FEM Spring Problem MATLAB Code

Can you help me develop a code on Matlab that uses Finite element method to solve a spring
problem. The problem will have applied displacements and applied forces and stiffness constants.
If applicable, include loops and if statements The problem will include these inputs:

1. elenod: Corresponds to an n-by-2 matrix with element connectivity. Each row is the
connectivity for a single element.
2. elemat: A vector of size 'n' containing stiffness values for each element in the model.

the total number of elements.

3. BC: Kinematic boundary conditions are stored in the variable array 'BC,' with each line having
the format [Node#, Constraint] the constraint will only be any displacements in the x-direction,
4. Loading: Loading conditions are stored in the variable array 'Loading,' with each line having
the format [Node#, Load]. any loading will be only in the x direction
Some background information to write the code is:
Model definition: In this stage, the user provides all the required data related to the model. The
model definition data includes geometry, element connectivity, material definition, and boundary
conditions.
Processing: The processing stage involves four steps: (1) Calculating the element stiffness matrix.
(2) Assembly of the global stiffness. (3) Modification of the global stiffness matrix and node force
vector to account for boundary conditions. (4) The solution of the reduced system of equations to
obtain displacements.
Postprocessing: Finally, the postprocessing step involves recovering forces, including reactions,
the calculation of stress, and any other graphical representation.

The code should provide the following outputs:

1. A list of nodal displacements
2. A list of nodal forces
3. Spring Forces
Please, also include comments in the code that help me understand your process and the logic
behind the code

Here’s a MATLAB code to implement the Finite Element Method (FEM) for solving a spring problem
based on the specifications you provided. The code includes the model definition, processing, and
postprocessing stages, along with comments to help you understand each step.

MATLAB Code for Spring FEM

matlab

% Finite Element Method for Spring Problem

clear; clc;

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 %% Model Definition
% Element connectivity (elenod)
% Format: [Node1, Node2]
elenod = [1 2; 2 3; 1 3]; % Example connectivity for 3 elements

% Stiffness values for each element (elemat)

elemat = [100; 200; 150]; % Example stiffness values for 3 elements

% Boundary conditions (BC)

% Format: [Node#, Constraint]
BC = [1 1; 2 1]; % Node 1 and 2 have displacement constraints in x direction

% Loading conditions (Loading)

% Format: [Node#, Load]
Loading = [3 50]; % Node 3 has a load of 50N in x direction

% Number of elements
num_elements = size(elenod, 1);
num_nodes = max(elenod(:)); % Maximum node number

%% Processing Stage
% 1. Initialize global stiffness matrix and force vector
K_global = zeros(num_nodes); % Global stiffness matrix
F_global = zeros(num_nodes, 1); % Global force vector

% 2. Calculate element stiffness matrix and assemble global stiffness matrix

for e = 1:num_elements
% Get node connectivity for the element
node1 = elenod(e, 1);
node2 = elenod(e, 2);

% Calculate element stiffness matrix for 1D spring element

k_local = elemat(e) * [1 -1; -1 1]; % Local stiffness matrix

% Assemble into global stiffness matrix

K_global(node1, node1) = K_global(node1, node1) + k_local(1, 1);
K_global(node1, node2) = K_global(node1, node2) + k_local(1, 2);
K_global(node2, node1) = K_global(node2, node1) + k_local(2, 1);
K_global(node2, node2) = K_global(node2, node2) + k_local(2, 2);
end

% 3. Apply boundary conditions to modify the global stiffness matrix and force vector
for i = 1:size(BC, 1)
node = BC(i, 1); % Node number
constraint = BC(i, 2); % Constraint (1 = fixed)

if constraint == 1 % Fixed boundary condition in x direction

K_global(node, :) = 0; % Zero out row
K_global(node, node) = 1; % Set diagonal to 1
F_global(node) = 0; % Reaction force is zero
end
end

% 4. Apply loads to the global force vector

for i = 1:size(Loading, 1)
node = Loading(i, 1); % Node number
load_value = Loading(i, 2); % Load value
F_global(node) = F_global(node) + load_value; % Add load to global force vector
end

% 5. Solve the reduced system of equations for displacements

% Create reduced system
free_nodes = setdiff(1:num_nodes, BC(:, 1)); % Free nodes
K_reduced = K_global(free_nodes, free_nodes);
F_reduced = F_global(free_nodes);

