1.

Imagine that you have a freezer at home that operates according to the Carnot refrigeration cycle and cools to
a speed of 850 kJ/h. The temperature of your freezer must be suitable for preserving the
interior foods, approximately -12º C. In your house, the ambient temperature is about
21º C. Determine:
a) The power that the freezer motor must have to fulfill its mission.
b) The power that the engine should have in the case that the efficiency is only 50%
of the ideal Carnot efficiency.

TC
QF850 kJ / h
QC

TC21-12º C = 273 + 21 = 294 K

W
TF= -12 ºC = 273 + (-12) = 261 K
F
TF

a) Applying the expression of the refrigeration Carnot cycle:

Tf 261 261
COPIDEAL 7.91
Tc T f 294 261 33

Qf Qf 850 kJ
COPIDEAL W 107.46 kJ (in 1 hour)
W COPIDEAL 7,91
1000J 1 hour
107.46 kJ/h 107.46 kJ/h 29.85J/s 29.85W
1 kJ 3600 seconds

b) The real machine has 50% of the ideal performance:

50
COPREAL COPIDEAL 7.91 3,955
100

QF QF 850 kJ
COPREAL W 214.92 kJ (in 1 hour)
W COPREAL 3,955
1000J 1 hour
214.92 kJ/h 214.92 kJ/h 59.70 J/s 59.70W
1kJ 3600 seconds

1
A heat pump that operates according to the Carnot cycle takes heat from the exterior that is at
a temperature of 5º C and introduces it into a room that is at 22º C, at a rate of
50000 kJ/h. Determine:
a) The power that the heat pump motor must have to meet the indicated requirements.
b) If the heat pump's efficiency were 48% of the ideal Carnot efficiency, what would
Should it then be the power of the engine?

TC
50000 kJ / h
QC

TC22 ºC = 273 + 22 = 295 K

W
TF= 5 ºC = 273 + 5 = 278 K
QF
TF

a) Applying the Carnot cycle expression as a heat pump:

TC 295 295
COPIDEAL 17.35
TC TF295 278 17

QC QC 50,000 kJ
COPIDEAL W 2881.84 kJ (in 1 hour)
W COPIDEAL 17.35
1000J 1h
2881.84 kJ/h 2881.84 kJ/h 800.51J/s 800.51W
1kJ 3600s

The actual machine has 48% of the ideal performance:

48
COPMACHINE COPIDEAL 17.35 8,328
100

QC QC 50000 kJ
COPMACHINE W 6003.84 kJ (in 1 hour)
W COPMACHINE 8,328
1000J 1h
6003.84 kJ/h 6003.84 kJ/h 1667.73 J/s 1667.73W
1kJ 3600 seconds

2
3. A car is traveling at a speed of 80 km/h, and it is desired that its interior remains at the
temperature of 20º C, while the external environment is at 32º C. To achieve this, the air conditioning installation
The car's air conditioning must absorb 15000 kJ/h by heat transfer. What additional power
Will you need to develop the engine to maintain the air conditioner?
a) In the case of a reversible (ideal) operation of the installation.
b) If the actual operation has an efficiency equal to half of the ideal.

TC
QF15000 kJ / h
QC

TF20º C is equal to 293 K

W
TC32º C = 273 + 32 = 305 K
QF
TF

a) Applying the expression of the Carnot refrigeration cycle:

TF 293 293
Refrigerator 24.42
TC TF305 293 12

QF QF 15000 kJ
Refrigerator W 614.25 kJ (in 1 hour)
W refrigerator 24.42
1000J
614.25 kJ 614.25 kJ 614250J 614250 watt-seconds
1 kJ
W614350W
P 170,625W 170W
t 3600s

b) The real machine has half the efficiency of the ideal cycle:

0.50
MACHINE IDEAL 24.42 12,21
100

QF QF 15,000 kJ
MACHINE W 1,228.67 kJ (in 1 hour)
W MACHINE 12.21
1000J 1 hour
1,228.67 kJ/h 1,228.67 kJ/h 341.30 J/s 341.30W
1kJ 3600 seconds

3
A heat pump operates reversibly between two points at temperatures of 7º C and 27º C, and at
2 kW·h of energy is contributed during the cycle. Determine:
a) Amount of heat communicated to the hot source.
b) Amount of heat absorbed from the cold source.
c) Efficiency of the pump, depending on whether it operates as a refrigeration or heating machine.

