Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

BRILLIANT TUITION CLASSES

2024-2025
Class VIII - CBSE
Module I

PHYSICS
CHEMISTRY
BIOLOGY
MATHEMATICS

Brilliant
STUDY CENTRE, PALA
www.brilliantpala.org, email: admissions@brilliantpala.org
Ph: 04822 - 206100, 206800

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

CONTENTS
PHYSICS

1. Force and Pressure ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 05

2. Friction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

3. Sound ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

4. Chemical Effects of Electric Current ---------------------------------------------------------- 19

CHEMISTRY

1. Coal and Petroleum --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

BIOLOGY

1. Crop Production and Management --------------------------------------------------------------- 35

2. Microorganism: Friend and Foe -------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

MATHEMATICS

1. Rotational Number ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63

2. Linear Equation in one Variable ------------------------------------------------------------------- 69

3. Data Handling ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77

4. Squares and Square Roots ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER - 01
FORCE & PRESSURE

INTRODUCTION
Different types of actions
 Actions like picking, opening, shutting, kicking, hitting, lifting, flicking, pushing, pulling are often used
describe certain tasks.
 Each of these actions usually results in some kind of change in the motion of an object.
Force :
 A push or pull on an object is called a force.

 Push : When an object is moving away from the applier of force.

 Pull : When an object is moving towards the applier of force
 Force is a push or pull which changes or tends to change the state or rest or of uniform motion, or
direction of motion or the shape or size of a body
 Force is any action that has the tendency to change the position, shape, or size of an object.
Characteristics of forces :
 When two forces act in the same direction, the net resultant force on an object is the sum of these two
forces.
 When two forces act in opposite directions the net resultant force is the difference of these two
forces. The force has a magnitude which describes its strength.
 The force always has a direction in which it is applied and a measure of its strength or
magnitude
 The effects of a force may alter when the direction of the magnitude of the force is changed.
 The effect of more than one forces being applied on an object is calculated by evaluating the net force
acting on that object.

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 If two forces are acting upon each other having equal magnitudes (strength) and in opposite directions
then the net force acting on the object will be zero.
F = m*a
F = Force
m = mass of object
a = acceleration
 The SI unit of force is Newton (N)
Force can change the state of motion of an object
The motion of an object
 An object is said to be in motion if it is moving by a certain speed in a particular direction.
 If the object is at rest, it means that it is not changing its position with respect to an observing point.
Hence it has zero speed.
 However, it is not a case that this change of state of motion will take place every time with every kind
of object. For instance, if a person tries to push a very heavy object such as a wall, it would not at all.
Force can change the shape of an object
The shape of an object can be altered if some force is applied on to it. Depending upon the magnitude
of the force that is being applied and the rigidity of the object, the effect on its shape and size can be
observed.
Types of Forces: On the basis of the nature of the interaction between two or more objects, forces can
be classified as :

Contact Forces Non-contact Forces

These kinds of forces are applied when the
These kinds of forces are applied only when
objects do not come in contact with each
two or more objects come in contact with
other and yet are exerting a force upon each
each other
other.

Example : Magnetic Force, Gravitational

Example : Muscular Force, Frictional Force
Force, Electrostatic Force

Contact Forces
1. Muscular Forces
The force that comes into play because of the action of muscles is called muscular force. for example.
 Human beings use muscular force in order to walk.
 The expansion and contraction of lungs is because of muscular force.
 Movement of food along the food pipe.
 Animals can also exhibit muscular forces that’s why they can move from one place to another.
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2. Frictional Force
It is the force that is exerted by the surface over an object whenever the object moves on the surface.
Force of friction has the following characteristics.
 The force of friction always acts in the opposite direction of the motion of the object.
 It leads to generation of heat as two surfaces come in contact with each other. For example when we
rub our hands together, heat is produced as a result of friction between our hands.
 Frictional force also leads to wear and tear of the surfaces of objects that come in contact with each
other. For example, sole of shoes often gets worn-out due to friction force that acts between them and
the ground as we walk.
3. Air Resistance
Whenever an object moves or files in the air, it experiences a force called air resistance.
Non-Contact Forces
1. Magnetic Force
 The force exerted by any magnetic object is called magnetic force.
 We know that like magnetic poles always repel each other, that is, they push each other away.
 Also, opposite magnetic poles always attract each other, that is, they pull each other towards
themselves.
2. Electrostatic Force
 The force exerted by a charged particle is called electrostatic force.
 We know that like charges always repel or push each other away.
 Similarly, opposite charges always attract or pull each other towards themselves.
3. Gravitational Force
 It is an attractive force that is applied by the earth on all the objects.
 It is also called the force of gravity or gravity that acts upon all the objects that are present on or near
the earth’s surface.
 Gravity is a property exhibited by every object present in the universe and not only the earth. Hence, all
the planets, the moons and even the sun have a gravitational force of their own.
Pressure
 Not only the magnitude of the force but the area upon which it acts also affects the changes it may
bring upon an object.
 The force acting upon a unit area is called pressure.
 Hence, the pressure exerted by an object depends upon its surface area.
 If the surface is small, the amount of pressure applied is large, and vice-versa
 The SI unit of pressure is pascal (Pa) or N/m2
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Examples of relationship between the area and pressure:

Calculating pressure for Different Areas

1. A needle has a pointed end that has a very small surface area. Hence when a large force is exerted
upon the needle with a hammer the pressure on the needle increases and it easily moves inside the
wall.

2. Shoulder bags always have broad straps rather than thin straps in order to minimize the pressure that
would be exerted on the shoulders of the career due to the gravitational force acting upon the bag.

3. Tools that are used for cutting and piercing always have sharp edges because as a person would
apply a force on the tool, its sharp edges would exert more pressure due to less surface area and the
object wood cut down easily.

4. The two tyres of a tractor are wider because it minimizes the pressure exerted by the tractor on the
ground. As a result, it becomes easier to move the tractor on a muddy field.

5. Camel can walk easily over the sand because it has wide feet which allow them to walk on sand
easily. Human beings, on the other hand, cannot as walk easilly on sand as their feet have less
surface area and therefore our feet sink in the sand.

The pressure exerted by liquids and gases

 Liquids exert a pressure on the walls of the container in which they are put in.

 The pressure that a liquid exerts on the bottom of the container is dependent upon the height of the
liquid in the container.

 The liquid exerts equal pressure on different points on the walls of the container having the same
depth.
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Figure 15 pressure exerted by liquids

 Similarly, gases also exert pressure on the walls of the container. The molecules of a gas of higher
kinetic energy collide with walls applying large force, and as a result these molecules apply pressure
on the walls of the container.
Atmospheric Pressure
 A layer of gases is present around the earth’s surface. The air present in the atmosphere exerts a
pressure on the earth which is called atmospheric pressure.
 The value of atmospheric pressure at the sea level is 101325 pascal.
 The atmospheric pressure keeps on increasing as we move towards the Earth’s surface.

 The amount of atmospheric pressure upon us is quite large due to the large surface area of the
atmosphere around the earth but we do not experience any of its effects.
 This is so because the pressure of the air inside our body is equal to the atmospheric pressure. There
are also fluids present in our body that exert a pressure inside our body. Hence our bodies easily
obtain a balance with the atmospheric pressure.
 However sometimes at higher altitudes where the atmospheric pressure is low as compared to that
at the earth’s surface (low altitudes). nose bleeding occurs.
This is so because at that time the blood pressure in our body becomes higher than the atmospheric
pressure outside us.

