UNIT 1: BUILDING AND ENHANCING NEW C.

Functional illiteracy
LITERACIES ACROSS CURRICULUM D. Pseudo-literacy
Directions: Choose the best answer and shade the 9. Which of the following BEST captures the
corresponding letter on your answer sheet. essence of traditional literacy?
1. The word “literacy” is derived from the Latin A. Knowledge application
word litteratus, which means: B. Symbol decoding and meaning extraction
A. A person who knows how to write only C. Digital fluency
B. A person distinguished or identified by letters D. Social communication
C. A person who studies culture 10. Saying a word without knowing its meaning
D. A person who knows arithmetic shows:
2. Which of the following was the earliest A. True literacy
association of literacy? B. Functional literacy
A. Ability to solve logic problems C. Illiteracy in context
B. Ability to read and write written texts D. Reading without comprehension
C. Ability to speak fluently 11. According to Roberts (1995), how many
D. Ability to memorize and recite texts definitions of literacy have emerged in the past
3. Miles (1973) divides conventional literacy fifty years?
into how many categories? A. Tens
A. 2 B. Hundreds
B. 3 C. Thousands
C. 4 D. Millions
D. 5 12. Which organization recognizes literacy as a
4. Which type of literacy involves the ability to complex and dynamic concept?
decode symbols and correspond letters with A. World Bank
sounds? B. UNESCO
A. Functional Literacy C. UNICEF
B. Basic Literacy D. WTO
C. Comprehension Literacy 13. According to UNESCO (2004), literacy
D. Expanded Literacy involves:
5. Understanding the meaning of what is being A. Only reading and writing
read falls under: B. Identifying, understanding, interpreting, creating,
A. Comprehension Literacy and communicating
B. Functional Literacy C. Memorization of cultural knowledge
C. Basic Literacy D. Advanced scientific computation
D. Expanded Literacy 14. What key word is missing in UNESCO’s 2004
6. Reading road signs, filling forms, and definition of literacy?
following instructions belong to: A. Communication
A. Comprehension Literacy B. Reading
B. Practical or Functional Literacy C. Writing
C. Basic Literacy D. Understanding
D. Expanded Literacy 15. Literacy as “knowing about something and
7. Which TWO conditions must exist for literacy what to do with it” suggests a shift toward:
to occur? A. Social learning
A. Vocabulary and grammar B. Knowledge-based literacy
B. Text and meaning C. Functional illiteracy
C. Oral and written communication D. Oral tradition
D. Teacher and student interaction 16. Mkandawire (2018) defined literacy as:
8. What is the term for being able to read words A. Reading and writing ability only
but not well enough to manage daily tasks? B. Knowledge, competence, and skills in a particular
A. Semi-literacy field
B. Comprehension failure C. Oral fluency and communication skills
D. Mastery of cultural traditions
17. Which of the following scholars supported C. A student writes letters of the alphabet
literacy as knowledge and competence? D. A student follows instructions without reading
A. Crystal and Davy
24. Reading a medicine label correctly before
B. Barton and UNESCO
taking medication is an example of:
C. Saussure and Chomsky
A. Basic literacy
D. Roberts and Miller
B. Comprehension literacy
18. Which BEST reflects the shift in literacy’s C. Functional literacy
meaning today? D. Expanded literacy
A. From grammar to pronunciation
25. The “continuum of learning” in UNESCO’s
B. From reading/writing to knowledge and
definition implies that literacy is:
application
A. Static and unchanging
C. From mathematics to science
B. Limited to school settings
D. From memorization to recitation
C. Lifelong and evolving
19. Which example illustrates expanded D. Simple reading ability
literacy?
26. Which best explains why literacy is now
A. Reading a novel silently
considered multidimensional?
B. Writing one’s name
A. Because it changes meaning in different contexts
C. Using digital tools to analyze data for problem-
B. Because dictionaries provide many definitions
solving
C. Because students forget old definitions
D. Memorizing multiplication tables
D. Because teachers prefer expanded terms
20. Which literacy is emphasized in 21st-
27. A person can write reports but struggles to
century education?
use technology for communication. He lacks:
A. Knowledge-based and multiple literacies
A. Basic literacy
B. Only conventional literacy
B. Expanded literacy
C. Pure memorization of texts
C. Comprehension literacy
D. Exclusive grammar study
D. Functional literacy
21. A student can decode words but cannot
28. The 21st-century view of literacy is MOST
follow instructions from a manual. He is:
aligned with:
A. Literate
A. Reading and writing alone
B. Functionally illiterate
B. Oral memorization
C. Fully competent
C. Knowledge, competence, and application
D. Digitally literate
D. Textbook-based learning
22. A teacher asking students to analyze social
29. A student reads a newspaper to understand
media posts for hidden meaning practices which
social issues. This demonstrates:
literacy?
A. Comprehension literacy
A. Basic literacy
B. Functional literacy
B. Expanded literacy
C. Expanded literacy
C. Functional literacy
D. All of the above
D. Oral literacy
30. Which of the following BEST summarizes the
23. Which scenario BEST represents
evolution of literacy?
comprehension literacy?
A. From reading/writing → memorization
A. A student reads “cat” as /kat/ without knowing
B. From oral speech → text reading
what it means
C. From decoding/meaning →
B. A student reads a passage and explains its
knowledge/competence
message
D. From symbols → doodles
1. The word “literacy” is derived from the Latin word 6. Reading road signs, filling forms, and following
litteratus, which means: instructions belong to:
A. A person who knows how to write only A. Comprehension Literacy
B. A person distinguished or identified by letters B. Practical or Functional Literacy
C. A person who studies culture C. Basic Literacy
D. A person who knows arithmetic D. Expanded Literacy

