TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
❏ Temperature is the degree of heat energy or hotness of an object.
❏ Kinetic energy is the energy an object has when it is moving.
❏ The particles of hot objects vibrate or move faster than the particles
of a cold object.
❏ Therefore, hot objects have more kinetic energy than cold objects.
THERMAL EXPANSION
❏ Hot and cold are relative measurements of temperature.
Thermometers are used to measure the temperature of an object.
Thermometers work due to thermal expansion.
Thermal expansion is the tendency of solids, liquids
and gases to change their shape, and density when
the temperature changes.
THERMOMETERS
❏ A mercury-in-glass laboratory thermometer typically has a range from
−10°C to 110°C or 0°C to 100°C.
❏ A clinical thermometer typically has a range from about 34°C to 43°C.
THERMOMETERS
❏ The bulb is the region of the thermometer that
holds the liquid. It usually has a thin wall so heat
can transfer through it.
❏ As the liquid in the bulb is heated, it expands in the
bore of the thermometer, as it has more kinetic
energy and moves around faster. The amount the
liquid expands is proportional to the temperature.
❏ The bore is very narrow so that any change in
temperature will result in a noticeable change in
the length of the liquid.
❏ Along the stem of the thermometer are equal
markings which show the temperature scale. The
scale is positioned very close to the bore to reduce
parallax error.
TEMPERATURE SCALES
❏ The kelvin (K) is the SI unit of
temperature.
❏ Temperature can also be
expressed in degrees Celsius (°
C) or in degrees Fahrenheit (°F).
READING THERMOMETERS
❏ The bulb of the thermometer must be submerged below the surface of
the liquid.
❏ The bulb must not be touching the sides of the container.
❏ The thermometer must be upright.
❏ The thermometer must be read at eye level.
THE END : )