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QUESTIONS
1. The pressure which is exerted by air around us is known as
A) Force B) Atmospheric pressure
C) Muscular force D) Friction
2. Force acting per unit area is called
A) Non-contact forces B) Contact forces C) Force D) Pressure
3. A _________ exerted by an object on another is a force
A) Push or pull B) Contact or non-contact forces
C) Pressure D) Magnitude
4. The force exerted by the earth to pull the object towards itself is called
A) Electrostatic Force B) Gravitational Force C) Muscular Force D) Contact Force
5. Muscular force is also called ________ force
A) Non -contact B) Contact C) Gravitational D) Magnetic
6. The force exerted by a charged body on another charge
A) Gravitational force B) Electrostatic force C) Non-contact force D) Contact Force
7. Force changes the
A) Motion of body B) Speed of body C) Shape of body D) All of these
8. The force exerted by our muscle is called
A) Electrostatic force B) Muscular force C) Gravitational force D) non-contact force
9. 1 kilogram weight is equal to
A) 98 N B) 9.8 N C) 0.98 N D) 0.098 N
10. A spring balance is used for measuring
A) Mass B) Weight C) Pressure D) Speed
11. Two boys A and B are applying force on a block. If the block moves towards the boy A, which one of
the following statements is correct ?
A) Magnitude of force applied by A is greater than that of B
B) Magnitude of force applied by A smaller than that of B
C) Net force on the block is towards B.
D) Magnitude of force applied by A is equal to that of B
12. When two forces act in opposite directions, then net force acting is the
A) Sum of two forces B) Difference between two forces
C) Both of these D) None of these
13. The strength of force is expressed by its
A) Weight B) Mass
C) Magnitude D) Longitudinal Force

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14. Leaves fall down on the ground due to

A) Electrostatic force B) Magnetic force C) Gravitational force D) Muscular force
15. State of motion is described by
A) Position of rest B) Position of motion
C) Both by the state of rest or motion D) None of these
16. When the hammer strikes the gong of an electric bell which of the following force is responsible for
the movement of hammer ?
A) Gravitational force alone B) Magnetic force alone
C) Electrostatic force alone D) Frictional force alone
17. During dry weather, while combing hair, sometimes we experience hair flying apart. the force respon-
sible for this is
A) Force of gravity B) Force of friction C) Electrostatic force D) Magnetic Force
18. A container is filled with water as shown in the given figure. Which of the following statements is
correct about pressure of water ?

A) Pressure at A > Pressure at B > Pressure at C

B) Pressure at A = Pressure at B = pressure at C
C) Pressure at A < Pressure at B > Pressure at C
D) Pressure at A < Pressure at B < Pressure at C
19. Two objects repel each other. This repulsion could be due to
A) Frictional force only B) Electrostatic force only
C) Magnetic force only D) Either a magnetic or an electrostatic force
20. Which one of the following forces is a contact force ?
A) Force of gravity B) Magnetic force C) Force of friction D) Electrostatic force
21. A brick is kept in three different ways on a table as shown in given figure. The pressure exerted by the
brick on the table will be

A) Maximum in position A B) Maximum in position C

C) Maximum in position B D) Equal in all cases

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22. A push or pull on an object is called

A) Pressure B) Push-pull C) Force D) All of the above
23. If two forces act in the opposite directions on an object the net force acting on it is the
A) Sum of the two forces B) Difference between the two forces
C) Multiplication of the two forces D) Division of the two forces
24. Which of the following id proper example (S) to explain that force on an object may change is shape
A) A ball of dough rolled into chapati B) Pressing a rubber ball kept on table
C) Making model using clay D) All of the above
25. The ball rolling on the ground slows down and finally stops. This is because of
A) Force B) Less force applied
C) Friction D) None of the above
26. Force of friction always acts on moving objects and its direction shall be _______
A) On any direction B) Along the direction of motion
C) Perpendicular to the direction of motion D) Opposite to the direction of motion
27. If in a tug-of-war, when two teams are pulling a rope and the rope does not move towards any team, it
implies that
A) Equal force is being applied in the same direction
B) Equal force is being applied in opposite direction
C) No force is applied in any direction D) Cannot be explained
28. An example of a non-contact force is
A) Force exerted by us to lift a bucket B) Push a stationary car
C) Force exerted by magnet D) Hit a cricket ball for a 6 run
29. Pressure =
A) Area / force on which it acts
B) Force / area on which it acts
C) Volume / force on which it acts
D) Force / volume on which it acts
30. Gravity is
A) Repulsive B) Attraction + Repulsive force
C) Attractive force D) Not a force

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CHAPTER - 02
FRICTION

Friction is the force opposing the relative motion between the two surfaces which are in contact with
each other. The force of friction is the contact and its acts tangential to the surface in contact. It is
always is a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the body on reversing the direction of the
body, the direction of force of friction is also reversed.

Force of f B Direction of
friction motion

Direction of Force of
motion f friction

CAUSE OF FRICTION
The force of friction arises because of interlocking of the irregular projections on the two surfaces.
Therefore the force of friction depends on the roughness of the two surfaces in contact.
KINDS OF FRICTION
I. Static Friction
The frictional force that exists between two surfaces so long as they are relatively rest when external
force acts, is called static friction.
Limiting Friction
As the external force increased, the value of static frictional force also increases upto a certain limit.
The limit of frictional force depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact.
The force of friction which opposes the surfaces just to slide one over the other, is called the limiting
friction.
II. Kinetic Friction or Sliding Friction
After the body starts just sliding over a surface (ie As the external force exceeds the limiting friction),
some force is required to maintain the motion of the body over the surface with a uniform velocity
because of the force of friction between the body and the surface. The force of friction at this stage is
called the kinetic or sliding friction. The external force required to move the body with uniform velocity
is the measure of kinetic friction.
The frictional force that exists between the two surfaces when there is a relative motion between
them is called the kinetic friction or sliding friction.
The kinetic friction is always less than the limiting friction.
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Rolling Friction
When a body rolls over a surface, the force of friction that exists between two surfaces is called
rolling friction.
For two given surfaces, the rolling of friction less than the sliding friction and the sliding friction is less
than the static friction.
Factors affecting of Friction
i) on the material of the bodies in contact
ii) on the roughness of two surfaces in contact
iii) the force of friction is independent of the area of the two surfaces in contact
Disadvantages of Friction
i) Friction in a machine produces but and undesirable noise. As one part of machine moves over the
other, some energy is used up in overcoming the force of friction. This energy dissipates in the form
of heat and sound energy.
ii) Friction causes the wear and tear of the moving parts of machine.
iii) Friction reduces the efficiency of a machine as some part of input energy is wasted in overcoming
the force of friction, so the output of machine reduces.
iv) Friction may series up the moving parts of a machine of due to excessive heat produced by if.
Way of reducing Friction
i) By the use of lubricants
ii) By the use of ball bearings
iii) By polishing
iv) By streamlining
Advantages of Friction
i) With out friction the objects would slides off the surface unless it is perfectly horizontal.
ii) Brakes in a vehicle depends on friction.
iii) We would not be able to walk if there had been no friction between the sole of our shoes and the
ground. While walking, we push obliquely on the ground and force of friction acts in the opposite
direction. The rectum of the force of friction on the foot in forward direction help us to walk.
iv) It is the friction between belt and pulley that helps in the rotation of various parts of a machine
v) Friction help in supporting a ladder inclined to a wall.