✅ Answer: B ✅ Answer: B
Rationale: Litteratus means “marked with letters,” Rationale: Functional literacy is about applying reading
implying a person who is cultured and educated because skills to daily tasks.
of reading and writing ability.

7. Which TWO conditions must exist for literacy to

2. Which of the following was the earliest association occur?
of literacy? A. Vocabulary and grammar
A. Ability to solve logic problems B. Text and meaning
B. Ability to read and write written texts C. Oral and written communication
C. Ability to speak fluently D. Teacher and student interaction
D. Ability to memorize and recite texts
✅ Answer: B
✅ Answer: B Rationale: Without text, nothing can be read; without
Rationale: Since subjects like grammar and arithmetic meaning, symbols are useless.
had written texts, literacy was linked to reading and
writing.
8. What is the term for being able to read words but
not well enough to manage daily tasks?
3. Miles (1973) divides conventional literacy into A. Semi-literacy
how many categories? B. Comprehension failure
A. 2 C. Functional illiteracy
B. 3 D. Pseudo-literacy
C. 4
D. 5 ✅ Answer: C
Rationale: Schlechty (2001) defines functional illiteracy
✅ Answer: B as insufficient literacy for practical living.
Rationale: Miles identified three: Basic, Comprehension,
and Functional Literacy.
9. Which of the following BEST captures the essence
of traditional literacy?
4. Which type of literacy involves the ability to A. Knowledge application
decode symbols and correspond letters with sounds? B. Symbol decoding and meaning extraction
A. Functional Literacy C. Digital fluency
B. Basic Literacy D. Social communication
C. Comprehension Literacy
D. Expanded Literacy ✅ Answer: B
Rationale: Traditional literacy focused on decoding
✅ Answer: B written texts and comprehending meaning.
Rationale: Basic literacy is about decoding written
symbols and matching letters to sounds.
10. Saying a word without knowing its meaning
shows:
5. Understanding the meaning of what is being read A. True literacy
falls under: B. Functional literacy
A. Comprehension Literacy C. Illiteracy in context
B. Functional Literacy D. Reading without comprehension
C. Basic Literacy
D. Expanded Literacy ✅ Answer: D
Rationale: Reading requires meaning; without
✅ Answer: A comprehension, it is incomplete.
Rationale: Comprehension literacy emphasizes
understanding, not just decoding.
11. According to Roberts (1995), how many
definitions of literacy have emerged in the past fifty
years? C. Oral fluency and communication skills
A. Tens D. Mastery of cultural traditions
B. Hundreds
C. Thousands ✅ Answer: B
D. Millions Rationale: Mkandawire’s definition ties literacy to
knowledge and competence in specific fields.
✅ Answer: B
Rationale: Roberts highlighted the evolving and complex
nature of literacy, with hundreds of definitions. 17. Which of the following scholars supported
literacy as knowledge and competence?
A. Crystal and Davy
12. Which organization recognizes literacy as a B. Barton and UNESCO
complex and dynamic concept? C. Saussure and Chomsky
A. World Bank D. Roberts and Miller
B. UNESCO
C. UNICEF ✅ Answer: B
D. WTO Rationale: Barton (2007) and UNESCO (2006) share
Mkandawire’s expanded literacy perspective.
✅ Answer: B
Rationale: UNESCO (2006) emphasized the dynamic,
evolving meaning of literacy. 18. Which BEST reflects the shift in literacy’s
meaning today?
A. From grammar to pronunciation
13. According to UNESCO (2004), literacy involves: B. From reading/writing to knowledge and application
A. Only reading and writing C. From mathematics to science
B. Identifying, understanding, interpreting, creating, and D. From memorization to recitation
communicating
C. Memorization of cultural knowledge ✅ Answer: B
D. Advanced scientific computation Rationale: Literacy today goes beyond decoding words;
it involves applying knowledge.
✅ Answer: B
Rationale: UNESCO broadens literacy beyond
reading/writing to include multiple communication 19. Which example illustrates expanded literacy?
skills. A. Reading a novel silently
B. Writing one’s name
C. Using digital tools to analyze data for problem-solving
14. What key word is missing in UNESCO’s 2004 D. Memorizing multiplication tables
definition of literacy?
A. Communication ✅ Answer: C
B. Reading Rationale: Expanded literacy includes using knowledge
C. Writing and skills in different contexts, such as digital fluency.
D. Understanding

