By:

Al-amin Rabiu Musa

9/4/2025 1
S/N
1.
Drug
Acyclovir
Class
Antiviral
 Use
Treatment of chicken pox, shingles, the genital form of herpes simplex, and
AIDS
2. Allopurinol Xanthine Inhibits uric acid formation, used to treat gout and related conditions
oxidase inhibitor
3. Alprazolam benzodiazepine Treatment of anxiety
4. Aspirin NSAID Reduce pain, esp. without inducing a loss of other sensation
(Salicylate)
5. Atropine Anticholinergic In surgery to relax muscles, in dentistry to dry the mouth and in
ophthalmology to dilate the pupils
6. Barbiturate CNS depressant Depressants of the central nervous system; sedatives
9/4/2025 2
7. Benzodiazepine CNS depressant Treatment of anxiety, insomnia and other related disorders
8
9
Bethanechol
Cabergoline
Cholinergic agonist
Dopamine agonist
 Treatment of gastric and urinary retention
Potent dopamine receptor agonist; treatment of Parkinson’s
disease
10 Cimetidine H2 receptor antagonist Treat heartburn and peptic ulcer; histamine analog

11 Cisapride Prokinetic (5-HT4 agonist) Increase motility of gastrointestinal tract

12 Clomifene SERM Treatment of infertility in women

13 Codeine Opioid analgesic & antitussive Hypnotic, analgesic and cough suppressant

14 Colchicine Antigout agent Mainly in the treatment of gout

15 Dextromethorphan Antitussive (NMDA Cough suppressant

antagonist)
9/4/2025 3
16 Diazepam benzodiazepine Sedative muscle relaxant drug; relieve anxiety
17

18
Diclofenac
Disulfiram
NSAID
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
 Painkiller; reduces inflammation
Alcohol deterrent
inhibitor
19 Esmolol β1- selective blocker Used in parenteral forms in the treatment of arrhythmias and
severe hypertension
20 Esomeprazole PPI (Proton Pump Treatment of erosive esophagitis, GERD, and duodenal ulcer
Inhibitor)
21 Estradiol Estrogen Treatment of estrogen deficiency and breast cancer

22 Famotidine H2 receptor antagonist Inhibit gastric acid secretion esp. in short-term treatment of
gastric and duodenal ulcers
9/4/2025 Heparin Anticoagulant Inhibit blood coagulation; treat thrombosis 4
23
24
25
Hydrocortisone
Indomethacin
Glucocorticoid
NSAID
 Treat inflammation resulting from rheumatism and eczema
Has anti-inflammatory, fever relieve, and painkilling property; treat
rheumatoid arthritis and gout
26 Ipratropium Anticholinergic Inhalational aerosol for bronchodilation esp. in the treatment of
(muscarinic antagonist) COPD and as a nasal spray in the Rx of runny nose associated with
rhinitis
27 Isoniazid Antitubercular Inhibit the growth of bacteria without destroying them in the
prevention and treatment of tuberculosis
28 Isotretinoin Retinoid Inhibits sebaceous gland function; treatment of severe inflammatory
acne but contra-indicated in pregnancy
29 Lanreotide Somatostatin analog Management of acromegaly and symptoms caused by
neuroendocrine tumors
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30 Lorazepam Benzodiazepine Treat anxiety
31
32
Methacholine
Methotrexate
Muscarinic agonist
Antimetabolite
 Induce bronchoconstriction in asthmatics
Treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and ectopic pregnancies
(folate antagonist)
33 Morphine Opioid analgesic Used as analgesics, anesthetics, and sedatives
34 Moxonidine Central imidazoline Antihypertensive
agonist
35 Naproxen NSAID Analgesic, anesthetic, and anti-inflammatory effect; reduces inflexibility
36 Nepafenac NSAID (Ophthalmic) Treatment of pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery
37 Nifedipine Calcium channel Coronary vasodilator in the treatment of cardiac and circulatory
blocker disorders
Nizatidine
38 9/4/2025 H2 receptor Administered orally in the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers
6
antagonist
39 Octreotide Somatostatin analog 
More potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon and insulin
than the natural hormone
40 Omeprazole Proton Pump Inhibitor Proton pump inhibitor, being given orally in the Rx of ulcers and
(PPI) GER
41 Oxybutynin Anticholinergic (M3 Relaxation of smooth muscles of the bladder in the Rx of urge
antagonist) incontinence, frequent urination, and urinary urgency
42 Pantoprazole Proton pump inhibitor Inhibits gastric acid secretion
43 Pilocarpine Muscarinic agonist Treatment of glaucoma
44 Pirenzepine Antimuscarinic Rx of peptic ulcers
45 Propylthiouracil Antithyroid drug Rx of hyperthyroidism by decreasing the amount of thyroid
9/4/2025 (PTU) hormone produced by the thyroid gland, which is associated7with
a risk of agranulocytosis
46 Rocuronium Neuromuscular
blocker (non-