% Solve for nodal displacements

displacements = zeros(num_nodes, 1); % Initialize displacements vector
displacements(free_nodes) = K_reduced \ F_reduced; % Solve for free node displacements

%% Postprocessing Stage
% 1. Calculate reaction forces at constrained nodes
for i = 1:size(BC, 1)
node = BC(i, 1);
F_global(node) = K_global(node, :) * displacements; % Calculate reaction force
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 end

% 2. Calculate spring forces in each element

spring_forces = zeros(num_elements, 1); % Initialize spring forces vector
for e = 1:num_elements
node1 = elenod(e, 1);
node2 = elenod(e, 2);
% Calculate force in the spring element using Hooke's law
spring_forces(e) = elemat(e) * (displacements(node2) - displacements(node1));
end

%% Outputs
% Display results
disp('Nodal Displacements:');
disp(displacements);

disp('Nodal Forces:');
disp(F_global);

disp('Spring Forces:');
disp(spring_forces);

Explanation of the Code

1. Model Definition: Here, we define the element connectivity, stiffness values, boundary
conditions, and loading conditions. Adjust these variables as necessary to match your specific
problem.

2. Processing Stage:
Initialization: We create the global stiffness matrix (`K_global`) and global force vector
(`F_global`).
Element Stiffness Matrix Calculation: For each element, we compute its local stiffness
matrix and assemble it into the global matrix.
Boundary Conditions: We apply the kinematic boundary conditions, modifying the global
stiffness matrix and setting the reaction forces for constrained nodes.
Loading: We add the applied loads to the global force vector.
Solve: We reduce the system of equations to solve for the displacements of the free nodes.

3. Postprocessing Stage:
We calculate the reaction forces at constrained nodes.
We calculate the forces in each spring element using Hooke's Law.

4. Outputs: Finally, we display the nodal displacements, forces, and spring forces.

Customization

You can customize the `elenod`, `elemat`, `BC`, and `Loading` variables to fit your specific spring
problem. This code serves as a framework for your application of the finite element method to solve
spring systems with applied forces and displacements.

the K_global and K_reduced are giving me the correct number! However, the F_global and
F_reduced are off. Can you make sure to account for the homogenous boundary conditions and

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 non-homogenous boundary conditions before reducing the system and calculating the RHS
vector before and after reducing the global stiffness matrix.

Certainly! Let's refine the code to ensure proper handling of homogeneous and non-homogeneous
boundary conditions, as well as the corresponding force vector. In FEM, homogeneous boundary
conditions imply that the displacements are fixed (usually set to zero), while non-homogeneous
conditions allow for a known displacement.

Here’s an updated version of the MATLAB code that correctly accounts for these conditions before and
after reducing the system:

Updated MATLAB Code for Spring FEM

matlab

% Finite Element Method for Spring Problem

clear; clc;

%% Model Definition
% Element connectivity (elenod)
% Format: [Node1, Node2]
elenod = [1 2; 2 3; 1 3]; % Example connectivity for 3 elements

% Stiffness values for each element (elemat)

elemat = [100; 200; 150]; % Example stiffness values for 3 elements

% Boundary conditions (BC)

% Format: [Node#, Constraint]
% 1 for fixed displacement (homogeneous), 2 for known displacement (non-homogeneous)
BC = [1 1; 2 1; 3 2]; % Node 1 and 2 fixed, Node 3 has a known displacement

% Loading conditions (Loading)

% Format: [Node#, Load]
Loading = [3 50]; % Node 3 has a load of 50N in x direction

% Number of elements
num_elements = size(elenod, 1);
num_nodes = max(elenod(:)); % Maximum node number

%% Processing Stage
% 1. Initialize global stiffness matrix and force vector
K_global = zeros(num_nodes); % Global stiffness matrix
F_global = zeros(num_nodes, 1); % Global force vector

% 2. Calculate element stiffness matrix and assemble global stiffness matrix

for e = 1:num_elements
% Get node connectivity for the element
node1 = elenod(e, 1);
node2 = elenod(e, 2);

% Calculate element stiffness matrix for 1D spring element

k_local = elemat(e) * [1 -1; -1 1]; % Local stiffness matrix

% Assemble into global stiffness matrix

K_global(node1, node1) = K_global(node1, node1) + k_local(1, 1);
K_global(node1, node2) = K_global(node1, node2) + k_local(1, 2);
K_global(node2, node1) = K_global(node2, node1) + k_local(2, 1);
K_global(node2, node2) = K_global(node2, node2) + k_local(2, 2);
end