✅ Answer: B 20. Which literacy is emphasized in 21st-century

Rationale: Reading is not explicitly mentioned, showing education?
literacy is more than decoding texts. A. Knowledge-based and multiple literacies
B. Only conventional literacy
C. Pure memorization of texts
15. Literacy as “knowing about something and what D. Exclusive grammar study
to do with it” suggests a shift toward:
A. Social learning ✅ Answer: A
B. Knowledge-based literacy Rationale: Modern education stresses multiliteracies—
C. Functional illiteracy digital, cultural, critical, and knowledge-based.
D. Oral tradition

✅ Answer: B 21. A student can decode words but cannot follow

Rationale: Expanded literacy emphasizes knowledge, instructions from a manual. He is:
competence, and application. A. Literate
B. Functionally illiterate
C. Fully competent
16. Mkandawire (2018) defined literacy as: D. Digitally literate
A. Reading and writing ability only
B. Knowledge, competence, and skills in a particular field
✅ Answer: B A. Because it changes meaning in different contexts
Rationale: He can read but not comprehend well enough B. Because dictionaries provide many definitions
for practical tasks. C. Because students forget old definitions
D. Because teachers prefer expanded terms

✅ Answer: A
22. A teacher asking students to analyze social media Rationale: Literacy is context-dependent (e.g., digital,
posts for hidden meaning practices which literacy? media, cultural), not limited to one skill.
A. Basic literacy
B. Expanded literacy
C. Functional literacy
D. Oral literacy 27. A person can write reports but struggles to use
technology for communication. He lacks:
✅ Answer: B A. Basic literacy
Rationale: Expanded literacy includes critical analysis of B. Expanded literacy
digital texts. C. Comprehension literacy
D. Functional literacy

✅ Answer: B
23. Which scenario BEST represents comprehension Rationale: Expanded literacy includes technological and
literacy? digital competence.
A. A student reads “cat” as /kat/ without knowing what it
means
B. A student reads a passage and explains its message
C. A student writes letters of the alphabet 28. The 21st-century view of literacy is MOST aligned
D. A student follows instructions without reading with:
A. Reading and writing alone
✅ Answer: B B. Oral memorization
Rationale: Comprehension literacy focuses on C. Knowledge, competence, and application
understanding the meaning. D. Textbook-based learning

✅ Answer: C
Rationale: Modern literacy is tied to applying knowledge
24. Reading a medicine label correctly before taking in various contexts.
medication is an example of:
A. Basic literacy
B. Comprehension literacy
C. Functional literacy 29. A student reads a newspaper to understand
D. Expanded literacy social issues. This demonstrates:
A. Comprehension literacy
✅ Answer: C B. Functional literacy
Rationale: Functional literacy applies reading skills to C. Expanded literacy
practical, everyday tasks. D. All of the above

