Module: 1

Home Science Meaning Explanation:

Home science is known by many names . Home Economics, Home Economics, Domestic
Science, Home Science, Home Craft, Household Arts of Science are some of the names.. At
some places it focuses on arts where as at some places it focuses on science . In the United
States, Home Economics is used , but in England, Home Science is more practiced than
Home Economics.

Definition:

Home economics is the study of rules, conditions, principles and ideals. On the one hand,
the practices are related to the physical environment of man, but on the other hand, they are
related to the nature of man. The reality is that the study of the relationship between the two
is called the study of home science.

In 1912, the American Home Economics Association's definition of home economics was
advanced which is as follows-

Home Science. It is an interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on improving

the quality of life within the home and community. It encompasses various
subjects such as nutrition, health, family relations, resource management, child
development, textiles, and interior design.

Dr. Durga Deulgaonkar says , Home Shastra is the scripture of well-planned knowledge and
organized experiences for happy home contented family .

Home is known by the women in it.. According to Manu A nation whose women is well
educated and respected that country always has a bright future.

Dr. Devdas, says it is the branch which gives life skill education Therefore, all subjects
related to the household and family are studied thoroughly.

Dr. Limaye defines home science as, Home science is such a important branch of study
which studies all the related elements of family and concerned subjects required for overall
development of human being for happy and empowered life especially family life.'

Nature of Home Science:

Scope of Home science is unlimited in nature. The development of society is the

development of the family. Happy home life is a major part of an individual's personal as well
as social life. Hence it is also called as school of social life of human being.The main reason
for this is that mutual love and cooperation are formed among the individuals of family
members. The person's physical, spiritual and emotional roar or family were completed from
family. Basic loyalty, which is essential to the life of society,Cultural values, rules, love,
sacrifice, tolerance or virtue-making family are instilled by family. The place of the housewife
is very important. The ideal housewife can be built by her only and hence need to study
thome science . Solving problems of every member is the most important task. She
responds to everyones , desire - aspiration to win priority. She is the key member to maintain
good environment in family. Along with child upbringing, personality development, moral
values creation is also considered as fully and geunine responsibility of home maker.

Cultural and social progress of the individual depends on the domestic environment.
Individuals' upbringing and nutrition, their personality building , being free from all-
encompassing development takes place only in home and family..

The main purpose of Home Science is to encourage the vital development of the individual.
Enhance the physical, mental and health of the family members to improve the means and
property of the family.

Home works for creating scientific and modern views among each person in the family. The
scope and field of the subject is very wide. Regardless of the educational point of view, the
subject is complete and suitable for empowered housewives.

The life of modern women and monogamous individuals has become extremely difficult.
Olden hard home making has changed a lot in past decades. Women life has crossed the
very barriers and now they are stepping out for various reasons.She has to fulfill it of
responsibilities now a days. For making her moder and complicated life more easier Home
science can really help her.

The creation of the ideal household is the main field of home economics or home science.
Every housewife and every person is the creater of the ideal household. Knowledge of
various subjects included in the subject is very suitable, such as home management, child
development, home planning, customer economics, philosophy, pedagogy, pedagogy,
services Yadi many branches ready jhalela ha subject extremely molacha Tharto.

In addition to studying home science, housewives are suitable for various types of
employment in various fields and self-employment. Fields like teaching field, field of
dietetics, textile industry, community development, women and childbirth, etc. can transfer to
other needy people. Wadi Teacher, Children's Teacher, Head Teacher, Adult Teacher, Field
Teacher, Village Development Associate, Women and Child Welfare Development
Specialist, Home Science Students are suitable for above all.