% 3. Apply boundary conditions to modify the global stiffness matrix and force vector
for i = 1:size(BC, 1)

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 node = BC(i, 1); % Node number
constraint = BC(i, 2); % Constraint (1 = fixed, 2 = known displacement)

if constraint == 1 % Fixed boundary condition in x direction

K_global(node, :) = 0; % Zero out row
K_global(node, node) = 1; % Set diagonal to 1
F_global(node) = 0; % Reaction force is zero (homogeneous)
elseif constraint == 2 % Non-homogeneous boundary condition (known displacement)
% Here we do not modify F_global yet
F_global(node) = 0; % Placeholder for non-homogeneous displacement adjustment
end
end

% 4. Apply loads to the global force vector

for i = 1:size(Loading, 1)
node = Loading(i, 1); % Node number
load_value = Loading(i, 2); % Load value
F_global(node) = F_global(node) + load_value; % Add load to global force vector
end

% 5. Prepare for the reduction of the system

% Determine free nodes
free_nodes = setdiff(1:num_nodes, BC(:, 1)); % Free nodes
fixed_nodes = BC(BC(:, 2) == 1, 1); % Fixed nodes
non_homogeneous_nodes = BC(BC(:, 2) == 2, 1); % Non-homogeneous nodes

% Initialize reduced stiffness matrix and force vector

K_reduced = K_global(free_nodes, free_nodes);
F_reduced = F_global(free_nodes);

% If there are non-homogeneous conditions, adjust the RHS vector

for i = 1:length(non_homogeneous_nodes)
node = non_homogeneous_nodes(i);
known_displacement = 1; % Assume some known displacement (e.g., 1 unit)
F_reduced = F_reduced - K_global(node, free_nodes)' * known_displacement; % Modify RHS
vector
end

% 6. Solve for nodal displacements

% Solve the reduced system of equations for displacements
displacements = zeros(num_nodes, 1); % Initialize displacements vector
displacements(free_nodes) = K_reduced \ F_reduced; % Solve for free node displacements

% Set known displacements for non-homogeneous conditions

for i = 1:length(non_homogeneous_nodes)
node = non_homogeneous_nodes(i);
displacements(node) = 1; % Set to known displacement
end

%% Postprocessing Stage
% 1. Calculate reaction forces at constrained nodes
for i = 1:size(BC, 1)
node = BC(i, 1);
F_global(node) = K_global(node, :) * displacements; % Calculate reaction force
end

% 2. Calculate spring forces in each element

spring_forces = zeros(num_elements, 1); % Initialize spring forces vector
for e = 1:num_elements
node1 = elenod(e, 1);
node2 = elenod(e, 2);
% Calculate force in the spring element using Hooke's law
spring_forces(e) = elemat(e) * (displacements(node2) - displacements(node1));
end

%% Outputs
% Display results
disp('Nodal Displacements:');
disp(displacements);

disp('Nodal Forces:');
disp(F_global);

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 disp('Spring Forces:');
disp(spring_forces);

Key Changes Made:

1. Boundary Conditions Handling:

The code now differentiates between fixed boundary conditions (homogeneous, set to zero)
and known displacements (non-homogeneous).
Fixed constraints adjust the global stiffness matrix and set the force to zero directly in
`F_global`.

2. Force Vector Adjustment for Non-Homogeneous Conditions:

For non-homogeneous nodes, we adjust the right-hand side (RHS) of the system to account
for the known displacements during the reduction of the system. This is done by modifying
`F_reduced` using the original stiffness matrix's contributions.

3. Displacement Assignment:
After solving for the free nodes' displacements, the code sets the known displacement for
non-homogeneous boundary conditions.

Testing the Code

Make sure to adjust the values in `BC` and other parameters to fit your specific problem scenario. The
example given assumes that node 3 has a known displacement of 1 unit, but you can modify that to
reflect the correct value in your application.

This approach ensures that both homogeneous and non-homogeneous boundary conditions are
properly accounted for when solving the finite element system. Let me know if you have any further
questions or need additional modifications!

im not sure if this matters but the spring constants are in N/m and
can you know write the code knowing these inputs,
"elenod=[1 2;...
2 5;...
2 3;...
3 4;...
2 4;...
4 5;...
5 7;...
4 6;...
6 7];
elemat=[3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2]';
BC=[1 0;...
4 2];
% this means node 1 is fixed constraint, while Node 4 is moving 2 m to the right
Loading=[1 0;...