✅ Answer: D
Rationale: He decodes (basic), understands meaning
25. The “continuum of learning” in UNESCO’s (comprehension), applies in context (functional), and
definition implies that literacy is: gains knowledge (expanded).
A. Static and unchanging
B. Limited to school settings
C. Lifelong and evolving
D. Simple reading ability 30. Which of the following BEST summarizes the
evolution of literacy?
✅ Answer: C A. From reading/writing → memorization
Rationale: UNESCO stresses literacy as dynamic, B. From oral speech → text reading
continuously developing with context. C. From decoding/meaning → knowledge/competence
D. From symbols → doodles

✅ Answer: C
26. Which best explains why literacy is now Rationale: The shift is from traditional symbol-decoding
considered multidimensional? to broader knowledge-based literacies.
Introduction to 21st Century Literacies
I. Traditional or Conventional Literacy
 Definition: Literacy = ability to read and write (dictionary meaning).
 Origin: From Latin litteratus → “marked with letters,” associated with being educated.
 Core Idea: To be literate means being able to decode written symbols (letters) and understand their
meaning.
A. Miles (1973) – Three Categories of Conventional Literacy
1. Basic Literacy
o Matching letters with sounds (decoding words).
o Example: Reading aloud simple words.
2. Comprehension Literacy
o Understanding meaning of what is read.
o Example: Reading a story and grasping the plot.
3. Functional/Practical Literacy
o Using reading skills for daily life tasks.
o Example: Reading signs, instructions, job applications.
B. Key Points
 Reading requires both text and meaning.
 Functional illiteracy (Schlechty, 2001): Able to read words but not enough to manage everyday needs.
II. Expanded Views of Literacy
A. Modern Shifts in Definition
 Roberts (1995): Many definitions of literacy exist; it is dynamic and complex.
 UNESCO (2006, 2004):
o Literacy = ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute with
written materials.
o Literacy is not just reading but using knowledge for goals and participation in society.
B. Literacy as Knowledge
 Mkandawire (2018): Literacy = knowledge, competence, and skills in a field.
 Supported by:
o Barton (2007)
o Mkandawire, Siooaya Mudenda, & Cheelo (2017)
 Literacy is no longer limited to reading and writing.
 It is about knowing what something means and how to use it.
 Prepares ground for 21st Century Literacies (e.g., digital literacy, media literacy, information literacy).

III. Literacy in the 21st Century

I. Introduction
 “New literacies” still rely on reading and writing, but expand beyond them.
 Viewed as knowledge and skills for survival and productivity in the information age.
 Not “new” in existence, but new in context, scope, and necessity.
o Example: Smoke signals, “Language of Flowers,” and visual codes existed before → now applied
to digital, media, and global communication.
 Difference: In the past, optional (e.g., Victorian flower meanings); now essential—without
digital/media literacy, one risks manipulation and vulnerability.

II. Why “New Literacies” Emerged

 Driven by communication technologies (blogging, social media, text-messaging, etc.).
 Changes communication by blending text, sound, images in new ways.
 Even children/youth can now reach a global audience.
Three Key Drivers of New Literacies:
1. Increased Reach – Communicating across cultures, distances, and societies.
2. Increased Means of Communication – Faster, more varied, multimodal.
3. Increased Breadth of Content – Communicating about more diverse and complex topics.

Core New Literacies of the 21st Century

1. Globalization and Multicultural Literacy
 Skills in interacting with diverse people (cultures, religions, worldviews).
 Goal: mutual peace, understanding, and productivity.
2. Social and Financial Literacy
 Social literacy: Navigating both online and offline networks; effective communication and resource-
sharing.
 Financial literacy: Addressing financial short-sightedness (e.g., in Filipino culture); importance of
budgeting, saving, and financial planning to reduce inequality.
3. Media and Cyber/Digital Literacy
 Locating, verifying, and evaluating online information.
 Critical in an age where information = power.
 Right vs. wrong information can spell career or personal success/failure.