TC
W = 2 kW·h
QC

TF7º C = 280 K

W
TC= 27º C = 273 + 27 = 300 K
QF
TF

The process cannot be carried out in the order of the issues, as the first thing that must be calculated is
the efficiency of the machine, to then calculate the heats based on the work provided.
TC 300 300
HEAT PUMP 15
TC TF300 280 20
TF 280 280
FRIDGE 14
TC TF300 280 20

QC
HEAT PUMP Qc Before Christ
W 15 1,728 10 6cal 25.92 10 6cal 25920kcal
W
1000W 3600 seconds
2kW h 2kW h 7.2 10 6W 7.2 106J
1kW 1h

6 0.24 cal
7.2 10J 7.2 10J6 6
1,728 10cal 1728 kcal
1J
QF Qc W 25920kcal 1728 kcal 24192kcal

4
5. A heat pump operates reversibly between two heat sources at temperatures of 5º C and
23º C, and 2.6 kW·h of energy is supplied to the cycle. Calculate:
a) Amount of heat transferred to the hot focus.
b) Amount of heat absorbed from the cold source.
c) Efficiency of the pump depending on whether it operates as a refrigeration or heating machine.

TC
W = 2 kW·h
QC

TC= 23º C = 273 + 23 = 296 K

W
TF5º C = 278 K
QF
TF

The process cannot be carried out in the order of the issues, as the first thing that must be calculated is
the efficiency of the machine, to then calculate the heats based on the work provided.

TC 296K
HEAT PUMP 16.44
TC TF296K 278K
1,000W 3.600s 6
W 2.6kW h 2.6kW h 9.36 10J
1kW 1h

QC
HEAT PUMP QC BC W 16.44 9.36 10 6J 153.88 10 6J
W

QF QC W 153.66 10 6J 9.36 10 6J 144.52 10 6J

TF 278K
refrigerator 15.44
TC TF296K 278K

5
6. A refrigeration machine absorbs 15,000 J/min from the cold source that is at 23º C. Calculate:
a) The amount of heat given to the hot reservoir, which is at 27º C, knowing that its efficiency is
half of the corresponding Carnot refrigeration cycle.
b) The power of the motor that this refrigeration machine should have to fulfill its
committed.
c) The efficiency in the case that said machine acted as a heat pump.

TC

QC

TC27º C = 273 + 27 = 300 K

W
TC= -23º C = 273 - 23 = 250 K
QF
TF

a) First, the Carnot efficiency should be calculated as a refrigerator, and then the efficiency should be calculated.
real. With that value, it will be possible to calculate the heat expelled to the hot focus and the work:

TF 250K IDEAL 5
Refrigerator 5 REAL REFRIGERATOR. 2.5
TC TF300K 250K 2 2

QF QF 15,000J
REAL REFRIGERATOR. 2.5 ; 2.5 Qc 37.500J 15,000 J
W QC QF Qc 15,000J
15,000J 37.500J
QC 21,000 J (in 1 min.)
2.5
b)
W QC QF 21,000J 15000J 6,000 J (in 1 min)
W6.000J6.000W s
P 100W
t 1min 60s
c)
TC 300K 300K
HEAT PUMP 6
TC TF 300K 250K 50K
QC 21,000J
REAL HEAT PUMP. 3.5
QC QF 21,000J 15,000J

6
7. When the external temperature is 7º C, a house requires 550 MJ per day to maintain its
internal temperature at 22º C. If a heat pump is used for heating, it is requested:
a) The minimum theoretical work for one hour of operation
b) The COP (coefficient of performance) of the heat pump if the cycle efficiency
the practical efficiency of the working fluid is 30% of that of Carnot and the power required for
the process develops under these conditions.
c) The amount of heat absorbed from the environment under actual working conditions.

TC
QC550 MJ/day
QC

TC22º C = 273 + 22 = 295 K

W
TF= 7º C = 273 + 7 = 280 K
QF
TF

a)
TC 295K
HEAT PUMP 19.67
TC TF295K 280K
QC QC 550 106J/day
HEAT PUMP W 27,955 MJ/day
W BC 19.67
In one hour:
MJ MJ 1 day
W 27,955 27,955 1,165 MJ/h
day day24h

b)
REAL HEAT PUMP BV 0.30 19.67 0.30 5.90
QC QC 550MJ/day
BC REAL W 93.22 MJ/day
W BC REAL 5.90
J Day 1 of J1
93.22 106 93.22 106 1078.9 J/s 1079W
day day 24h 3600s

c)
QF QC W 550MJ/day 93.22 MJ/day 456.78MJ/day

7
We have a refrigeration machine whose efficiency is half of the efficiency of the Carnot cycle.
This refrigeration machine operates between two heat sources that are at temperatures of 200 and
350 K. Furthermore, we know that the machine absorbs 1200 J/min from the cold source. How much heat does it give off?
machine to the hot source? What power should the machine have? What would its efficiency be in the
in case that such machine acted as a heat pump?