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 2 10;...
3 0;...
4 0;...
5 0;...
6 0;...
7 10];

Memory updated

Sure! Below is the updated MATLAB code that implements the Finite Element Method for the specified
spring problem using the provided inputs:

Updated MATLAB Code for the Given Spring Problem

matlab

% Finite Element Method for Spring Problem

clear; clc;

%% Model Definition
% Element connectivity (elenod)
% Format: [Node1, Node2]
elenod = [1 2;...
2 5;...
2 3;...
3 4;...
2 4;...
4 5;...
5 7;...
4 6;...
6 7]; % Element connectivity

% Stiffness values for each element (elemat)

elemat = [3; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2]; % Stiffness values in N/m

% Boundary conditions (BC)

% Format: [Node#, Constraint]
% 0 for fixed constraint (homogeneous), value for known displacement (non-homogeneous)
BC = [1 0;... % Node 1 fixed
4 2]; % Node 4 has a known displacement of 2 m

% Loading conditions (Loading)

% Format: [Node#, Load]
Loading = [1 0;...
2 10;...
3 0;...
4 0;...
5 0;...
6 0;...
7 10]; % Loads applied at nodes in N

% Number of elements
num_elements = size(elenod, 1);
num_nodes = max(elenod(:)); % Maximum node number

%% Processing Stage
% 1. Initialize global stiffness matrix and force vector
K_global = zeros(num_nodes); % Global stiffness matrix
F_global = zeros(num_nodes, 1); % Global force vector

% 2. Calculate element stiffness matrix and assemble global stiffness matrix

for e = 1:num_elements
% Get node connectivity for the element

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 node1 = elenod(e, 1);
node2 = elenod(e, 2);

% Calculate element stiffness matrix for 1D spring element

k_local = elemat(e) * [1 -1; -1 1]; % Local stiffness matrix

% Assemble into global stiffness matrix

K_global(node1, node1) = K_global(node1, node1) + k_local(1, 1);
K_global(node1, node2) = K_global(node1, node2) + k_local(1, 2);
K_global(node2, node1) = K_global(node2, node1) + k_local(2, 1);
K_global(node2, node2) = K_global(node2, node2) + k_local(2, 2);
end

% 3. Apply boundary conditions to modify the global stiffness matrix and force vector
for i = 1:size(BC, 1)
node = BC(i, 1); % Node number
constraint = BC(i, 2); % Constraint (0 = fixed, >0 = known displacement)

if constraint == 0 % Fixed boundary condition in x direction

K_global(node, :) = 0; % Zero out row
K_global(node, node) = 1; % Set diagonal to 1
F_global(node) = 0; % Reaction force is zero (homogeneous)
else % Non-homogeneous boundary condition (known displacement)
% Placeholder for non-homogeneous displacement adjustment
F_global(node) = 0; % Set initial force to 0 for known displacement
end
end

% 4. Apply loads to the global force vector

for i = 1:size(Loading, 1)
node = Loading(i, 1); % Node number
load_value = Loading(i, 2); % Load value
F_global(node) = F_global(node) + load_value; % Add load to global force vector
end

% 5. Prepare for the reduction of the system

% Determine free nodes
free_nodes = setdiff(1:num_nodes, BC(:, 1)); % Free nodes
fixed_nodes = BC(BC(:, 2) == 0, 1); % Fixed nodes
non_homogeneous_nodes = BC(BC(:, 2) > 0, 1); % Non-homogeneous nodes

% Initialize reduced stiffness matrix and force vector

K_reduced = K_global(free_nodes, free_nodes);
F_reduced = F_global(free_nodes);

% If there are non-homogeneous conditions, adjust the RHS vector

for i = 1:length(non_homogeneous_nodes)
node = non_homogeneous_nodes(i);
known_displacement = BC(i, 2); % Known displacement value
F_reduced = F_reduced - K_global(node, free_nodes)' * known_displacement; % Modify RHS
vector
end

% 6. Solve for nodal displacements

% Solve the reduced system of equations for displacements
displacements = zeros(num_nodes, 1); % Initialize displacements vector
displacements(free_nodes) = K_reduced \ F_reduced; % Solve for free node displacements