Other New Literacies

1. Eco-Literacy
 Understanding and managing natural resources sustainably.
 Responds to demands of industrialization vs. environmental preservation.
2. Creativity Literacy
 Ability to communicate ideas through arts and aesthetics.
 Important in industries dominated by data and technology—creativity adds innovation and human
connection.
3. Critical Literacy
 Reading between the lines: understanding hidden/tacit messages in texts.
 Necessary in multicultural and digital societies where ideas, cultures, and ideologies compete for
influence.

UNIT 1: BUILDING AND ENHANCING NEW understanding hidden meaning

LITERACIES ACROSS CURRICULUM D. Writing reports and letters in correct
Directions: Choose the best answer and shade the grammar
corresponding letter on your answer sheet. 3. A student can read a story but fails to grasp
1. The Latin word litteratus, from which the its meaning. According to Miles (1973), the
word literacy is derived, originally meant: student lacks:
A. “To speak with clarity” A. Basic Literacy
B. “Marked with letters” B. Functional Literacy
C. “To count and compute” C. Comprehension Literacy
D. “Gifted with wisdom” D. Expanded Literacy

2. Which of the following BEST describes 4. A tricycle driver reads a signboard “No
basic literacy? Loading and Unloading” but ignores its
A. Using reading to complete forms and meaning. Which literacy type is missing?
contracts A. Basic Literacy
B. Reading aloud simple words by matching B. Comprehension Literacy
letters with sounds C. Functional Literacy
C. Reading between the lines and D. Critical Literacy
5. According to Schlechty (2001), functional 13. According to Mkandawire (2018), literacy is
illiteracy means: BEST understood as:
A. Unable to write legibly A. Reading and writing skills alone
B. Can read but not enough for daily tasks B. Knowledge, competence, and skills in a
C. Can only read in the first language field
D. Illiteracy due to poverty C. Mastery of foreign languages
D. Ability to recall historical facts
6. Which of the following is NOT part of Miles’
(1973) classification of literacy? 14. Which of the following does NOT reflect
A. Basic Literacy expanded literacy?
B. Critical Literacy A. Using information to achieve personal
C. Comprehension Literacy goals
D. Functional Literacy B. Participation in society using knowledge
C. Reading and writing without
7. Reading and writing are possible only when:
comprehension
A. A text is present and it has meaning
D. Applying competence in real-life contexts
B. The reader knows many languages
C. There is a dictionary available 15. The shift in literacy from reading/writing to
D. The teacher provides assistance knowledge emphasizes:
A. Knowing what something means and how
8. Reading aloud the word “dog” without
to use it
knowing its meaning is an example of:
B. Memorizing texts word for word
A. Reading comprehension
C. Focusing only on grammar rules
B. Illiteracy
D. Avoiding technology in education
C. Basic decoding without comprehension
D. Critical reading 16. A nurse interprets medical instructions and
applies them to patient care. This
9. Which statement reflects the core idea of
demonstrates:
traditional literacy?
A. Basic Literacy
A. Literacy is knowledge in multiple
B. Expanded Literacy
contexts
C. Traditional Literacy
B. Literacy is the ability to decode letters
D. Illiteracy
and extract meaning
C. Literacy is competence in finances and 17. Which literacy view emphasizes the
technology continuum of learning and lifelong
D. Literacy is the act of interpreting hidden development?
messages A. UNESCO (2004, 2006)
B. Miles (1973)
10. A farmer reads instructions on fertilizer use
C. Schlechty (2001)
to improve crops. This is an example of:
D. Roberts (1995)
A. Functional Literacy
B. Expanded Literacy 18. If literacy means “knowledge,” which of the
C. Creativity Literacy following would be considered literate?
D. Basic Literacy A. A farmer who applies scientific
knowledge to farming techniques
11. Roberts (1995) emphasized that literacy is:
B. A student who memorizes a poem
A. Static and unchanging
without understanding
B. Dynamic and complex with many
C. A child who can spell words but not use
definitions
them
C. Merely the ability to decode text
D. An adult who signs his name but can’t
D. Only taught in schools
follow instructions
12. Which definition of literacy was given by