Neuromuscular blocker used in anesthesia, to facilitate endotracheal
intubation, and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery
depolarizing) or mechanical ventilation
47 Scopolamine Anticholinergic Prevent nausea in motion sickness and inducing mydriasis
48 Thalidomide Immunomodulator Currently used to treat leprosy
49 Thiamazole Antithyroid drug Given orally in the treatment of hyperthyroidism
50 Tramadol Opioid analgesic Analgesic administered orally to treat moderate to severe pain
(weak)
51 Tropicamide Anticholinergic Dilation of the pupil and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle
of the eye) during examination of the eye
Zafirlukast
52 9/4/2025 Leukotriene receptor Management of asthma as a leukotriene receptor antagonist (prevent
8
antagonist wheezing, difficulty breathing, and asthma attacks)
 Serious Side Effects &
Contraindications

 Side effects: are unwanted/unintended effects of a drug
that occur in addition to the desired therapeutic effect. It
can happen in anyone taking the drug, depending on dose
and sensitivity.

 Contraindications: are specific situations/conditions in

which a drug must NOT be used because it can cause harm
to the patient. Contraindications are absolute (never give)
9/4/2025 or relative (use only if benefits outweigh risks). 9
S/N Drug

Serious Side Effect Major Contraindication

1 Acyclovir Nephrotoxicity (crystalluria), neurotoxicity Severe renal dysfunction (dose

at high doses. adjustment required).

2 Allopurinol Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Hypersensitivity to drug; caution in

hypersensitivity reactions, hepatotoxicity. renal/hepatic dysfunction.

3 Alprazolam/Benzodiazepi Dependence, withdrawal seizures, Severe respiratory depression, sleep

nes/Lorazepam/Diazepam respiratory depression (esp. with alcohol) apnea, pregnancy (risk of fetal
dependence).
4 Aspirin (NSAID) GI bleeding/ulcers, Reye’s syndrome Peptic ulcer, children with viral illness
9/4/2025 (children), tinnitus. (Reye’s syndrome), asthma sensitive10
to NSAIDs, bleeding disorders.
5 Atropine/Other
anticholinergic 
Acute angle-closure glaucoma, urinary
retention, hyperthermia in children, confusion
in elderly.
Narrow-angle glaucoma, urinary
retention, prostatic hypertrophy,
paralytic ileus.
6 Barbiturate Respiratory depression, hypotension, high Severe respiratory depression,
risk of fetal overdose. porphyria, pregnancy.

7 Bethanechol Bradycardia, bronchospasm, hypotension Asthma, peptic ulcer, GI obstruction,

(due to parasympathomimetic effect). bradycardia.

8 Cabergoline Cardiac valvulopathy (with chronic use) Uncontrolled hypertension, history of

(dopamine agonist) cardiac valvular disease.

9 Cimetidine¹ Gynecomastia, impotence, confusion (esp. in Hypersensitivity, concomitant use with

9/4/2025 elderly), inhibits CYP450 drugs highly dependent on CYP450
11
10 Cimetidine²/Famotid
ine/Nizatidine 
Confusion in elderly (Cimetidine worst). Hypersensitivity; caution in renal failure.

11 Cisapride Cardiac arrhythmia, abdominal cramps. History of arrhythmias, prolonged QT interval,

concurrent use with CYP3A4 inhibitors.

12 Clomifene Ovarian hyperstimulation, visual Pregnancy, liver disease, ovarian cysts not due
disturbances, multiple pregnancies. to PCOS.

13 Codeine/Morphine/ Respiratory depression, constipation, Respiratory depression, severe asthma/COPD,

Tramadol dependence, seizures (Tramadol). paralytic ileus, children after tonsillectomy (risk
of apnea).
14 Colchicine Severe diarrhea, bone marrow Severe renal/hepatic dysfunction, blood
9/4/2025 suppression, neuromyotomy (with long dyscrasias. 12
use).
15 Disulfiram

Hepatotoxicity, neuropathy, psychosis (plus
severe reaction if alcohol is taken).
Severe cardiac disease, psychosis,
pregnancy.

