Basic Electronics (EC21201)
Lecture-4, 09 Aug. 2023
Dr. Chetna Singhal (E&ECE)
The ideal diode
I–V characteristics and the equivalent circuit
Small-signal model, small changes in voltages and currents.
Diode Rectifier
sinusoidal input signal
circuit,
equivalent circuit
rectified output signal
Iteration & Graphical Analysis Techniques
A simple diode circuit
Kirchhoff’s voltage law
Diode voltage VD and current ID are related by the ideal diode equation
Iteration & Graphical Analysis Techniques
contains only one unknown, VD
use of iteration to find a solution to this transcendental equation
VD = 0.60 V, the right side of Equation is 2.7 V
VD = 0.65 V, the right side of Equation is 15.1 V
IS = 10−13 A
VD is between 0.6 and 0.65 V.
Graphical Approach
, quiescent point
circuit
Piecewise Linear Model
Diode piecewise equivalent circuit
Piecewise Linear Model
DIODE CIRCUITS: AC EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
Sinusoidal Analysis
circuit with combined dc and sinusoidal input voltages
sinusoidal diode current superimposed sinusoidal diode voltage superimposed
on the quiescent current on the quiescent value
Sinusoidal Analysis
forward-biased diode I –V characteristics with a sinusoidal
current and voltage superimposed on the quiescent values
Sinusoidal Analysis
VDQ is the dc quiescent voltage and vd is the ac component
Sinusoidal Analysis
VDQ is the dc quiescent voltage and vd is the ac component
Sinusoidal Analysis
The parameters gd and rd, are the diode small-signal incremental conductance
and resistance, also called the diffusion conductance and diffusion resistance
The incremental resistance is a function of the dc bias current IDQ and is
inversely proportional to the slope of the I–V characteristics curve
dc- and ac- circuit analysis
If the diode is forward biased, then the voltage across the diode is the piecewise linear turn-
on voltage.
Diffusion Capacitance
Change in minority carrier stored charge with a time-varying voltage superimposed on a dc
quiescent diode voltage. The change in stored charge leads to a diode diffusion capacitance.
If the frequency of the ac input signal increases, the diffusion capacitance associated with a
forward-biased pn junction becomes important.
The diffusion capacitance Cd is much larger than the junction capacitance Cj, because of the
magnitude of the charges involved.
Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit
● gd and Cd are the diffusion
conductance and capacitance.
● The junction capacitance is in parallel
with the diffusion resistance and
capacitance
● Series resistance, is because of the
finite resistances in the neutral n- and
p-regions.
● It is used to obtain the ac response of
a diode circuit subjected to ac signals
superimposed on the Q-point values.
Zener Diode
● Zener diodes, designed to provide a
specified breakdown voltage
● VZo.
● Large current at breakdown causes
heating effects and catastrophic failure
of diode.
● Used as a constant-voltage reference
in a circuit.
● The diode breakdown voltage is
essentially constant over a wide range
of currents and temperatures.
● incremental resistance rz is a few or
tens of ohms
Chapter 1 topics
● 1.1: 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.4
● 1.2: 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.3, 1.2.4, 1.2.5 (no
switching transient)
● 1.3: 1.3.1, 1.3.2 (upto Ex 1.9)
● 1.4: 1.4.1, 1.4.2
● 1.5: 1.5.5
● Solved examples and numerical questions will
be discussed in tutorial session