19. Which of the following scholars MOST
UNESCO (2006)?
directly connected literacy with “knowledge
A. “Marked with letters”
and competence”?
B. “Knowledge, competence, and skills”
A. Schlechty
C. “Ability to identify, understand, interpret,
B. Miles
create, communicate, compute”
C. Mkandawire
D. “Ability to memorize and recite written
D. Roberts
texts”
20. The modern definition of literacy prepares 28. Managing one’s budget, saving, and financial
the ground for: planning show:
A. 21st Century Literacies A. Social Literacy
B. Traditional schooling B. Financial Literacy
C. Memorization drills C. Comprehension Literacy
D. Oral storytelling D. Functional Literacy
21. Which BEST explains why “new literacies” 29. Navigating social networks effectively both
are not truly new? online and offline demonstrates:
A. They completely replace reading and A. Critical Literacy
writing B. Social Literacy
B. They are old skills applied in new C. Eco-Literacy
contexts and scopes D. Creativity Literacy
C. They ignore traditional communication
30. The phrase “information is power” BEST
D. They were invented only in 2000s
applies to which literacy?
22. Which Victorian-era practice required A. Media/Digital Literacy
“visual literacy” to decode hidden B. Creativity Literacy
messages? C. Eco-Literacy
A. Smoke signals D. Financial Literacy
B. The Language of Flowers
31. Which literacy emphasizes sustainable
C. Telegraph messages
management of natural resources?
D. Secret codes in novels
A. Critical Literacy
23. What makes 21st-century literacy different B. Eco-Literacy
from past forms? C. Functional Literacy
A. It is optional and not needed for survival D. Social Literacy
B. It is essential; lack of it makes one
32. Which literacy is crucial in industries
vulnerable to manipulation
dominated by data and technology because
C. It focuses only on memorization
it fosters innovation?
D. It is limited to reading newspapers
A. Creativity Literacy
24. Which of the following is NOT a driver of B. Financial Literacy
new literacies? C. Expanded Literacy
A. Increased Reach D. Critical Literacy
B. Increased Means of Communication
33. Understanding hidden messages, ideologies,
C. Increased Breadth of Content
and cultural biases in texts shows:
D. Increased Writing Speed Only
A. Comprehension Literacy
25. A teenager uses social media to B. Critical Literacy
communicate ideas to an international C. Eco-Literacy
audience. This illustrates: D. Creativity Literacy
A. Increased Reach
34. Which scenario BEST shows globalization
B. Functional Literacy
and multicultural literacy?
C. Basic Literacy
A. A student budgeting her allowance wisely
D. Traditional Literacy
B. A teacher collaborating with foreign
26. A journalist verifies online sources before colleagues online
writing news. This is an example of: C. A farmer using organic methods for
A. Eco-literacy sustainability
B. Digital/Media Literacy D. A musician creating an artwork
C. Functional Literacy
35. A student who can decode words but fails to
D. Social Literacy
verify online news lacks:
27. Which literacy emphasizes interaction with A. Basic Literacy
people of different cultures for peace and B. Comprehension Literacy
productivity? C. Media/Digital Literacy
A. Globalization and Multicultural Literacy D. Eco-Literacy
B. Creativity Literacy
36. Which of the following is an example of
C. Functional Literacy
critical literacy in action?
D. Eco-Literacy
 A. Questioning the bias behind a political C. Functional Literacy
meme D. Critical Literacy
B. Memorizing a science formula
39. Which of the following is MOST essential for
C. Reading aloud a passage
avoiding manipulation in the digital age?
D. Calculating expenses
A. Creativity Literacy
37. Which literacy would help reduce the B. Media/Digital Literacy
widening gap between rich and poor in the C. Eco-Literacy
Philippines? D. Social Literacy
A. Critical Literacy
40. The overall evolution of literacy from
B. Financial Literacy
traditional to 21st century shows a
C. Eco-Literacy
movement from:
D. Creativity Literacy
A. Writing → Reading → Memorizing
38. When students create TikTok videos to B. Decoding → Understanding → Knowledge
explain lessons creatively, they are and Application
practicing: C. Functional → Basic → Comprehension
A. Social Literacy D. Symbols → Illiteracy → Technology
B. Creativity Literacy

