0.180), and (2.4,0)

The interpolating polynomial is:

P(x) a b(x  0)  c(x  0)(x 1'2)

0 a a 0
0'180 a 1'2b b 0'15
0 a 2'4b 2'88c c 0 .125

P(x) 0'15 x 0.125 x (x 1'2) 0'3x 0.125x2

Problem 12

A businessman has obtained the following profits, in millions of pesetas, in the last 5
years

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

1700 1900 2200 2700 3500

I.E.S. Historian Chabás -18- Juan Bragado Rodríguez

a) Determine the equation of the parabola obtained by taking the corresponding data.
to the years 1985, 1987, and 1989.

b) Obtain, from the parabola, the earnings corresponding to the years 1986 and 1988 and
compare with those given to you in the table.

c) Extrapolate to obtain the profits that are expected to be achieved in the year 1990.

Indication: Call 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to the years that appear in the table.

a) The interpolating polynomial is:

P(x) a b(x  1) c(x  1)(x 3)

1700 a a 1700
2200 a 2b b 250
3500 a 4b 8c c 100

P(x) 1700 250·(x 1)100·(x 1)(x 3) 100x2 150 times 1750

P(2) 1850 million pts. P(4) 2750 million pts.

c) P(6) 3600 900 1750 4450 million pts.

Problem 13

They estimated 15º from the values of 0º 0, sin30º 0.5andsin45º 0.7071

Los puntos son: (0º,0),(30º,0'5) y (45º ,0' 7071)

The interpolating polynomial is:

P(x) a b(x  0)  c(x  0)(x 30)

0 a a 0
0.5 a 30b b 0.0166667
0.7071 a 45b 675c c 0 .00006355568

you x 0.0166667x 0'00006355568·x(x 30)

sen15° 0'25975

I.E.S. Historiador Chabás -19- Juan Bragado Rodríguez