Home Science various Branches and its Utility :

Special training in diet and nutrition is available in home science but students are appointed
as dietitians. Individuals suffering from various diseases are trying to gain knowledge about
how to organize appropriate types of treatment for diseases. After completing the dietitian's
practice, she can work as a nutritionist in government and private pharmacies, visiting
experts in various hotels and hospitals , railway canteens, food delivery services at airports.
There are health centers in the cities, and the importance of nutrition programs is increasing
day by day. Hopefully there will be various employment contracts available in many
addresses. When the outbreak occurred, the patient quickly returned to the hospital, dietary
planning is suppose to be made according to the needs of the patient. The government has
provided special permission to open bakeries, fruit preservation units , food supplements
and according training for women. Such small but valuable courses full of compassionate
women, unruly private company keepers, fruit shops women get varied kinds of jobs , or
even can start their own business as per their needs and expertise.

Students who have taken education in child development can getopportunities in family
welfare centers to guide families and mothers, giving guidance related with childrens growth
and development, about bringing wholesome development in children as well as extension
work in rural arrears.Now a days guidance and counseling is required to all age groups for
various reasons. Child development and family relationships experts can serve this need
very well to children, teenagers,couples,parents marriage and relationships etc. Students
are even fully prepared through the subject to serve pre-primary education, as managers,
trainers, curriculum developers and teachers. Volunary organizations are also have many
job opportunities which serve children,women and elderly.
Students have ample knowledge in the field of textile and apparel designing.hence they get
lot of opportunities in textile industries,right from designing,patterning, dying, decoration,
supervision and innovations.

In our country, 70% of the population is rural population. Hence lot of projects are
continuously brought by government and non govt sectors for the development of rural
areas. It is expected to have rural homemakers to take part and hence they are suppose to
be motivated, informed about the importance of schemes, find problems and their
solutions ,hence home science students can best do in this sector.They can be
Gramsevikas, Social Worker, Housewife, Project Officer, Administrative Project The
operator, etc.

Historical Background of Home Science Teaching:

The ancient women had limited life to home making and child upbringing.They use to get
required knowledge of life from her elder women in the family, such as grandmother,
mother, sister-in law, sister, etc. Their knowledge and experiences use to enrich their lives.
They didnot had any special educational provision for this. However, in time, the need for
practical education related to the home increased. As a result, girls educational practice
began with cooking, wieving stitching teaching, home science subjects and laboratory
experiments. In due timecourse a fully developed form of science i.e.Home Science is the
inspiring topic of every home science school. For this purpose, a brief historical background
is to be understood .

Role of Science in the development of Home Science:

In fact, science is the main subject in the evolution of home science. Western countries -
especially England, America in the 18th and 19th centuries began with industrialization.
Scientists developed new methods and equipment for research. It became very difficult to
get servants for house hold chores. Hence this inspired many scientists especially Thomas
Benjamin (1780) developed many equipments which were helping home makers to finish the
work at ease with less time and energy. He developed many kitchen equipments for
cooking,and making or keeping food hot for long. The use of homework science is an art for
the purpose of making life physically, mentally and emotionally pleasant and prosperous.
There is an effort to integrate science and art.

Home science teaching in the US:

In America importance was given to teach home science like that of other science .Catherine
Vicher proposed this thought in 1940.She saied that it shouldnt be rated less than any othe
subject at school level and it should be taught as a subject of science in schools.This helped
in the development of Home Science in America.Land and college and othe colleges started
teaching home science and various subjects like nutrition,stitching,designing,etc.Many
institutions,organaisations and committees started giving importance to home science. The
focused on the fact that home science education will help in saving lot of money and energy
which can be used for othe industrial works.The main objective of home science is to make
the life of the household happy and to use scientific means, to free the world from the
traditions, to improve the physical means of the household and to improve the ideal society.
To inspire wholehearted interest, Mrs. Richards has promoted home science and promoted
many Attempt. Ramford volunteered to establish a home in Chicago and spread the
nutrients of food. Seed Club will be among the new organizations in Morning Side. The same
institution, Home Economics Education, continuously considers the questionable level of
American domestic management reform. In effect of this Home Science education
continued to develop in various parts of the United States. During the 19th century, the
importance grew it spreaded and its popularity increased. There are many ways to teach the
subject in schools, colleges and universities. In 1909, the Home Economics Association was
established in the United States.