Answer Key with Explanations o The student can read but cannot
understand the meaning →
comprehension is missing.
I. Traditional/Conventional Literacy (Items 1–
4. B. Comprehension Literacy
10)
o The driver reads the text but does
1. B. “Marked with letters”
not grasp meaning → failure in
o Litteratus means “distinguished by comprehension.
letters,” linking literacy to reading
5. B. Can read but not enough for daily
and education.
tasks
2. B. Reading aloud simple words by
o Schlechty (2001): functional
matching letters with sounds
illiteracy is the inability to apply
o Basic literacy is about decoding reading to everyday needs.
written symbols into sounds.
6. B. Critical Literacy
3. C. Comprehension Literacy
 o Miles’ categories: basic, 17. A. UNESCO (2004, 2006)
comprehension, and functional.
 Defines literacy as a lifelong continuum,
Critical literacy is a later (modern)
enabling participation in society.
addition.
18. A. A farmer who applies scientific
7. A. A text is present and it has meaning
knowledge to farming techniques
o Literacy requires both a written text
 Literacy = using knowledge productively,
and meaning to extract.
not just reading.
8. C. Basic decoding without
19. C. Mkandawire
comprehension
 Explicitly linked literacy with competence
o Knowing how to pronounce words
and knowledge.
without meaning is decoding only.
20. A. 21st Century Literacies
9. B. Literacy is the ability to decode letters
and extract meaning  Expanded views pave the way for
digital/media and modern literacies.
o Core idea of traditional literacy =
read and understand.
10. A. Functional Literacy III. Literacy in the 21st Century (Items 21–40)

 Applying reading to practical daily tasks 21. B. They are old skills applied in new
(farming, jobs, signs, instructions). contexts and scopes
 New literacies adapt old skills (reading,
verifying, visual codes) into new contexts
II. Expanded Views of Literacy (Items 11–20)
(digital, online).
11. B. Dynamic and complex with many
22. B. The Language of Flowers
definitions
 Victorians used flowers as a code →
 Roberts (1995): literacy is dynamic, not
required “visual literacy.”
static.
23. B. It is essential; lack of it makes one
12. C. “Ability to identify, understand,
vulnerable to manipulation
interpret, create, communicate,
compute”  Today, illiteracy in media/digital terms can
cause exploitation.
 UNESCO 2006 definition—much broader
than “reading and writing.” 24. D. Increased Writing Speed Only

13. B. Knowledge, competence, and skills in  Not a recognized driver of new literacies;
a field communication breadth, reach, and means
are.
 Mkandawire (2018) emphasizes literacy as
broader competence. 25. A. Increased Reach

14. C. Reading and writing without  Social media lets individuals reach global
comprehension audiences.

 Expanded literacy goes beyond decoding— 26. B. Digital/Media Literacy

it requires meaning and application.
 Verifying online information is the essence
15. A. Knowing what something means and of digital/media literacy.
how to use it
27. A. Globalization and Multicultural
 Shift = application of knowledge, not just Literacy
decoding.
 Engaging peacefully and productively with
16. B. Expanded Literacy people from other cultures.

 Nurse applies knowledge and 28. B. Financial Literacy

comprehension in real-life contexts.
 Managing money wisely = financial literacy.
29. B. Social Literacy  Examining hidden meanings = critical
literacy.
 Navigating networks effectively both online
and offline. 37. B. Financial Literacy
30. A. Media/Digital Literacy  Helps reduce economic inequality through
money management skills.
 Critical evaluation of information sources
online = media literacy. 38. B. Creativity Literacy
31. B. Eco-Literacy  Using creative platforms like TikTok to
communicate ideas.
 Sustainability and natural resource
management. 39. B. Media/Digital Literacy
32. A. Creativity Literacy  Protects against misinformation and
manipulation.
 Needed for innovation and communication
in data-driven industries. 40. B. Decoding → Understanding →
Knowledge and Application
33. B. Critical Literacy
 Shows evolution from traditional →
 Analyzing hidden messages, ideologies, and
expanded → 21st century literacy.
cultural influences.
34. B. A teacher collaborating with foreign
colleagues online ✅ Final Score Key:
 Cross-cultural collaboration =  Traditional Literacy: 1–10 → B, B, C, B, B, B,
globalization/multicultural literacy. A, C, B, A
35. C. Media/Digital Literacy  Expanded Literacy: 11–20 → B, C, B, C, A, B,
A, A, C, A
 Student fails to check truthfulness of online
content → lacking media literacy.  21st Century Literacy: 21–40 → B, B, B, D, A,
B, A, B, B, A, B, A, B, B, C, A, B, B, B, B
36. A. Questioning the bias behind a political
meme