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QUESTIONS
1. A body is moving with a uniform velocity on a surface. The force of friction between the body and
surface is
A) Zero B) Static friction C) Limiting friction D) Kinetic friction
2. Which of the following has the least magnitude
A) static friction B) limiting friction C) rolling friction D) sliding friction
3. Force of friction on a body kept in the surface of a table does not depend on
A) nature of surface B) weight of body C) area of contact D) material of body
4. A body lying on a horizontal surface is acted upon by a force which is just equal to the limiting friction.
The body on the surface
A) will be moving with an increasing velocity
B) will remain stationary
C) will be just to slide
D) will be moving with a uniform velocity
5. What kinds of substances are known as lubricants
A) increases friction B) increase or decrease friction
C) decrease friction D) none of these
6. Fluids are ..........................
A) gases B) liquids
C) gases and liquids both D) none of these
7. Friction is a .....................
A) contact force B) non contact force C) magnetic force D) none of these
8. Friction can be reduced by using
A) Oil B) Grease C) Powder D) All of these
9. Static friction is less than
A) sliding friction B) rolling friction C) both A and B D) none of these
10. When ever the surfaces in contact tend to move or move with respect to earth other, the force of
friction comes into play.
A) Only if the objects are solid
B) Only if one of the two objects is liquid
C) Only if one of the two objects is gaseous
D) Irrespective of whether objects are solid, liquid or gaseous
11. To sharphen the blade of a knife by rubbing of against a surface, which of the following will be most
suitable?
A) Stone B) Plastic block C) Wooden block D) Glass block
12. Friction due to fluids is called
A) force B) pressure C) upthrust D) drag
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13. A toy is released with same initial speed will travel farthest on
A) muddy surface B) polished marble surface
C) cemented surface D) brick surface
14. If we apply oil on door hinges, the friction will
A) increase B) decrease
C) disappear altogether D) will remains unchanged
15. Force of friction depends upon
A) roughness of surface B) smoothness of surface
C) inclination of surface D) all of these
16. Which of the following is streamlined object
A) Boats B) Aeroplanes
C) Ships D) All of these
17. Which of the following activities is easier to perform on a drum of 10 kg?
A) Dragging the drum B) Lifting the drum
C) Rolling the drum D) All of the above need the same effect
18. The shape of a fish is streamlined to
A) change the direction B) increase fluid friction
C) facilitate breathing D) decrease fluid friction
19. Wheels of vehicle is stopped by using break that works on property of
A) pressure B) acceleration C) retardation D) friction
20. Why are spikes provided in the shoes of athletes?
A) as a decoration B) to increase friction
C) to decrease friction D) to give shape
21. Why are worn out tyres discarded?
22. Why is it easier for a fish to swim in water?
23. Give some examples to show that friction produces heat?
24. Why is it easier to move the box already in motion than to get it started?
25. We use ball bearings between the hub and axle of ceiling fan and bicycles. Why?
26. How brakes stop moving bicycles and automobiles?
27. Which factor affect fluid friction.
28. Why handle of cricket bat or badminton racket is rough?
29. What are the factors on which the force of friction depends?
30. When the two surfaces are pressed harder, friction increases. Explain why?

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CHAPTER - 03
SOUND

We are all familiar with sound. It is produced by a vibrating body. The to and fro or back and forth
motion of an object is called vibration. ie a vibrating body produces sound.

In humans sound is produced by the voice box or the larynx. The upper end of the windpipe that
seems to move when you swallow is known as voice box. Two vocal cords are stretched across the
larynx in such a way that it leaves a narrow slit between them for the passage of air. When the lungs
force air through the slit, the vocal cord vibrate, which results production of sound.

Sound needs a material medium for the propagation. It can travel through solid, liquid and gas. In
moon we cannot hear sound since there is no medium.

The outer part of the ear is like a funnel. When sound enters it, it travels down a cannal at the end of
which there is a thin stretched membrane called eardrum. It sends vibrations to the inner ear.

Oscillating motion is a periodic motion in which the object moves to and Fro motion in eitherside of
the mean position. Number of oscillations per second is frequency of oscillation. Its unit is hertz (Hz)

The amplitude of sound wave is the amount of maximum displacement of vibrating particles of the
medium from their mean position when sound is produced.

Loudness of sound is proportional to the square of the amplitude. Unit of loudness is decibel (dB).

The pitch or shrillness of sound is related with frequency. Higher the frequency higher is the pitch.
Lower the frequency lower is the pitch. Generally pitch of male voice is low and that of female voice
is high. Humans can detect sound in the limit 20Hz to 20,000 Hz.

The sound which is pleasing to the ear is called musical sound. While the unpleasant sound are
called noise.

The presence of excessive or unwanted sounds in the environment is called noise pollution. It may
cause lack of sleep, hypertension, anxiety etc.

Noise pollution can be controlled by using silencing devices in machines.

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QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by vibration?
2. Which part of human body produce sound?
3. Why the voice of men, women and children are different?
4. Can sound travel through vacuum?
5. What is the function of eardrum?
6. What is meant by frequency of oscillation?
7. Write down two important properties of sound?
8. What is meant by pitch or shrillness of sound?
9. What is meant by loudness of sound?
10. Write down the unit of following quantities
a) loudness b) frequency
11. What is meant by audiable limit of human?
12. Differentiate between noise and music.
13. What are the major causes of noise pollution?
14. What are the harms of noise pollution?
15. How can noise pollution be controlled?
Fill in the blanks
16. The loudness of sound depends on its ____________
17. The frequency determines the ___________ of a sound.
18. Above _______dB the noise becomes physically painful.
19. We can differentiate sounds on the basis of their _____ and _____
20. Two ____________ are stretched across the voice box.

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CHAPTER - 04
CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF
ELECTRIC CURRENT

 Conductors: Those substances which allow electricity to pass through them easily are called
conductors.
Eg: Most of the metals are conductors. Silver metal is the best conductor of electricity followed by
copper, gold and aluminium.
 Insulators: Those substances which do not allow electricity to pass through them are called insulator.
Eg: Vacuum is the best insulator. Some other examples are rubber, plastics, wood, mica, porcelain,
etc.
 Semiconductors: Those substances whose conductivity lies in between the conductors and
insulators are called semiconductor.
Eg: Silicon, germanium.
EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
 Heating effect of electric current
The wire gets hot when an eleciric current passes through it. This is the heating effect of the electric
current.
Examples: electric heater, electric iron, electric toaster.
• Filaments of an electric bulb get heated due to heating effect of electric current.
• Electric fuse works on the basis of heating effect of electric current.
Magnetic effect of electric current
A moving magnet can generate an electric current. Also electric current can produce a magnetic
effect.A coil, through which when an electric current flows behave like a magnet with its two poles.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Electrical conductivity is a measure of the ability of a substance to carry electric current. Substances
that are good conductors of electricity have high electrical conductivity as compared to substances
that are poor electrical conductors.
Do Liquids Conduct Electricity?
Some liquids, but not all, are also good conductors of electricity.
Conductivity of water:
Pure water is a poor conductor of electricity. But the water that we obtain in our houses is not pure
water. Generally, water (tap water, hand pump water, pond water, well water, etc.) contains a lot of
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impurities, most of which are usually dissolved salts. The presence of even a small amount of
impurity makes water a good conductor of electricity. So, we should never handle electrical
appliances with wet hands or while standing on a wet floor.
• Distilled water is free of salts and is a poor conductor.
• Common salt, when dissolved in distilled water, makes it a good conductor.
Conductivity of other liquids:
Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of acids, bases and salts.
Lemon juice can conduct electricity. It contains an acid called citric acid. To test the electrical conductivity
of lemon juice, we can arrange four to five lemons using strips of copper and zinc, a few alligator
clips and connecting wires. The electricity produced, although not very strong, is enough to light an
LED.