Home science teaching among Europe:

Among the countries of the United States and Central Europe, especially England and
France, the importance of home science teaching changed in the early 19th century and the
beginning of the 19th century. The home and family are the basis of national progress and
family progress is the comprehensive development of women. Home science should be
given an important place in the curriculum of women's education. Its popularity went on
increased. The demand for teachers trained in the subject continued to rise. Due to
increased demand of Teachers and Completeness Graduates From 1894, London
Unioversity Home Science started college where teachers trained graduates were made
available by Vetersey Training College from 1894..

Home Science Teaching in India:

According to the recommendations of the Hunter Commission, social revival was held in the
world. Other formal subjects during the exercise were Shivanakam, Vinkam, Kashidakam
and Pakkala. Punjab is the leader in India in terms of home science education. In 1928, it
started training teachers in government schools. In 1936, the states made primary schools
compulsory. Then it got a place as an elective subject in the matriculation examination. 1932
is a particularly remarkable year in terms of home science. The first institution to prepare for
the annual All India Women's Conference will be held at Lady Irwin College in Delhi. Among
these institutions, home teaching is not an elective subject but a comprehensive science and
art. Initially, the home science degree and certificate associate will be ready variety but go
ahead or join the institute under Delhi Vidyapeeth. Some of the teachers trained in home
science subjects should start a one-year practicum. Here is the degree, postgraduate level
teaching and training work and research work to be done. In Uttar Pradesh from 1955 Home
science was given as c compulsory subject at school level. As per the recommendations of
the Secondary Education Commission, we should give importance to the subject at the
secondary level. The dignity of teaching this subject up to the secondary level was not
relieved, the need and importance of the university level increased, and the subject was
given an important place in the practice of the university. Madras Vidyapeeth first recognized
this subject as an optional subject in the BSc examination. Mumbai, Baroda, Jabalpur,
Banaras Allahabad 11 degree levels among all Vidyapeeths started in the category. . Among
these institutions are Home Science Institute Badoda, ML College of Home Science
Jabalpur and Government Home Science College Allahabad. Agriculture Institute Che Home
Science Department, Home Science Institute Agra, The field of home science is very broad.
It includes botany, biology, natural sciences, sociology and fine arts, psychology, personal,
poetic and collective life problems. The main objective of the Yacha was to improve the living
standards of the individuals. Family life is to be happy and to enhance artistic, spiritual and
spiritual values to give or intended to achieve the necessary actions and subjects.

Food, nutrition, clothing, health, home management, home and consumer, economics, child
development and family relationships, home construction, home decoration, etc. all in the
fields of home science.

Area/Branch of Home Science:

The field of home science is very broad. It includes botany, biology, natural sciences,
sociology and fine arts, psychology, personal, poetic and collective life problems. The main
objective of the Home scince education is to improve the living standards of the individuals.
Family life is happy to enhance artistic, spiritual and spiritual values to give or intended to
achieve the necessary actions and subjects.
Food, nutrition, clothing, health, home management, home and consumer, economics, child
development and family relationships, home construction, home decoration, etc. all in the
fields of home science.

Under home science, the study of following subjects is done:

1. Home project or Home Management: All the work related to the house is done well and
most comforts are obtained by certain methods and equipments Among the subjects of
studying family income budget etc. is been taught by considering Family needs .Planning is
done very carefully. Household arrangement ,home art is also been studied to mahe rich and
complete home.

2. Food and Nutrition Science: Home Science includes food and nutrition science is a broad
field of science called diet and nutrition. Nutrients, Balanced diet and dietary management,
nutrition,process and diagnosis and treatment of diseses by nutrition are of special
importance for each individual .

3. Physiology and Health: Helathy mind resides in healthy body. Hence physiology and
health are systematically studied in home science. The study of the population,
physiology,its impact, relatiuopn of food etc., was carried out in this subject. And also
includes s the study of necessary rules during protection and usually plans measures to
prevent diseases.

4. First aid care and home care: In case any accident occurs among family and it is not
possible to go to doctor immediately then home scientists are well trained for giving first aid
at home.