TC
QC550 times 106J/day
QC

TC= 350 K

W
TF200 K
QF
TF

a)
TF 200K IDEAL 1.33
Refrigerator 1.33 REAL REFRIGERATOR 0.67
TC TF350K 200K 2 2
QF QF 1.200J
REAL REFRIGERATOR 0.67 0.67 QC 800J 1.200J
W QC QF QC 1.200J
1.200J 800J
QC 3.000J
0.67
b)
QF QF 1,200 J/min.
REAL REFRIGERATOR W 1.800J/min.
W REAL MEAT PROCESSING PLANT 0.67
W1800J1800J
P 30W
t 1min. 60s
c)
TC 350K 350K
HEAT PUMP 2.33
TC TF350K 200K150K
QC 3,000 J
REAL HEAT PUMP. 1.67
QC QF 3,000J 1.200J

8
Imagine that you have a refrigerator at home that operates according to the Carnot refrigeration cycle and cools down to
a speed of 700 kilojoules/hour. The temperature of your refrigerator must be appropriate for
the food inside does not thaw, approximately -10° C. In your house, the temperature
the environment is about 22° C. Determine:
a) The power that the refrigerator motor must have to achieve that temperature.
b) The power that the refrigerator motor should have in case the efficiency was
from 60% of the ideal Carnot efficiency.

TC
QF700 kJ / h
QC

TF263 K

W
TC= 22º C = 273 + 22 = 295 K
QF
TF

TF 263K 263K
IDEAL REFRIGERATOR 8.22
TC TF295K 263K 32K
QF QF 700 kJ
REFRIGERATOR DEAL W 85.17 kJ (in 1 hour)
W REFRIGERATOR DEAL 8.22
1000J 1h
85.17 kJ/h 85.17 kJ/h 23.66J/s 23.66W
1 kJ 3600s

b)
0.60
REAL FRIGORIFIC IDEAL 8.22 4.93
100
QF QF 700 kJ
REAL FRIGORIFIC W 141.95 kJ (in 1 hour)
W REAL REFRIGERATOR 4,93
1000J 1h
141.95 kJ/h 168.57 kJ/h 39.43 J/s 39,43W
1 kJ 3600 seconds

9
10. A household heat pump, electrically powered, must supply 1.5·106kJ per day
to a house to maintain its temperature at 20°C. If the outside temperature is -5°C and the
the price of electricity is €0.10 per kWh, determine the minimum daily heating cost.

TC
QF= 1.5 · 106kJ / day
QC

TF-5º C is equal to 268 K

W
TC20º C = 273 + 20 = 293 K
QF
TF

TC 293K 293K
IDEAL HEAT PUMP 11.72
TC TF293K 268K 25K
QC QC 1.5·106kJ
IDEAL W 127.99 kJ (in 1 day)
W IDEAL 11.72

The power of the machine will be:

1000J 1 day 1h
P 127.99 kJ/day 1481.32 J/s 1481.32W
1 kJ 24 hours3600s

With which the energy consumed in kW and the cost will be:
1kW
E E 1481.32W 24h 35.55kW h
103 W
€
Cost Energy Price 35.55 kW h 0.10 3.56€
1 kWh

10
11. A freezer operates according to the Carnot cycle, cooling at 400 kJ/hour. The temperature of
The freezer must be at -20ºC inside, while the external environment is at 5ºC. Find:
a) Power that the freezer motor must have to fulfill its purpose
b) Power that the freezer motor should have if its actual efficiency were 70% of the
ideal Carnot efficiency.
c) Economic cost of keeping the freezer running for 8 hours
under the conditions of section b) if the price of the kWh is 0.14 euros.