• Under certain conditions most materials can conduct. That is why it is preferable to classify materials
as good conductors and poor conductors instead of classifying as conductors and insulators.
Good/Poor Conducting Liquids

Chemical effect of electric current

When an electric current is passed through water containing sulphuric acid, the water breaks up in to
its components hydrogen and oxygen.Therefore an electric current can cause a chemical Change.
• The passage of an electric current through a conducting solution causes chemical reactions.
As a result, bubbles of a gas may be formed on the electrodes. Deposits of metal may be
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seen on electrodes. Changes of colour of solutions may occur. The reaction would depend on
what solution and electrodes are used.

• A solution of a chemical compound which conducts electric current and at the same time undergoes
a chemical change is called electrolyte. Eg: common salt solution, acqueous solution of all acids,
acqueous solutions of all alkalis etc.
• The process due to which a solution of a chemical compound conducts electric current and at the
same time undergoes a chemical change is called electrolysis.
• The metal wires/plates through which electric current enters or leaves an electrolyte are called
electrodes.
• The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the cell/battery is called cathode.
• The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the cell/battery is called anode.
ELECTROPLATING:
The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity is
called electroplating. It is one of the most common applications of chemical effects of electric current.
• The metal which is to be electroplated is made cathode.
• The metal to be deposited is made anode.
• The soluble salt of the same metal serves as the electrolyte.

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 A beaker contains an acidified copper sulphate solution. Two copper plate are kept in this copper
sulphate solution. One of the copper plates is connected to the positive terminal of a battery whereas
the other is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. What will you observe when an electric
current is passed through this set-up for a considerable time?

When electric current is passed through the copper sulphate solution, copper sulphate dissociates
into copper and sulphate. The free copper gets drawn to the electrode connected to the negative
terminal of the battery and gets deposited on it. From the other electrode, a copper plate, an equal
amount of copper gets dissolved in the solution. Thus, the loss of copper from the solution is restored
and the process continues. This means that copper gets transferred from one electrode to the other.
 A beaker contains an acidified copper sulphate solution. A copper plate and a carbon rod are kept in
this copper sulphate solution. The copper plate is connected to the positive terminal of a battery
whereas the carbon rod is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. What will you observe
when an electric current is passed through this set-up for a considerable time?
When electricity is passed through the solution copper ions deposits on the negative electrode. Thus
a red-brown layer of copper metal will be deposited on the carbon rod connected to the negative
terminal of the battery. (coating of copper on carbon rod).
• Electroplating is a very useful process. It is widely used in industry for coating metal objects with a
thin layer of a different metal.
• The layer of metal deposited has some desired property, which the metal of the object lacks.
SOME APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROPLATING:
• Chromium plating is done on many objects such as car parts, bath taps, kitchen gas burners, bicycle
handlebars, wheel rims and many others.
Chromium has a shiny appearance. It does not corrode. It resists scratches. However, chromium is
expensive and it may not be economical to make the whole object out of chromium. So the object is
made from a cheaper metal and only a coating of chromium over it is deposited.
• Jewellery makers electroplate silver and gold on less expensive metals. These ornaments have the
appearance of silver or gold but are much less expensive.
• Tin cans, used for storing food, are made by electroplating tin onto iron. Tin is less reactive than iron.
Thus, food does not come into contact with iron and is protected from getting spoilt.
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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

• Iron is used in bridges and automobiles to provide strength. However, iron tends to corrode and rust.
So, a coating of zinc is deposited on iron to protect it from corrosion and formation of rust.

 Electroplating is widely used in industry for coating metal objects with a thin layer of a different metal.
The layer of metal deposited has some desired property, which the metal of the object lacks. Give an
example to justify the above statement.

Chromium plating is done on many objects such as car parts, bath taps, kitchen gas burners, bicycle
handlebars, wheel rims and many others. Chromium has a shiny appearance. It does not corrode. It
resists scratches. However, chromium is expensive and it may not be economical to make the
whole object out of chromium. So the object is made from a cheaper metal and only a coating of
chromium over it is deposited.

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QUESTIONS

1. In an activity to check the conduction of electricity through two liquids labelled A and B by using a bulb,
it is observed that the bulb glows brightly for liquid A while it glows very dimly for liquid B.
A) Liquid A is a better conductor than liquid B
B) Liquid B is a better conductor than liquid A
C) Both liquids are equally conducting
D) Conducting properties of liquids cannot be compared in this manner.
2. If plus sign (+) denotes the positive electrode and minus sign (-) denotes the negative electrode, then
which of the following statement is correct for an iron spoon to be copper-plated?
A) Iron spoon (+), copperplate (-), Iron sulphate electrolyte
B) Iron spoon (-), copperplate (+), Iron sulphate electrolyte
C) Copperplate (-), iron spoon (+), copper sulphate electrolyte
D) Copperplate (+), iron spoon (-), copper sulphate electrolyte
3. Which of the following does not conduct electricity?
A) Vinegar solution B) Sugar solution
C) Lemon juice solution D) Tap water
4. Which of the following effects is produces by the chemical reactions brought about by electric current?
A) Bubbles of gases on electrodes B) Deposits of metal on electrodes
C) Change in colour of the solution D) All of these
5. To obtain a coating of silver metal on a flower vase made of copper, the electrolyte has to be:
A) Silver nitrate solution B) Copper nitrate solution
C) Sodium nitrate solution D) Copper sulphate solution
6. Electroplating is based on
A) Magnetic effect of electricity B) Chemical effect of electricity
C) Heating effect of electricity D) Physical effect of electricity
7. Electroplating prevents
A) Current B) Chemical effect of electric current
C) Rusting D) None of these
8. An electric lamp glows due to
A) Chemical effect B) Magnetic effect
C) Heating effect D) none of these
9. An electrolyte is
A) a metal B) a solution
C) a liquid that conducts current D) all of above

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

10. The materials, which allow electric current to pass through them, are

A) insulators B) poor conductors

C) good conductors D) none of these

11. Copper wire is a

A) Good conductor B) Poor conductor

C) Both a and b D) None of this

12. The metal wires/plates through which electric current enters or leaves an electrolyte are called

A) electrodes B) anion

C) cation D) none of these

13. There are two leads attached to an LED. One lead is slightly longer than the other. While connecting
to a circuit,

A) the longer lead is always connected to the negative terminal of the battery

B) the shorter lead is always connected to the positive terminal of the battery

C) the longer lead is always connected to the positive terminal of the battery

D) both leads are always connected together

14. Which of the following statements is/are false?

A) Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of acids, bases and salts.

B) The passage of an electric current through a conducting solution causes a chemical effect.

C) When an electric current is passed through distilled water, hydrogen and oxygen are formed.

D) LED light sources consume less electricity and have longer lifetime than light bulbs and fluorescent
tubes.