5. Child Development and Family Relations: Home science studies the scientific perspective
of child development and family relationships. In this subject students are taught about
growth and development from conception till death.It also teaches students about
marriage,family. Relations,child upbringing, etc.

6. Textile Science and Apparel: Complete method of production of textiles of natural artificial
fibers under textile science and clothing and give knowledge to students.

The field of home science is widespread and all subjects are important.

Importance of Home Science Teaching:

Home science teaching is an important subject of family and household development

programs at all levels. It not only teaches physical, cognitive, cultural, moral, spiritual,
practical, economic and social development but in all it prepares for complete social
development.It encompasses the fulfillment of personal as well as societal goals to be
achieved. It helps in enhancing standard of living of an individual , family and country. Its
importance is as follows-

1. Home Science gives scientific knowledge to students about hygiene, health, nutrition,
housekeeping or child welfare, etc. It increases useful knowledge in many fields to fulfill
their responsibilities.

2. Study household science makes perfect cooks. Home scientist student will reuse various
things, will not waste stalks of vegetables,will not rince dallas and rice many times and will
save money in many ways and improve on with diet practices ain family.
3. The vocational importance of household science is also seen. With knowledge of various
subjects, you can do various types of businesses, for example, health guidance, family
planning guidance, homemaker, home science teacher, nutritionist, research worker, etc.

4. Inclusion of ideal housewives or housewives among students is very important. Today, the
work of men and women is extensive. Todays generation is to be prepared and made to
understand the importance of house hold chores. Home science education can prepare such
generations properly.

5. Every citizen should build clean and excellent values and ideals of faith and trust. Every
nation should have the expectations of children And Home science teaching module
includes all the qualities among the students. Banana rice can.

6. The guardian or parents are the one who builds the future generation. They are the
important people in child's upbringing and nutrition. For this scientific knowledge is
important and sufficient knowledge related to the subject is given in of home science.

7. Home science education is very important in terms of development of aesthetic sense.

Home science education has aesthetic values in every subject. It has food decoration, home
management and decoration,drapery, and textile work etc which brings aesthetic scene in
students.

8. Practice of Home Science Kelelya Students Generally aware of diseases Sixth level
Mahiti Asate Bhajani Kapane Asha Various types of accidents Primary medicine Kashi
Karavi Yache Practice Knowledge Tyangashachakade Sushrusha and first treatment O
students can do very changya type.

9. Changing family system: The changing social system and economy is the result of
individual and constructive creativity. It is easy to understand this and walk on the all fronts
with proper knowledge and awareness. It also helps in adjusting with variety of situations It
enhances understanding on various issues in the hope of creating awareness among the
people about all the changes and preparing to face the changes and seek integration.

10. Today, environmental changes have taken place in the decades since the industrial and
technological revolutions have created new problems. The ability to build a lifestyle is
essential for the purpose of eternal development through home science.Hence the practice
of home science is of utmost importance.

Home Science Teaching Objectives:

A committee established by the American Home Economics Association in 1959 has

provided a purposeful proof of home science education.

Contribute to the developed work of originality and competence among students so that their
family life will be effective and the difference between individual and family circumstances
will be real.

Olive and With Rice Polyculus in their book named ‘Teaching Home Economics ‘ given
following objectives..

1. To create an appropriate environment for the growth and development of all the family
members.

2. To develop the ability of students to establish good relationships among family members
and members of society.
3. To nurture children's physical, mental and social abilities to develop their physical, mental
and social abilities.

4. To Set long term goals to attain financial security and strive to meet them.

5. To make successful planning of preparing consumer goods in terms of appropriate use of

economic means.

6. To develop the skills to perform all household works.

7. Make good use of leisure time, develop artistic interests and diverse skills to prepare for
life in the world of creativity.

8. To be inclined to perform social welfare activities organized by social organizations and

committees and become eligible.

9. To develop the feeling of different cultures and customs of the society and to develop
mutual cooperation and skills.

Discuss the purpose of home science education held at Lady Irwin College in Delhi. The
main purpose of home science education is as follows.