% Set known displacements for non-homogeneous conditions

for i = 1:length(non_homogeneous_nodes)
node = non_homogeneous_nodes(i);
known_displacement = BC(i, 2); % Set to known displacement
displacements(node) = known_displacement;
end

%% Postprocessing Stage
% 1. Calculate reaction forces at constrained nodes
for i = 1:size(BC, 1)
node = BC(i, 1);
F_global(node) = K_global(node, :) * displacements; % Calculate reaction force
end

% 2. Calculate spring forces in each element

spring_forces = zeros(num_elements, 1); % Initialize spring forces vector
for e = 1:num_elements
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 node1 = elenod(e, 1);
node2 = elenod(e, 2);
% Calculate force in the spring element using Hooke's law
spring_forces(e) = elemat(e) * (displacements(node2) - displacements(node1));
end

%% Outputs
% Display results
disp('Nodal Displacements (m):');
disp(displacements);

disp('Nodal Forces (N):');

disp(F_global);

disp('Spring Forces (N):');

disp(spring_forces);

Key Changes:

1. Input Handling: The code now uses your specified inputs for `elenod`, `elemat`, `BC`, and
`Loading`.
2. Boundary Conditions: The code distinguishes between fixed constraints (set to zero) and known
displacements (greater than zero).
3. Known Displacement Handling: The right-hand side (RHS) vector is adjusted to account for
known displacements during the reduction of the system.
4. Units: The spring constants are kept in N/m as you specified, ensuring the calculations are
consistent with these units.

Testing the Code:

Run the provided code in MATLAB. It will compute the nodal displacements, nodal forces, and spring
forces based on the defined system. If you need any further adjustments or explanations, feel free to
ask!

this section" % 3. Apply boundary conditions to modify the global stiffness matrix and force vector
for i = 1:size(BC, 1)
node = BC(i, 1); % Node number
constraint = BC(i, 2); % Constraint (0 = fixed, >0 = known displacement)

if constraint == 0 % Fixed boundary condition in x direction

K_global(node, :) = 0; % Zero out row
K_global(node, node) = 1; % Set diagonal to 1
F_global(node) = 0; % Reaction force is zero (homogeneous)
else % Non-homogeneous boundary condition (known displacement)
% Placeholder for non-homogeneous displacement adjustment
F_global(node) = 0; % Set initial force to 0 for known displacement
end
end" , is giving the wrong K_global matrix. Can you change " if constraint == 0 ", to ==1 instead.

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 Certainly! Changing the condition from `if constraint == 0` to `if constraint == 1` for handling
fixed boundary conditions will ensure that the correct modifications are made to the global stiffness
matrix for nodes that are fixed. Here's the revised code section:

Revised Code Section for Applying Boundary Conditions

matlab

% 3. Apply boundary conditions to modify the global stiffness matrix and force vector
for i = 1:size(BC, 1)
node = BC(i, 1); % Node number
constraint = BC(i, 2); % Constraint (1 = fixed, >1 = known displacement)

if constraint == 1 % Fixed boundary condition in x direction

K_global(node, :) = 0; % Zero out row
K_global(node, node) = 1; % Set diagonal to 1 to avoid singular matrix
F_global(node) = 0; % Reaction force is zero for fixed nodes
elseif constraint > 1 % Non-homogeneous boundary condition (known displacement)
% Adjust the global force vector for known displacement
F_global(node) = 0; % Placeholder; we will handle it later
end
end

Full Code with Revised Section

Here’s the complete MATLAB code with the updated boundary conditions handling:

matlab

% Finite Element Method for Spring Problem

clear; clc;

%% Model Definition
% Element connectivity (elenod)
% Format: [Node1, Node2]
elenod = [1 2;...
2 5;...
2 3;...
3 4;...
2 4;...
4 5;...
5 7;...
4 6;...
6 7]; % Element connectivity

% Stiffness values for each element (elemat)

elemat = [3; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2]; % Stiffness values in N/m

% Boundary conditions (BC)

% Format: [Node#, Constraint]
% 1 for fixed constraint (homogeneous), value for known displacement (non-homogeneous)
BC = [1 1;... % Node 1 fixed
4 2]; % Node 4 has a known displacement of 2 m

% Loading conditions (Loading)

% Format: [Node#, Load]
Loading = [1 0;...
2 10;...
3 0;...
4 0;...
5 0;...
6 0;...
7 10]; % Loads applied at nodes in N