15. Match the following:

Column A Column B
1) Filament lamp P) Chemical effect of electric current
2) Electric bell Q) Poor conductor
3) Electroplating R) Heating effect of electric current
4) Distilled water S) Magnetic effect of electric current

A) 1-S, 2-R, 3-P, 4-Q B) 1-S, 2-P, 3-R, 4-Q

C) 1-P, 2-S, 3-R, 4-Q D) 1-R, 2-S, 3-P, 4-Q

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16. Non-metals are generally non-conductors of electricity. The non-metal whose one of the forms can be
used to make electrodes in electrolysis experiment is:
A) Iodine B) Carbon
C) Silicon D) Phosphorus
17. The decomposition produced by passing a current through a conducting liquid is called:
A) Dialysis B) Hydrolysis
C) Electrolysis D) Electroplating
18. Boojho’s uncle has set up an electroplating factory near his village. He should dispose off the waste of
the factory
A) In the nearby river
B) In the nearby pond
C) In the nearby cornfield.
D) According to the disposal guidelines of the local authority.
19. Name the metal which is usually electroplated on car parts such as bumpers and bicycle handlebars
made of steel.
A) Nickel B) Aluminium
C) Chromium D) copper
20. Paheli had heard that rainwater is as good as distilled water. So she collected some rainwater in a
clean glass tumbler and tested it using a tester. To her surprise she found that the compass needle
showed deflection. What could be the reasons?
21. Will the solution of sugar in distilled water conduct electricity?
22. Why it is dangerous to touch electrical appliances with wet hands?
23. What is chemical effect of electricity? Give some examples of chemical effects.
24. The ordinary water conduct electricity while distilled water does not. Why?
25. Why do we need magnetic compass to test the conduction of electric current?
26. Define electroplating. What are the applications of electroplating?
27. Write an activity to show that a liquid conducts electricity.
28. Why LED is preferred over light bulbs and fluorescent tubes?
29. For purification of copper, a thin plate of pure copper and a thick rod of impure copper are used as
electrodes. Copper from impure rod is sought to be transferred to the thin copper plate. Which electrode
should be attached to the positive terminal of the battery and why? Which solution is used as electrolyte?
30. How can you make a tester for testing whether a given material is a conductor or an insulator? You are
asked to test the conductivity of a liquid using this tester. The liquid is a conductor and the circuit is
also complete, but the bulb does not glow. Why?

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER - 01
COAL AND PETROLEUM

There are various materials that are for our basic needs. Some of them are found in nature, while
others are made by human effort. Energy can be extracted from natural resources in many forms, and
it can be transferred from one body to another in form of heat or work. Some different types of
energies are:
 Mechanical energy
 Chemical energy
 Thermal energy
 Nuclear energy
 Solar energy
 Wind energy
 Sound energy
 Electrical energy
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to
another.
Eg: In Microphone: Sound energy is converted to electrical energy.
In the light of the availability of various resources in nature, natural resources can be broadly classified
into two kinds:
(i) Inexhaustible Natural Resources:
(ii) Exhaustible Natural Resources:
(i) Inexhaustible Natural Resources:
These are Renewable natural resources are present in unlimited quantity in nature and will not be
exhausted even after extensive use.
Eg: Sunlight, wind.
(ii) Exhaustible Natural Resources:
These are Non-Renewable natural resources are present in limited quantity in nature, those that are
found in small amounts in nature and would be exhausted if used continuously.
Eg: Coal, petroleum.
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FUELS

A fuel is a substance, which burns In air to produce energy without releasing harmful gases in large
quantities.
Fuels can be classified as natural (primary) fuels and derived (secondary) fuels. If a fuel Is present in
its natural state, it is called natural fuel. If a fuel is processed to improve its quality, it Is called derived
fuel.
Characteristics of an ideal fuel
(1) It should have a high calorific value.
(2) It should not cause any pollution or should not produce harmful gases on combustion.
(3) It should be of low cost and easily available.
(4) It should be easy to handle, store and transport.
(5) It should have moderate ignition temperature.
(6) It should have moderate rate of combustion.
FOSSIL FUELS
Exhaustible natural resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas were formed from the dead remains
of living organism (fossils). So, these are called fossil fuels. Coal and petroleum are very important
natural resources. They are found in the earth's crust. Energy stored in fossil fuels are derived from
decayed animals and plants that exist for millions of years.
Coal
Coal is a complex mixture of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen compounds. It is found in coal mines
deep under the surface of earth. Under high pressure and temperature, the dead vegetation gets
converted into coal. This process is called as carbonisation.

Peat
Peat is a dark fibrous fuel composes of partly decomposed plant matter. It is the first stage in the
formation of coal.

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

1) Coke:
Contains 98 % carbon. It is porous, tough, black and the purest form of coal. Like charcoal, it Is a
good fuel and burns without smoke. It is largely employed as a reducing agent in the extraction of
metals from their ores. It is also used in making fuel gases like water gas and producer gas.
(2) Coal tar (liquid):
Coal tar is a mixture of different carbon compounds. It thick, black liquid with unpleasant smell. The
fractional distillation of coal tar gives many chemical substances which are used in the preparation of
dyes, explosives, paints, synthetics fibers, drugs, and pesticides. Some of these chemical substances
are benzene, toluene, phenol and aniline. Naphthalene balls used to repel moth and other insects are
also obtained from coal tar.
Note: These days bitumen a petroleum product is used in place of coal tar for metalling the roads.
(3) Coal Gas:
Coal gas is mainly a mixture of hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. The gases present in coal
gas are combustible and hence, it is an excellent fuel. It has high calorific value. It was used for
lighting houses, factories and streets in Mumbai until 1950. It was also used for cooling earlier.
PETROLEUM
It is dark brownish to green coloured viscous liquid fossil fuel. It has strong foul smell due to the
presence of sulphur containing compounds in it. It is commonly called as crude oil. The economy of
a nation depends to a great extent on petroleum wealth, that's why petroleum is called the black gold.
Its name is derived from Latin words Petra (meaning rock) and Oleum. (meaning oil). Thus, petroleum
literally means "rock oil".
Origin of petroleum:
Petroleum is a complex mixture of solid, liquid and hydrocarbons, mixed with salt water and earthy
particles. It is always found trapped between two impervious rocks. It is believed that petroleum is
formed by the anaerobic decomposition of extremely small sea animals and plants which got buried
in the sea bed millions of years ago.

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Occurrence of petroleum:
Petroleum occurs at a moderate depth (500 m to 200 m) between the 2 layers of impervious rocks.
The petroleum is lighter than It water & hence, floats over it. Natural gas is found above petroleum,
trapped between the rock cap & petroleum layer.
Drilling of oil wells:
The hole is drilled in the Earth's crust & when it reached the rock cap, the natural gas comes out first
with a great pressure. When the pressure of gas subsides, petroleum starts flowing out due to the
pressure of natural gas..
Oil Refining or Fractional Distillation
Oil refining or fractional distillation is the process of separating liquids with different boiling points at
different temperatures using fractional columns.

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NATURAL GAS

Natural gas is a colourless, odourless fossil fuel, which is transported through pipes from one place
to another. Natural gas was formed millions of years ago along with petroleum when microscopic
sea plants & animals died & got buried under the sand & mud. These plants & animals under anaerobic
conditions changed to gas.

Composition

It consist mainly of methane (about 85%), ethane (about 10%) propane (about 3%) and butane when
natural gas is compressed at high pressure then it is called CNG (compressed natural gas).
CNG is used for power generation.

It is now being used as a fuel for transport vehicles because it is less polluting. The great advantage
of CNG is that it can be used directly for burning in homes and factories where it can be supplied
through pipes. Such network of pipeline exists in Vadodara (Gujarat) and some parts of Delhi. Natural
gas are found in parts of Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh.

Why petroleum is also known as black gold?

Many useful substances are obtained from petroleum which can be used for the manufacture of
detergents, fibers (polyester, nylon, acrylic etc.) polyethene and many other plastics.

Due to its great commercial importance, petroleum is also called Black Gold..

Conservation of fossil fuels

It is believed that it took millions of years for the dead organisms to change into coal, petroleum or
natural gas. Furthermore, their known reserves are limited. Another problem with fossil fuels is that
they are steadily increasing air, pollution, their use is linked to global warming. So, it is important that
we use fuels only when it is absolutely necessary. try this way, we can save these fuels for the
Manufacture of many substances which are dependent on petrochemicals.

