CONDITIONALS: IF
Imagined conditions
There are different types of conditions. Some are possible or likely, others are unlikely,
and others are impossible:
If the weather improves, we’ll go for a walk. (It is possible or likely that the weather will
improve.)
If the weather improved, we could go for a walk. (It is not likely that the weather will improve.)
If the weather had improved, we could have gone for a walk. (The weather did not improve –
fine weather is therefore an impossible condition.)
These types of conditions are used in three types of sentences, called first, second and third
conditional sentences.
Imagined conditions: the first conditional
We use the first conditional to talk about the result of an imagined future situation, when we
believe the imagined situation is quite likely:
[imagined future situation] If the taxi doesn’t come soon, [future result] I’ll drive you myself.
First conditional: form
conditional clause main clause
modal verb with future meaning
if + present simple
(shall/should/will/would/can/could/may/might)
If he gets a job in Liverpool, he’ll have to get up early. It’s a long drive.
If Sheila rings, I might ask her to come over for dinner.
Warning:
We use the modal verb in the main clause, not in the conditional clause.
If a lawyer reads the document, we will see if we’ve missed anything important.
Not: If a lawyer will read the document…
Imagined conditions: the second conditional
We use the second conditional to talk about the possible result of an imagined situation in the
present or future. We say what the conditions must be for the present or future situation to be
different.
If people complained, things would change. (People don’t complain at the moment.)
Second conditional: form
conditional clause main clause
modal verb with future-in-the-past meaning
if + past simple
(should/would/might/could)
If you asked her nicely, she would say yes, I’m sure.
We use a past form in the conditional clause to indicate a distance from reality, rather than
indicating past time. We often use past forms in this way in English.
Warning:
We use would in the main clause, not in the conditional clause:
If you decided to take the exam, you would have to register by 31 March.
Not: If you would decide to take the exam …
First and second conditional compared
When we use the first conditional, we think the imagined situation is more likely to happen than
when we use the second conditional.
Compare
first conditional second conditional
If the flight’s late, we’ll miss our connection. If there were more buses, we would
first conditional second conditional
leave the car at home. (it is unlikely that
(it’s possible or likely that the flight will be late)
there will be more buses)
I’ll come and give a hand if you need help He would buy a flat if he had the money
moving your stuff. (it is possible or likely that for a deposit. (it is unlikely that he will have
you will need help) the money)
Imagined conditions: the third conditional
We use the third conditional when we imagine a different past, where something did or did not
happen, and we imagine a different result:
If I had played better, I would have won. (I didn’t play well and I didn’t win.)
It would have been easier if George had brought his own car. (George didn’t bring his own
car, so the situation was difficult.)
If the dog hadn’t barked, we wouldn’t have known there was someone in the garden. (The
dog barked, so we knew there was someone in the garden.)
Third conditional: form
conditional clause main clause
modal verb with future-in-the-past meaning
if + past perfect
(should/would/might/could) + have + -ed form
If they had left earlier, they would have arrived on time.
Warning:
We use would have + -ed in the main clause, not in the conditional clause:
If he had stayed in the same room as Dave, it would have been a disaster.
Not: If he would have stayed … it would have been a disaster.
People do sometimes use the form with would have in informal speaking, but many speakers
consider it incorrect.
Real conditionals
Some conditions seem more real to us than others. Real conditionals refer to things that are
true, that have happened, or are very likely to happen:
If you park here, they clamp your wheels. (It is always true that they clamp your wheels if, or
every time, you park here.)
If I can’t sleep, I listen to the radio. (it is often true that I can’t sleep, so I listen to the radio)
In real conditional sentences, we can use the present simple or present continuous in both
clauses for present situations, and the past simple or past continuous in both clauses for past
situations. We can use these in various different combinations.
Present simple + present simple
If the weather is fine, we eat outside on the terrace. (Every time this happens, this is what we
do.)
Present continuous + present simple
If the kids are enjoying themselves, we just let them go on playing till they’re ready for
bed. (Every time this happens, this is what we do.)
Present continuous + present continuous
If the economy is growing by 6%, then it is growing too fast. (If it is true that the economy is
growing by 6%, then it is true that it is growing too fast.)
Past simple + past simple
If my father had a day off, we always went to see my granddad. (Every time that happened in
the past, that is what we did.)
Past simple + past continuous
Kevin always came in to say hello if he was going past our house. (Every time he was going
past our house, that is what he did.)
We can also use modal verbs in the main clause:
If we go out, we can usually get a baby sitter. (Every time we go out, it is usually possible to
get a babysitter.)
If we wanted someone to fix something, we would ask our neighbour. He was always ready to
help. (Every time we wanted someone, we would ask our neighbor.)
Types of conditional: summary
The table shows how the main types of conditionals relate to one another.
true likely/possible less likely/less possible impossible
real first second third
If it snows, If we had more
If the rent had
we get our skis If she gets the job, students, we would
been lower, I would
out. we’ll celebrate. run the course.
have taken the flat.
(We do this (It is possible or likely (It is less likely or
(The rent was not low
every time it she will get the job.) unlikely that we will get
enough.)
snows.) more students.)
If + should
We can use if with should to refer to events which might happen by chance or by accident:
If you should bump into Carol, can you tell her I’m looking for her? (If by chance you bump into
Carol.)
If the government should ever find itself in this situation again, it is to be hoped it would
act more quickly.
Conditional clauses with will or would
Will and would can be used in conditional clauses, either with the meaning of ‘being willing to do
something’, or to refer to later results:
If Clare will meet us at the airport, it will save us a lot of time. (if Clare is willing to meet us)
If you would all stop shouting, I will try and explain the situation!
If it will make you happy, I’ll stay at home tonight. (If it is true that you will be happy as a result,
I’ll stay at home tonight.)
We sometimes stress the will or would, especially if we doubt that the result will be the one
mentioned:
If it really would save the planet, I’d stop using my car tomorrow. (If it really is true that the
planet would be saved as a result, I would stop using my car, but I doubt it is true.)
Mixed conditionals
Often, things that did or did not happen in the past have results which continue or are still
important in the present. We can emphasis this by using if with a past perfect verb, and would in
the main clause.
If I hadn’t met Charles, I wouldn’t be here now. (I met Charles so I’m here now.)
She wouldn’t still be working for us if we hadn’t given her a pay-rise. (We gave her a pay-
rise so she is still working for us now.)
Conditionals in speaking
Spoken English:
In speaking, we often use if-clauses without main clauses, especially when asking people
politely to do things. If is usually followed by will, would, can or could when it is used to be polite:
[Shop assistant to customer]
If you would just sign here, please. (a politer way of saying Just sign here, please.)
[A is writing something for B and having difficulty]
A: If I could have a better pen …
B: Here, use this one.
A: Thanks.