16 Esmolol/Beta-blocker Bradycardia, hypertension, heart block. Asthma, severe bradycardia, 2nd/3rd

degree AV block, cardiogenic shock.

17 Esomeprazole/Omepr Long-term: osteoporosis, hypomagnesaemia, Hypersensitivity; caution in severe

azole/Pantoprazole increased C. difficile risk. hepatic disease.

18 Estradiol Thromboembolism, breast/endometrial cancer History of breast/endometrial cancer,

risk. thromboembolism, liver disease.

19 Heparin Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), Active bleeding, severe

9/4/2025 bleeding. thrombocytopenia (HIT), recent
13
brain/spinal surgery.
20 Hydrocortisone
(corticosteroid) 
Adrenal suppression, osteoporosis,
infections, hyperglycemia.
Systemic fungal infections, uncontrolled
diabetes, peptic ulcer (relative).

21 Isoniazid Hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy Acute liver disease, severe hepatic

(prevent with pyridoxine). dysfunction.

22 Isotretinoin Severe teratogenicity, depression/suicidality, Pregnancy (absolute contraindication),

hepatotoxicity, increased triglycerides. severe hepatic disease, hyperlipidemia.

23 Lanreotide/Octreotide Gallstones, steatorrhea, bradycardia. Hypersensitivity, caution in gallbladder

disease, diabetes.

24 Methacholine Severe bronchospasm (contraindicated Asthma/COPD outside diagnostic test,

9/4/2025 except in diagnostic test). recent MI or stroke. 14
25 Methotrexate

Bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity,
pulmonary fibrosis, teratogenicity.
Pregnancy, liver disease, renal
dysfunction, bone marrow suppression.

26 Moxonidine Severe hypotension, bradycardia, rebound Severe bradycardia, AV block, heart

hypertension if stopped suddenly. failure.

27 Nifedipine (CCB) Hypotension, reflex tachycardia, edema Hypotension, cardiogenic shock, severe
gingival hyperplasia. aortic stenosis.

28 Pilocarpine Excessive sweating (most common), Uncontrolled asthma, uveitis, acute iritis.
(muscarinic agonist) SLUDGE effects, blurred vision.

29 Oxybutynin Dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, Narrow-angle glaucoma, urinary &
9/4/2025 cognitive dysfunction. gastric retention. 15
30 Propylthiouracil
(PTU)/Thiamazole
(Methimazole)

Agranulocytosis (life-threatening),
hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity (Methimazole).
Pregnancy (Methimazole esp. in 1st
trimester), history of agranulocytosis.

31 Rocuronium Prolonged paralysis, anaphylaxis. History of malignant hyperthermia,

hypersensitivity.

32 Scopolamine Confusion, hallucinations, urinary retention, Narrow-angle glaucoma, GI

risk of glaucoma. obstruction, urinary retention.

33 Thalidomide Severe teratogenicity (limb defects), Pregnancy (absolute contraindication),

neuropathy, thrombosis. peripheral neuropathy.

34 Zafirlukast Hepatotoxicity, Churg-Strauss syndrome (rare) Hepatic dysfunction, hypersensitivity.

9/4/2025 16
 Terminologies
1.
2.
Analgesic
COPD
 drug that relieves pain.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
3. CYP3A4 drug that blocks CYP3A4 enzyme.
4. CYP450 cytochrome P450 enzymes.
5. Dyscrasia abnormal blood cell disorders.
6. Endotracheal intubation tube insertion into trachea.
7. GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.
8. Glaucoma increased intraocular pressure.
9. Herpes simplex viral infection.
9/4/2025 17
10.
11.
Hypnotic
Insomnia

drug that induces sleep.
sleeplessness.
12. NMDA antagonist drug blocking NMDA receptors.
13. NSAIDs Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs.
14. PCOS Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
15. PTU Propylthiouracil (antithyroid drug).
16. Rx prescription.
17. Sedative drug that calms or reduces anxiety.
18. SERM Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator.
9/4/2025 18
19. SLUDGE effects 
cholinergic overstimulation:
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Diarrhea
Gastrointestinal upset
Emesis
19. Tinnitus perception of ringing/buzzing in ears.
20. Uveitis inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye.
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 The end...
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