1. To develop the versatile personality of the students.

2. To raise awareness of the importance of young people's lives and to build their principles
of interest and skills among young people to help them develop their homes and families.

3. To encourage the value of traditions, customs and culture prevalent in the society.

4. To develop the ability to understand the true meaning of human life among the young and
to give importance to orderly moral life.

The main objective of home science education is to ensure the comprehensive development
of students so that they can have a fully glorious and happy personal life.

UT 2: Dev. Of HECS and it's relevance to …

Family
Society
Commercial and technological revolution
Nation
Development of Human ecology and its relevance to ….

*The Evolution of Human Ecology: Understanding Human-Environment

Relationships*:

Human ecology, an interdisciplinary field of study, has undergone significant

development since its inception in the late 19th century. This essay explores the
historical progression of human ecology, highlighting key milestones, influential
thinkers, and contemporary applications.

*Early Beginnings (19th-20th centuries)*

Human ecology's roots lie in the works of Charles Darwin (1859) and Ernst Haeckel
(1866), who introduced ecological concepts to the scientific community. Sociologists
Émile Durkheim and Herbert Spencer later applied these ideas to human societies.

*Foundational Theorists (1920s-1950s)*

Amos Hawley's "Human Ecology" (1950) and Robert Park's "Human Ecology" (1936)
laid the groundwork for the field. Burgess and McKenzie's "The City" (1925) explored
urban ecology. These pioneers recognized the intricate relationships between
humans and their environments.

*Key Concepts and Frameworks (1960s-1980s)*

Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory and Amos Hawley's Human

Ecological Theory provided foundational frameworks. Lester Milbrath's Environmental
Sociology and Ecological Modernization Theory further expanded the field.

*Contemporary Developments (1990s-present)*

Integrative Human Ecology (IHÉ), Ecological Citizenship, and Human-Nature

Relationships have emerged as central themes. Sustainability Science and Practice,
Resilience, and Adaptation Research have become critical areas of focus.

*Interdisciplinary Approaches*

Human ecology now incorporates insights from environmental studies, sociology,

anthropology, geography, biology, ecology, economics, and policy studies.

*Applications and Future Directions*

Human ecology informs:

1. Climate change and sustainability initiatives

2. Urban planning and environmental design
3. Environmental policy and governance
4. Public health and ecological well-being
5. Global development and resilience strategies

In conclusion, human ecology's development reflects an increasing recognition of the

complex interdependencies between humans and their environments. As the field
continues to evolve, its insights will remain crucial for addressing the pressing
environmental and social challenges of our time.

1.Human Ecology and Family:

Human ecology examines the relationships between individuals, families, communities, and
their environments. In the context of family, human ecology:
1. Studies family interactions and dynamics
2. Explores family relationships with social, economic, and physical environments
3. Analyzes how families adapt to environmental changes
4. Investigates impact of environmental factors on family well-being

Key Concepts:

1. Family systems theory: Views family as an interconnected system.

2. Ecological systems theory: Examines family within broader social, economic, and physical
contexts.
3. Human development framework: Understands family's role in shaping individual
development.

Relevance to Family:

1. Understanding family dynamics and relationships

2. Recognizing environmental influences on family well-being
3. Developing strategies for family resilience and adaptation
4. Informing family-centered policies and interventions
5. Enhancing family's role in promoting individual and community well-being

Applications:

1. Family therapy and counselling

2. Family education and support programs
3. Community-based family interventions
4. Social policy and advocacy
5. Research on family ecology and well-being

2.Relevance of Human Ecology to Society:

Human ecology examines the interconnections between humans and their environments,
providing insights into:

_Societal Benefits_

1. Sustainable development: Understanding human-environment interactions informs eco-

friendly policies.
2. Public health: Human ecology helps identify environmental health risks and prevention
strategies.
3. Social justice: Recognizing environmental disparities informs policies addressing
inequality.
4. Economic development: Human ecology informs sustainable resource management and
economic growth.
5. Community engagement: Understanding human-environment relationships fosters
community participation.