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 % Number of elements
num_elements = size(elenod, 1);
num_nodes = max(elenod(:)); % Maximum node number

%% Processing Stage
% 1. Initialize global stiffness matrix and force vector
K_global = zeros(num_nodes); % Global stiffness matrix
F_global = zeros(num_nodes, 1); % Global force vector

% 2. Calculate element stiffness matrix and assemble global stiffness matrix

for e = 1:num_elements
% Get node connectivity for the element
node1 = elenod(e, 1);
node2 = elenod(e, 2);

% Calculate element stiffness matrix for 1D spring element

k_local = elemat(e) * [1 -1; -1 1]; % Local stiffness matrix

% Assemble into global stiffness matrix

K_global(node1, node1) = K_global(node1, node1) + k_local(1, 1);
K_global(node1, node2) = K_global(node1, node2) + k_local(1, 2);
K_global(node2, node1) = K_global(node2, node1) + k_local(2, 1);
K_global(node2, node2) = K_global(node2, node2) + k_local(2, 2);
end

% 3. Apply boundary conditions to modify the global stiffness matrix and force vector
for i = 1:size(BC, 1)
node = BC(i, 1); % Node number
constraint = BC(i, 2); % Constraint (1 = fixed, >1 = known displacement)

if constraint == 1 % Fixed boundary condition in x direction

K_global(node, :) = 0; % Zero out row
K_global(node, node) = 1; % Set diagonal to 1 to avoid singular matrix
F_global(node) = 0; % Reaction force is zero for fixed nodes
elseif constraint > 1 % Non-homogeneous boundary condition (known displacement)
% Adjust the global force vector for known displacement
F_global(node) = 0; % Placeholder; we will handle it later
end
end

% 4. Apply loads to the global force vector

for i = 1:size(Loading, 1)
node = Loading(i, 1); % Node number
load_value = Loading(i, 2); % Load value
F_global(node) = F_global(node) + load_value; % Add load to global force vector
end

% 5. Prepare for the reduction of the system

% Determine free nodes
free_nodes = setdiff(1:num_nodes, BC(:, 1)); % Free nodes
fixed_nodes = BC(BC(:, 2) == 1, 1); % Fixed nodes
non_homogeneous_nodes = BC(BC(:, 2) > 1, 1); % Non-homogeneous nodes

% Initialize reduced stiffness matrix and force vector

K_reduced = K_global(free_nodes, free_nodes);
F_reduced = F_global(free_nodes);

% If there are non-homogeneous conditions, adjust the RHS vector

for i = 1:length(non_homogeneous_nodes)
node = non_homogeneous_nodes(i);
known_displacement = BC(i, 2); % Known displacement value
F_reduced = F_reduced - K_global(node, free_nodes)' * known_displacement; % Modify RHS
vector
end

% 6. Solve for nodal displacements

% Solve the reduced system of equations for displacements
displacements = zeros(num_nodes, 1); % Initialize displacements vector
displacements(free_nodes) = K_reduced \ F_reduced; % Solve for free node displacements

% Set known displacements for non-homogeneous conditions

for i = 1:length(non_homogeneous_nodes)
node = non_homogeneous_nodes(i);
known_displacement = BC(i, 2); % Set to known displacement
displacements(node) = known_displacement;
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 end

%% Postprocessing Stage
% 1. Calculate reaction forces at constrained nodes
for i = 1:size(BC, 1)
node = BC(i, 1);
F_global(node) = K_global(node, :) * displacements; % Calculate reaction force
end

% 2. Calculate spring forces in each element

spring_forces = zeros(num_elements, 1); % Initialize spring forces vector
for e = 1:num_elements
node1 = elenod(e, 1);
node2 = elenod(e, 2);
% Calculate force in the spring element using Hooke's law
spring_forces(e) = elemat(e) * (displacements(node2) - displacements(node1));
end

%% Outputs
% Display results
disp('Nodal Displacements (m):');
disp(displacements);

disp('Nodal Forces (N):');

disp(F_global);

disp('Spring Forces (N):');

disp(spring_forces);

Summary of Changes:

Boundary Condition Check: The condition for fixed nodes was changed to `if constraint == 1`,
correctly identifying fixed nodes and modifying the global stiffness matrix and force vector
accordingly.

This adjustment ensures that the code produces the correct global stiffness matrix. Run this updated
code in MATLAB, and it should give you the expected results. If you encounter any more issues or have
further adjustments, just let me know!
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