TC
QF= 400 kJ / h
QC

TF-20º C = 273 + (-20) = 253 K

W
TC= 5º C = 273 + 5 = 278 K
QF
TF

a)
Qf Tf 253 253
IDEAL 10,12
W Tc T f 278 253 25
Qf Qc 400KJ
IDEAL W 39,535 KJ (in 1 hour)
W IDEAL 10,12
1000J 1h
39,535 KJ/h 2881.84 KJ/h 10.98 J/s 10.98W
1KJ3600s
b)
mf IDEAL 0,7 10,12 0,7 7,084
Qf Qf 400KJ
mf W 56,46KJ(in1hour)
W mf 7,084
1000J 1h
56,46KJ/h 56,46KJ/h 15,68J/s 15.68W
1KJ3600s
1Kw 0.14 euros
c) 15, 68w 3 8h 0.0175euros.
10 W 1 kilowatt hour

11
12. When the outside temperature is 8º C, a house requires 600 MJ per day to maintain its
indoor temperature at 22º C. If a heat pump is used for heating, determine:
a) The minimum theoretical work for one hour of operation.
b) The efficiency of the pump if it were 25% of the Carnot efficiency and the power required to
that the process takes place under these conditions.
c) The amount of heat absorbed from the environment under actual working conditions.

TC
QC600 MJ / h
QC

TC= 22º C = 273 + 22 = 295º K

W
TF8º C = 273 + 8 = 281º K
QF
TF

a)
Tc 295 K
bc(ideal ) 21.07
Tc T f295 K 281 K
Qc Qc 600MJ/day
bc(ideal ) W 28,476 MJ/day
W bc 21.07
MJ MJ1day
W 28,476 28,476 1,186MJ/h
day day24h
b)
bc(machine) bc 0.25 21.07 0.25 5,27
Qc Qc 600MJ/day6 108J/day
bc(machine) W 1.14 108Good day
W bc(machine) 5,27 5,27
J J1day1h
1.14 108 1,14 108 1319.44 J/s 1319.44w
day day24h3600s

c)Qc Q f W Qf Qc W 6.108J/day 1,14.108J/day 4.868Good day.

12
A heat pump is used to maintain the enclosure of a heated pool at 27º C when the
The outside temperature is -3º C. For it to function, heat must be supplied to the pool.
216·106In twelve hours of operation. Calculate:
a) Actual efficiency of the pump, if it is 40% of the ideal.
b) Pump power under real operating conditions
c) The heat absorbed from the environment during the twelve hours of operation

TC
QC= 216·106J / h
QC

TC27º C = 273 + 27 = 300 K

W
TF-3º C = 273 + (-3) = 270 K
QF
TF

a)
Q c Tc 300 300
IDEAL
10.
W T c T f
3 0 0 2 7 0 30
bc IDEAL
0, 4 0 1 0 0, 4 0 4.
b)
Q c Q 2 1 6 1 0 J6 6
bc
W c
54 10 I have 12 hours
W bc 4
6 J 1 hour
54 10 1 2 5 0 J/s 1 2 5 0 W
1 2h3 6 0 0s

c)
Qc Q W
f
Q Q W
f
216.10
c
6
J 54.106J 162.106J. (in the 12 hours of operation).

13
14. Imagine that you have a refrigerator at home that operates according to the Carnot refrigeration cycle and cools down to
a speed of 700 kJ/h. The temperature of your refrigerator must be appropriate so that it does not
Thaw the food that you have inside, approximately at -10° C. At your home the
The ambient temperature is about 28° C.
a) What power does your refrigerator's motor need to achieve this temperature?
b) If the efficiency of your fridge were 60% of the ideal Carnot efficiency, what should it be?
What is the power of the engine then?

TC
QF700 kJ / h
QC

TF-10º C = 263 K

W
TC28º C = 301 K
QF
TF

a)
TF 263K 263K
IDEAL REFRIGERATOR 6,92
TC TF 301K 263K 38K
QF QF 700 kJ
IDEAL REFRIGERATOR W 101.14 kJ (in 1 hour)
W IDEAL 6.92
1000J 1h
101.14 kJ/h 101.14 kJ/h 28.09 J/s 28.09W
1kJ 3600s
b)
0.60
REAL MACHINE IDEAL 6.92 4.15
100
QF QF 700 kJ
REAL MACHINE W 168.57 kJ (in 1 hour)
W REAL MACHINE 4.15
1000J 1h
168.57 kJ/h 168.57 kJ/h 46.82 J/s 46.82W
1 kJ 3600s

14
A small freezer operates according to a Carnot refrigeration cycle and cools at a rate of 700 kJ/h.
The refrigerator temperature should be appropriate so that food does not thaw.
interior, approximately -10 C. Assuming that the ambient temperature of the room in which it is
find the freezer is at 28 C, determine:
a) The efficiency of the machine and the power that the motor must have to maintain that
temperature.
b) The heat exchanged with the atmosphere.
c) The power of the engine if the actual efficiency were 60% of the Carnot cycle performance.