_Environmental Benefits_
1. Conservation: Human ecology promotes environmental stewardship and conservation.
2. Climate change mitigation: Understanding human impacts on the environment informs
climate policies.
3. Resource management: Human ecology ensures sustainable use of natural resources.
4. Environmental education: Raising awareness about human-environment interactions.
5. Ecosystem preservation: Protecting biodiversity and ecosystem services.

_Policy and Planning_

1. Urban planning: Human ecology informs sustainable city design and development.
2. Environmental policy: Understanding human-environment interactions shapes policy
decisions.
3. Resource allocation: Human ecology ensures effective resource distribution.
4. Disaster preparedness: Understanding human-environment relationships informs disaster
response.
5. Community development: Human ecology promotes participatory and sustainable
development.

_Research and Education_

1. Interdisciplinary research: Human ecology integrates social, natural, and health sciences.
2. Education and awareness: Teaching human-environment relationships and sustainability.
3. Community-based research: Collaborative research with communities.
4. Policy analysis: Evaluating effectiveness of environmental policies.
5. Capacity building: Developing skills for sustainable development.

Human ecology's holistic approach helps society:

1. Understand complex human-environment relationships

2. Develop sustainable solutions
3. Promote social and environmental justice
4. Foster community engagement and participation
5. Ensure a healthier and more resilient future

3.Relevance of Human Ecology to Commercial and Technological Revolution:

*Commercial Revolution*

1. Understanding consumer behavior: Human ecology informs marketing strategies.

2. Sustainable business practices: Recognizing environmental impacts.
3. Supply chain management: Ensuring sustainable resource sourcing.
4. Corporate social responsibility: Integrating social and environmental concerns.
5. Green economy: Human ecology supports eco-friendly industries.

*Technological Revolution*

1. Environmental impact assessment: Evaluating tech's ecological footprint.

2. Sustainable tech development: Designing eco-friendly products.
3. Digital divide and inclusion: Ensuring tech accessibility.
4. Virtual communities and social connections: Understanding online interactions.
5. Big data and ecological research: Analyzing human-environment relationships.

*Intersections*

1. E-commerce and environmental impact

2. Tech-enabled sustainable lifestyles
3. Green technology and innovation
4. Digital health and wellness
5. Environmental monitoring and surveillance

*Key Concepts*

1. Ecological modernization theory

2. Sustainable consumption and production
3. Digital ecology
4. Technological entrepreneurship
5. Environmental innovation

Human ecology's insights help:

1. Develop sustainable business models

2. Design eco-friendly technologies
3. Understand consumer behavior and preferences
4. Foster digital inclusion and accessibility
5. Promote environmental innovation and entrepreneurship

4.Relevance of Human Ecology to a Nation:

*Economic Development*

1. Sustainable resource management

2. Environmental impact assessment
3. Eco-tourism development
4. Green infrastructure investments
5. Job creation and workforce development

*Social Welfare*

1. Public health and sanitation

2. Disaster preparedness and response
3. Social justice and equity
4. Community development initiatives
5. Education and awareness programs
*Environmental Conservation*

1. National park and wildlife conservation

2. Climate change mitigation and adaptation
3. Water resource management
4. Waste management and reduction
5. Biodiversity preservation

*Cultural Preservation*

1. Heritage site conservation

2. Traditional knowledge preservation
3. Cultural diversity promotion
4. Community-based cultural initiatives
5. National identity formation

*Policy and Governance*

1. Environmental policy and regulation

2. Sustainable development planning
3. Public participation and engagement
4. Collaborative governance models
5. International cooperation and agreements

*Human Security*

1. Food security and sovereignty

2. Water security and access
3. Health security and pandemic preparedness
4. Disaster risk reduction and management
5. Climate change and human migration

*Key Concepts*

1. Ecological citizenship
2. Environmental justice
3. Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
4. Human-nature relationships
5. Ecological governance

Human ecology's insights help nations:

1. Develop sustainable economic strategies

2. Promote social welfare and justice
3. Conserve environmental resources
4. Preserve cultural heritage
5. Ensure human security and well-being