For energy purpose, we must look for alternative sources, such as solar energy, tidal energy, wind
energy, etc. Furthermore, fossil fuels will be available to future generations for more useful products.

In India, the Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) offers the following tips to
conserve petrol & diesel while driving.

(1) Drive at a constant & moderate speed as far as possible. Driving at a high speed or slow speed
wastes a lot of fuel.

(2) Switch off engine if you have to wait at traffic lights or for any other reason.

(3) Check the tyre pressure regularly, low pressure or too high pressure waste fuel.

(4) Make sure that you send your vehicle to garage for regular maintenance.

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QUESTIONS
1. Minerals are
A) natural resources
B) inexhaustible natural resources
C) exhaustible natural resources
D) all of these
2. Petroleum is mainly a mixture of which one of the following class?
A) Carbohydrates B) Carbogens
C) Hydrocarbons D) Alcohols
3. Which one of the following is a petrochemical?
A) Ammonia B) Coke
C) Acetone D) Paraffin wax
4. Conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called
A) carbonisation B) distillation
C) coal gas D) natural gas
5. Full form of LPG
A) Light Petroleum Gas B) Liquefied Petroleum Gas
C) Long Pipe of Gas D) Long Petroleum Gas
6. A natural gas stored under high pressure is called
A) CNG B) LPG C) KLG D) PNP
7. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of road
A) Peat B) Lignite
C) Anthracite D) Bituminous
8. The mining of oil under sea is termed as
A) distillation B) carbonisation
C) shore mining D) destructive distillation
9. Main constituent of LPG is
A) methane B) butane
C) ethane D) propane
10. Least polluting fuel for vehicles is
A) coke B) kerosene
C) diesel D) CNG

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11. PCRA stands for

A) Public Conservations Research Association
B) Petroleum Conservation Research Association
C) Public Council of Research Association
D) Partial Counting of remaining Amendment
12. Which of the following is obtained from coal tar
A) Petrol B) Coke
C) Air D) Naphthalene balls
13. Inexhaustible natural resources in nature are
A) limited B) Unlimited
C) Scarce D) Not present
14. Which of the following is an exhaustible natural resource?
A) Air B) Water C) Soil D) forest
15. Coal is ________in nature
A) Soft B) Hard C) Thin D) Hot
16. Coal is produced in industry to get
A) Coke B) Coal tar
C) Coal gas D) All of these
17. Petroleum is formed from
A) Domestic animals B) Organisms in sea
C) Wild animals D) Insects
18. Refining is
A) Extracting petroleum gas
B) Separation of various fractions of petroleum
C) Heating of coal
D) Sedimentation of fossil fuel
19. In India, vast reserves of natural gas are found in
A) Tripura B) Rajasthan
C) Maharashtra D) All of these
20. What is called black gold?
A) Petroleum B) Coal
C) Coal Tar D) Natural gas

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21.
Column A Column B
Petroleum Provide more heat on burning
Coal Carbon
Oil refinery Insoluble in water
Good fuels Wood
Coke Barauni
Fuels Produce more energy
CNG Petroleum product
Bitumen Non-polluting fuel

22. Coke is formed when coal is heated in ………….. of air.

23. Coal and petroleum sources are …………..

24. Natural gas, petroleum and coal are …………..

25. Pencil lead is made from …………..

True or False

26. CNG stands for combined natural gas.

27. A good fuel must leave very little ash after burning

28. What is fuel?

29. Define fossil fuels. Give examples.

30. Define the term petrochemicals

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

BIOLOGY

CHAPTER -01
CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

Living organism need energy for existence and for performing their normal functions. These energy is
obtained from food. Plants make their own food, so called Autotrophs. While animals directly or in-
directly depends plant for their food, so called Heterotrophs. To provide food for a large population,
regular production, proper management and proper distribution is necessary.

Agriculture is derived from Latin words ‘Ager’ and ‘Cultura’. Ager means land or field and cultura
means cultivation. Therefore the term agriculture means cultivation of land, i.e. the science and art of
producing crops and live stock for economic purposes.

Agriculture

Cultivation soil for growing crops and nurturing animals to provide food and other products.

Crop:- When plant of same kind are cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop.

eg: crop of wheat means that all the plants grown in a field are that of wheat.

Types of Crops

There are three types of crops-

* Kharif crops

* Rabi crops

* Zaid crops

 Kharif Crops:- The crop which are grown in rainy season are called Kharif crops. They are sown in
June-July and harvested in September - October.

eg: Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut and cotton.

 Rabi Crops:- The crop which are grown in winter season are called Rabi crops. They are sown in
October-November and harvested in March-April.

eg: Wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed.

 Zaid Crops:- The crop which are grown in summer season are called Zaid crops. They are sown in
March and harvested in June.

eg: Seasonal fruits and vegetables like water melon, cucumber etc...

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Agricultural Practices
The various steps involves to grow crops and storing the crop grain is referred to us agricultural
practices. It involves:-
* Preparation of Soil
* Sowing
* Adding manure and fertilizers
* Irrigation
* Protecting from weeds
* Harvesting
* Storage
I. Preparation of Soil
The process of loosening and turning of the soli is called tilling or ploughing.
Crumbs:- The big pieces of soil found in the ploughed field is called crumbs.
 Significance of Soil Preparation
* Roots are able to breathe and penetrate deep into the soil.
* Nutrients deep in the soil come to the top layer of the soil which support growth and nourishment of
plants.
* Promote the growth of microorganisms like earth worms and microbes who further turn soil and add
humus.
* Ploughing is done with the help of various tools. They are ‘Plough Hoe’, and ‘Cultivator’
 Plough
* For tilling the soil
* Adding fertilisers to the crops
* Removing the weeds
* Turning the soil
* The structure of plough has two main parts called ‘Ploughshare’ and ‘Plough shaft’.
 Hoe
* For removing weeds
* Loosening the soil
* It has a long rod of wood or iron
* A strong, board and bent plate of iron is fixed to one of its ends and work like a blade.
 Cultivator
* It is done by tractor-driven cultivator
* It saves labour and time
II. Sowing
* Selecting of good quality seed
* Good seeds are clean, healthy, good variety and give high yield.

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

Tools used:-
* Traditional tool - It is like a funnel.
* Seed drill - sows with the help of tractors
Advantages of Seed Drill
* This sows the seeds uniformly at equal distance and depth
* It ensures that the seed get covered by the soil after sowing
* This protects seeds from being eaten by birds.
* It saves time and labour
III. Adding Manure and Fertilizers
* The substance which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are
called manure and fertilisers.
 Manure
It contains organic matter and some nutrients
Organic matter is decomposed animal excreta and plant waste
Types
Based on material they are of three types:-
Compost:- Farmers dump plant and animal waste in pits at open places and allow it to decompose.
The decomposition is caused by some micro-organisms. The decomposed matter is used as organic
manure called compost.
Vermi-Compost:- Farmers dump plant waste in pits at open places and allow it to decompose. The
decomposition is caused by some micro-organisms like earthworms. This decomposed matter turns
to organic matter called Vermi-compost.
Green Manure:- Fast growing plants mulged soil by ploughing. They decompost and became green
manure.
* Manure provides lot of organic matter which makes soil porous
* It increases soil fertility by increasing the number of friendly microbes
* It provides some nutrients, so it improves the texture of soil
* As it is made from waste products, so environment is cleaned
* It enhances the wastes holding capacity of the soil
Chemical Fertilizer
* Fertilisers provide large amount of nutrients and ensure better growth of plants.
* Some examples of chemical fertilisers are:- Urea, Ammonium sulphate, Potash, NPK (Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium), Super phosphate.
* Fertilisers provide large amount of nutrients and ensure better growth of plants
Disadvantages of Fertilizers
Fertilizers being chemical and can harm the micro-organisms and insect in the soil
Fertilizers get washed away by water easily and cause pollution
Excessive use of fertilizers for a long period of time can damage fertility
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Fertilizers do not provide much organic matter

