Based on your full **Java Backend Developer syllabus** from Turing Academy, here's

a structured list of **100 Java backend interview questions** covering all modules
(Fundamentals, Java SE, Databases, Spring Boot). They're categorized by topic so
you can use them for mock interviews or self-preparation.

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### 🧠 **Module 1: Programming Fundamentals (15 questions)**

1. What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

2. How does the Java compiler convert source code to bytecode?
3. What are the main differences between Java and C++?
4. How does Git handle version control?
5. Explain how `System.out.println()` works in Java.
6. What are primitive vs reference data types in Java?
7. What is the difference between `==` and `.equals()`?
8. How does the `Scanner` class read user input?
9. What is the role of `public static void main(String[] args)`?
10. How do you use conditional statements (`if`, `switch`) effectively?
11. What is the difference between `for`, `while`, and `do-while` loops?
12. How are arrays stored in memory (stack vs heap)?
13. What is method overloading?
14. How does string immutability work in Java?
15. What are the differences between `StringBuilder`, `StringBuffer`, and `+`?

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### 🧱 **Module 2: Java SE & OOP (25 questions)**

16. What is the difference between an object and a class?

17. What are the different types of variables in a class?
18. Explain the difference between `static` and non-static methods.
19. What is encapsulation and how is it implemented?
20. What is the difference between inheritance and composition?
21. What does `super` keyword do in Java?
22. What are the differences between overriding and overloading?
23. What is polymorphism? Give examples of runtime and compile-time polymorphism.
24. What is an abstract class and when would you use it?
25. How is an interface different from an abstract class?
26. What is a functional interface? Provide an example.
27. How does Java 8 handle immutability with the `final` keyword?
28. What is the difference between `==`, `.equals()`, and `hashCode()`?
29. What are wrapper classes and why are they needed?
30. Explain upcasting vs downcasting.
31. What is autoboxing and unboxing?
32. How does the `LocalDate` class work?
33. What’s the difference between `java.util.Date` and `LocalDate`?
34. What is the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions?
35. What is the purpose of `try-with-resources`?
36. How do you define a generic class and method?
37. What are wildcards in generics?
38. How does the `Optional` class help in avoiding nulls?
39. What is method chaining in functional programming?
40. Compare `Comparable` vs `Comparator`.

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### ⚙️ **Module 3: SQL, JDBC, Docker (25 questions)**

41. What is the difference between DDL and DML?
42. What are primary keys and foreign keys?
43. What is the purpose of `GROUP BY` and `HAVING`?
44. Explain different types of SQL joins with examples.
45. What is the difference between `WHERE` and `HAVING`?
46. How does indexing work in SQL?
47. What is normalization? Why is it important?
48. What is the difference between relational and non-relational databases?
49. What is JDBC and how does it connect Java to a database?
50. How do `PreparedStatement` and `Statement` differ?
51. How do transactions work in JDBC?
52. What is connection pooling and why is it needed?
53. How do you use PostgreSQL with Java?
54. What is the use of `ResultSet` in JDBC?
55. Explain ACID properties in databases.
56. What is the role of Docker in backend development?
57. How do you run a PostgreSQL container using Docker?
58. What are the basic Docker commands every developer should know?
59. What is Docker networking and how does it work?
60. What are the advantages of containerization over virtual machines?
61. How do you persist data in Docker containers?
62. What is the use of `.env` files in Docker?
63. Explain SQL constraints with examples.
64. What is ER diagram and why is it important?
65. How would you design a booking app schema with relationships?

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### ☕ **Module 4: Spring Boot & Java EE (35 questions)**

66. What is Inversion of Control (IoC) in Spring?

67. How does Dependency Injection work in Spring Boot?
68. What are the key differences between Spring and Spring Boot?
69. What is the use of `@SpringBootApplication` annotation?
70. What are `@Component`, `@Service`, `@Repository` annotations used for?
71. How do `@RequestMapping`, `@GetMapping`, and `@PostMapping` differ?
72. What’s the difference between `@PathVariable` and `@RequestParam`?
73. What is the purpose of `@Autowired`?
74. How does Spring manage application configuration using `application.yaml`?
75. How does Project Lombok reduce boilerplate code?
76. What is the purpose of `@Data` and `@Builder` annotations in Lombok?
77. How does validation work with `@Valid`, `@NotNull`, and `@Size`?
78. What is `@RestControllerAdvice` and how do you handle exceptions globally?
79. How do you upload and download files using Spring?
80. What are common logging levels (DEBUG, INFO, ERROR)?
81. What is JDBC Template and how is it different from Spring Data JPA?
82. What is an ORM and how does JPA fit into it?
83. What annotations define an entity class in JPA?
84. What is the purpose of `@Transactional`?
85. How do you handle relationships in JPA (OneToOne, OneToMany)?
86. What is Liquibase and how does it help in database versioning?
87. What is the use of `RestTemplate` and `FeignClient`?
88. How do you create scheduled tasks in Spring Boot?
89. What is the difference between `fixedDelay` and `fixedRate`?
90. How does unit testing work with JUnit and Mockito?
91. What is Swagger/OpenAPI and how is it used in Spring Boot?
92. What are the basic principles of Spring Security?
93. How do you secure endpoints using annotations in Spring Security?
94. What is CSRF and how does Spring Security protect against it?
95. How does `@EnableAutoConfiguration` work under the hood?
96. What are best practices for structuring a Spring Boot project?
97. How do you document your API using Swagger?
98. What are some common REST API status codes and when to use them?
99. What is the difference between monolithic and microservice architectures?
100. How would you deploy a Spring Boot app with PostgreSQL using Docker?

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Would you like these questions also converted into a **printable PDF**,
**categorized quiz**, or **mock interview sheet with answer hints**?