Tc273 + 28º C = 301 K

Tf= 273 - 10º C = 263 K
Q= 700 kJ/h

a) The efficiency of an ideal refrigeration machine is:

Qf Tf 263K
6.92
W Tc Tf301K 263K

Qf700kJ/h
W 101.14 kJ/h
6.92
This is work done by the engine per unit of time. The power expressed in watts is:
kJ103J 1h
P 101.14 28.09W
h 1 kJ 3600 s

b) The heat released to the atmosphere is:

Qc Qf W

Qf
And the efficiency of the refrigeration machine is: , then:
W
kJ
700
Qf kJ h kJ
Qc Qf W Qc Qf 700  801.14
h 6,92

c) In that case:
real ideal 0.60 4.15

And therefore:
Qf 700 kJ/h
W 168.56 kJ/h, which expressed in watts is:
real 4.15
kJ103J 1 hour
P 168.56 46.82W
h 1 kJ for 3600 seconds

Which is logically greater than in the ideal case to compensate for the losses.

15
 C using a heat pump with a power of 2.5 kW. If the
16. It is desired to air-condition a room at 25
the outside temperature is 5 C and the pump operates according to a reversible Carnot cycle, determine:
a) Efficiency of the heat pump.
b) Heat given to the hot reservoir during one hour, expressed in kJ.
c) Heat absorbed from the cold source during one hour, expressed in kJ.

Tc 273 + 25º C = 298 K

Tf= 273 +5º C = 278 K
P = 2.5 kW = 2.5 kJ/s

a)

Qc Qc Tc 298K
14.9
W Qc Qf Tc Tf298K 278K

b)

kJ kJ
Qc ·W 14.9 2.5 37.25
s s
kJ
Qc 37.25 3600 seconds 134100 kJ 1.34 105kJ

c)

kJ kJ kJ
Qf Qc W 37.25 2.5 34.75
s s s
kJ kJ kJ
Qf 34.75 3600 seconds 125100 1.25 105
s s s

16
A refrigerant circulates at low temperature through the walls of the compartment of a
freezer at -7º C. The temperature of the surrounding air is 18º C. The heat transfer from the freezer
The refrigerant fluid is 27.8 kW and the power to produce the refrigeration cycle is 8.35 kW.
order:
a) The operational coefficient of the real refrigerator, that is, its actual efficiency.
b) The maximum efficiency that a refrigerator could have operating between the same
temperatures.
c) The heat delivered to the kitchen air where the refrigerator is located, during one hour of
functioning, in kJ.

TNo text provided for translation.273 + 18º C = 291 K

Tf273 - 7º C = 266 K
Qf27.8 kW = 27.8 kJ/s
W = 8.35 kW = 8.35 kJ/s

a)

AF 27.8 kW
3.33
W 8.35kW

b)
QF Qf Tf 266K
Carnot 10.64
W Qc Qf Tc Tf291K 266K

c)
Qc Qf W 27.8kW 8.35kW 36.15kW

In one hour of operation

kJ
Qc 36.15 3600 seconds 130140 kJ 1.30 105kJ
s

17
A refrigerator develops a cycle that absorbs heat from a freezer at a rate of 1.92 .108J
diaries, when the indoor temperature is -5º C and the outdoor temperature is 22º C.
a) Determine the efficiency of the machine.
b) Calculate the minimum power required to operate the refrigerator.

Data:
Qf 1,92.108J
t 1 day 86400 seconds
Tf 5 ºC 273 268K
Tc 22ºC 273 295 K

a)
Tf 268
IDEAL 9.92
Tc T f 295 268
Then the efficiency of the machine is 9.92

b)
From the expression of efficiency, we isolate the value of W:
Qf Qf 1,92.108J
IDEAL W 1,93.107J
W IDEAL 9.92
With this data we calculate the power, knowing that it is a daily task:
W1,93.107J
P 223.4 W
t 86400 seconds

18
19. In a wastewater treatment plant, a refrigerating machine is used to cool a
liquid tank. The machine operates between 1º C and 45º C. Its efficiency is half that of Carnot. If
In one hour, extract 34,000 calories from the tank, determine the mechanical work consumed by the
machine at that time (express the result in joules).

Data:

34000 cal/h
Tf = 1º C = 273 + 1 = 274 K
Tc = 45º C = 273 + 45 = 318 K

Tf 274
Carnot 6.22
Tc T f318 274
As the machine's performance is half that of a Carnot operating between the same
temperatures, then:
system
a carnot 0.50 3.11

Therefore:
Qf Qf 34,000 cal/h cal 4.18J J
f W 10,919.71 45,644.38
W system 3.11 h1cal h

19