They provides only short term benefits
Differences

Ma nure Che m ica l Fe rtilize rs

Easily made using animal and
1 Made in factories
plants
No harmful effects, they are fully
2 Side effects as it is chemical
natural
3 Provides mainly organic matter Provide mainly nutrients
4 Good for long term soil fertility Good for short term benefits
Very effective in obtaining fast
5 Not as effective as fertilizers
results
Manure provides a lot of humus to A fertilizer does not provide any
6
the soil humus to the soil

Crop Rotation
Growing different crops alternatively after another in the same land
eg:- legumes in one season and wheat in another season.
It helps in the replenishment of the soil with nutrients and thus maintains the fertility of the soil
IV. Irrigation
* The supply of water to crops at regular intervals is called irrigation.
* Plants need water for proper growth and development of flower, fruits etc.
* Plant root absorbes water along with minerals and fertilizers
* Water is essential for transportation of nutrients
* Water protects the plant from frost and hot air current
* Healthy plant contain 90% of water
* Water is essential for germination of seeds
Irrigation are of two types
Traditional Method of Irrigation
Modern Method of Irrigation
Traditional Method of Irrigation
Types:
* Moat or pulley system
* Chain pump
* Dhekli
* Rahat
Modern Method of Irrigation
Types:
* Sprinkler system
* Drip system

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

Sprinkler System: This system is more useful on the water is not available.
* The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main pipeline at regular
intervals
* When water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with the help of a pump, it
escapes from the rotating nozzles
* It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it is raining.

* Sprinkler is very useful for lawns, coffee plantation and several other crops
Drip System:- In this system, the water falls drop by drop directly near the roots.
* It is the best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees. Water is not wasted at all.
* It is a boon in region where availability of water is poor
V. Protecting from Weeds
Weeds:- The unwanted plant which grow along with a cultivated crop is called weeds.
Weeding: The process of removing weeds from crop field is called weeding
* Weeding is necessary because weeds complete with the crop plant for water, nutrients, space and
light. Thus they affect the growth of the crop.
* The best time for the removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds.
* The manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the
ground.
* Weeds are also controlled by using certain chemicals, called weedicides like 2 ,4-D.
VI. Harvesting
Harvesting of a crop is an important task. The cutting of crop after it is mature is called harvesting.
* In harvesting, crops are pulled out or cut close to the ground.
* Harvesting is done manually by sickle or by machine called harvester.
* Threshing: The process of beating out the grains from the harvested crop plant is called threshing.
* Winnowing: The process of separating grains from chaff and hay with the help of wind is called
winnowing.
VII. Storage
The fresh food grains obtained by harvesting the crops are dried in the sunshine, to reduce their
moisture.
Farmers store grains in jute bags or metallic bins. However, large scale storage of grains is done in
silos and granaries to protect them from pests like rats and insects.
Dried neem leaves are used for storing food grains at home.
Animal Husbandry
The food obtained from animals is very rich in protein. The branch of agriculture which deals with the
feeding, shelter, health and breeding of domestic animals is called animal Husbandry.

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QUESTIONS
1. When plants of the same kinds are cultivated at one place on large scale. It is called:
A) Food B) Crop C) Production D) Cultivation
2. What is correct about Kharif crop:
A) It is a rainy season crop
B) Paddy, maize and cotton are example
C) They are generally sown in June and harvested in September
D) All the above are correct
3. Find out the mismatched one?
A) Wheat - Rabi crop
B) Soyabean - Rabi crop
C) Fruits - Zaid crop
D) Ground nut - Kharif crop
4. Which of the following is an example for agricultural practices?
A) Sowing B) Irrigation C) Harvesting D) All of these
5. Match the Column I with Column II
Column I Column II
1) Soyabean i) Preparation of soil
2) Pulses and vegetables ii) Hoe
3) Plough iii) Summer season crop
4) Removing weeds and loosening soil iv) Rainy season crop
A) 1-iv; 2-iii; 3-i; 4-ii B) 1-iii; 2-iv; 3-ii; 4-i
C) 1-iii; 2-i; 3-iv; 4-ii D) 1-ii; 2-i; 3-iii; 4-v
6. Among the following which is the first step of agricultural practices before growing crop.
A) Sowing B) Preparation of soil
C) Harvesting D) Adding manure
7. Process of loosening and turning of the soil is called
A) Tilling B) Sowing C) Ploughing D) Both A & C
8. The significance of seed drill is:
A) Sows the seed uniformly at equal distance
B) Ensure the seed get covered with soil
C) Protect seed from being eaten by birds
D) All of the above

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

9. Appropriate distance of seed is necessary for

A) Avoiding overcrowding B) For getting sufficient light
C) For obtaining nutrient and water D) All of the above
10. Farmers replenish the lost soil nutrient by adding:
A) Manure B) Fertilizers C) Both A & B D) Seeds
11. The type organic manure decomposed by earth worm is
A) Compost B) Vermicompost C) Green manure D) All of these
12. Urea and N.P.K are examples for
A) Chemical fertilizers B) manure
C) Farmyard manure D) Green manure
13. The bacteria that live in the root nodules of leguminous plant is
A) Salmonella B) Rhizobium C) Frankia D) All of the above
14. Choose the correctly matched pair from the following
A) Ammonium sulphate - Manure
B) Crop rotation - growing crop in row
C) Moat - Traditional irrigation
D) Drip system - Rahat
15. Which one of the following is the best technique for watering coffee plantations?
A) pully system B) drip system
C) liver system D) sprinkler system
16. The undesirable plants that grow naturally along with crop plant is called
A) Manure B) Sapling C) Weeds D) Farm plants
17. 2,4-D is an example for
A) Fertilizer B) Manure C) Weedicides D) Pesticides
18. Which of the following is a modern method of irrigation system
A) Dhekli B) Rahat C) Moat D) Sprinkler system
19. Which system is considered as a boon if water availability is poor
A) Liver system B) Drip system C) Pully system D) Sprinkler system
20. Cutting of crop after its maturity is called
A) Cropping B) Weeding C) Storage D) Harvesting
21. Combine is used in;
A) Threshing B) Winnowing
C) Weeding D) Sowing

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22. Farmers with small holding of land area separate grain from chaff by
A) Weeding B) Harvesting C) Winnowing D) Threshing
23. Among the following the harvest festivals is or are
A) Pongal B) Baisakhi C) Nabanya D) All of the above
24. In which of the following store structure where food grains are stored
A) Silos B) Jute bags
C) Granaries D) All of the above
25. Leaves of which plant is used at the time of storing to avoid pests.
A) Rose leaves B) Tea leaves
C) Neem leaves D) Banana leaves
26. Code liver oil from fish is good source of:
A) Vitamin D B) Vitamin B C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin A
27. Match this column I with II
I) Gree revolution - 1) Related to milk production
II) Blue revolution - 2) Related to oil production
III) White revolution - 3) Related to food production
IV) Yellow revolution - 4) Related to fish production
A) I-3; II=4; III-1; IV-2 B) I-2; II-4; III-1; IV-3
C) I-2; II-1; III-3; IV-4 D) I-4; II-3; III-2; IV-1
28. Which among the following are the significance of manure
A) Improve soil texture B) increase water retaining capacity
C) Replenish soil nutrients D) All of the above
29. The best time for the removal of weeds is
A) Before flower production B) Before seed of weed germinate
C) Before adding manure D) Before harvesting
30. Which is wrong about fertilizers
A) Fertilizers are rich in plant nutrient
B) Fertilizers provides a lote of humus to the soil
C) Fertilizers are prepared in factories
D) Fertilizers are man-made inorganic salt

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CHAPTER - 02
MICROORGANISMS: FRIEND AND FOE

MICROORGANISMS
Definition:

* Living organisms around us which we normally cannot see are called microorganisms or microbes

* Mircoorganisms can be seen only with the help of microscope

* Mircobiology: The branch of science that deals with the study of microorganisms

* Father of microbiology - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Eg: During the rainy season, moist bread gets spoilt and its surface gets covered with greyish white
patches. These greyish white patches are nothing but microorganism

Activity 2.1 page no. 17 ref. text book

Collect some moist soil from the field in a beaker and add water to it. After the soil particles have
settled down, observe a drop of water from the beaker under a mircoscope.
Observation:
We see numerous moving organism. The moving organism seen here is chlamydomonas
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Activity 2.2 page no. 17 ref. text book

Take a few drops of water from a pond. Spread on a glass slide and observe through a microscope.
Observation:
We see numerous green filamentous algae spirogyra along with other organisms such as
paramaecium.

Classification
Mircoorganisms are classified into 5 groups:
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Algae
Protozoans
VIRUS
Discovered by Ivanovsky
Viruses show both living and non-living characters. So it is considered as connecting link between
living and non-living organism.
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Non-living characters:
Cell wall, organelles ,cytoplasm etc are absent. They cannot multiply on their own when present freely
in environment . They do not respire.
Living characters
* They contain genetic material(DNA or RNA). They reproduce only inside the living organism. They
responds to stimuli. They can mutate and change characteristics.
* They reproduce only inside the host organism which may be a bacterium, plant or animal.
* Virus infecting bacteria are called Bacteriophage.
* Study of viruses is called Virology.
* Diseases caused by viruses are common cold, influenza(flu), most coughs, AIDS , polio, chicken
pox, Covid-19, Nipah etc.

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BACTERIA
* Prokaryotic and unicellular organism
* They have cell wall
* Study of bacteria- Bacteriology
* Bacteria occur in different shapes:
1) Spherical bacteria are called cocci
2) Rod like bacteria are called bacilli
3) Spiral shaped are called spirilla
4) Comma shaped are called vibrio
* Diseases caused by bacteria are cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, diarrhoea,leprosy, diphtheria, tetanus
etc.
* They show asexual and sexual reproduction

Fungi
* Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.
* Saprophytic or parasitic organism(heterotrophic).
* Asexual as well as sexual reproduction
* Eg:Unicellular- Yeast, mildew
Multicellular- Pencillium, aspergillus, bread mould, mushroom
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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

* Disease caused by fungi are athletes foot, ringworm, aspergillosis, mucormycosis (black fungus
infection).

Algae
* Algae are simple plant-like organism, unicellular or multicellular
* Algae are eukaryotic and autotrophic
* Some are parasitic
* Some live in symbiotic association.(Algae with fungi-Lichen)
* Show both sexual and asexual reproduction
* They float on the surface of ponds, lakes, rivers etc.
* They are mostly found in water and in moist places.
* Phycology / Algology: Branch of botany deals with the study of algae .
* Diseases caused by algae are leaf spot, red rust( in plants)etc. Algal bloom cause harm to humans
* Eg: Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Fucus, Sargassum etc.

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Protozoa
* Study of protozoa - Protozoology
* They are found in ditches, ponds and on the surface of leaves of aquatic plants
* Single celled organism
* Some are free living ,others are parasites
Eg; Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, entamoeba, plasmodium, trypanosomaetc.
* Disease caused by Protozoa are amoebic dysentery, malaria, trypanosomiasis etc.

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Habitat of micro organisms

* They are found everywhere i.e.in air ,soil, marshy lands, deserts, water, hot springs, snow foods,
sewage, wastes etc.
* They are found from hot springs to snow of polar region

* Some micro organisms are parasites Eg: Plasmodium.

* Some micro organismsassociated with other organism and both of them are mutually benefitted,are
called symbionts. This relationship is called symbiotic relationship.
Eg: Lichen , Rhizobium bacteria in pea plant (legumes).
* Some micro organism grow on dead decaying matter are called saprophytes. eg: bacteria, fungi,
mushrooms ,mould etc.
* Some are free living .eg: paramecium , amoeba etc.

* Some are friendly but others are harmful.

Friendly micro organisms
* They are used for cleaning the environment, preparation of medicines, increasing soil fertility

* They are used in the preparation of curd, bread ,and cake

* The bacterium, Lactobacillus converts milk into curd

* Bacteria helps in the preparation of cheese ,pickles and many other food items

* Bacteria and Yeast are helpful for fermentation of rice idlis and dosa batter

* Yeast is used in the baking industry for the preparation of breads, pastries, cakes etc.
Activity 2.3 page no. 20 ref. text book
Take half kg of flour (atta, or maida), add some sugar and mix with warm water .Add a small amount
of yeast powder and knead to make a soft dough.
Observation
Yeast reproduces rapidly in the flour.The flour swells up and increases its volume due to the conversion
of sugar into ethyl alcohol and CO2. This gas get trapped in the flour and the volume increases.

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Uses of microorganisms
Commercial:-
* Yeast is used for the large scale production of alcohol, wine, vinegar(acetic acid).
* Its is grown on natural sugars in grains like barley, rice, wheat and crushed fruit juices

Activity 2.4 page no. 20 ref. text book

Take a 500ml beaker. Fill the ¾ of the beaker with water. Dissolve 2-3 teaspoons of sugar in it. Add half
spoon of yeast powder to the sugar solution. Keep it covered in a warm place upto 4-5 hours. Now
smell the solution.
Observation
A foul smell comes from the solution. This is because the sugar is converted into the alcohol by the
yeast through the process of fermentation.
* The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol (by anaerobic respiration) is called fermentation.
* Fermentation is discovered by Louis Pasteur in 1857.
Medicinal:-
Antibiotics - These are chemicals that kill or stop the growth of disease -causing microorganism
* Many well -known antibiotics are obtained from bacteria and fungi.
Eg: streptomycin ,tetracycline, erythromycin ,gramicidin etc.
* The green algae Chlorella yield an important antibiotic called Chlorellin.
* The development of antibiotics began with the discovery of Penicillin by Sir Alexander Flemming in
1928.
* Penicillin is obtained from the fungus Penicillium notatum.
* Antibiotics are mixed with feed of livestock and poultry to prevent microbial infection.
* It is used to control many plant disease.
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Vaccine:-
* When a disease-carrying microbe enters our healthy body, the body produces antibodies, body fights
and kills them by these antibodies.
* The body also remembers how to fight the microbe if it enters again.
* The antibodies remain in the body for a long time and protect us from the disease causing microbes
* The substance which is injected into the body to trigger the body to intiate this entire process is called
a vaccine.
* Vaccination is the process in which vaccine is given to improve the immunity of the body against a
specific disease or injection of dead or weakened organism that forms immunity against that organism
in our body
* Edward Jenner invented the vaccination for small pox.
Important Vaccines:
1. OPV(Oral Polio Vaccine) - Polio
2. BCG(Bacillus Calmette Gourine) - Tuberculosis
3. Covaxin, Covishield, Pfizer, Sputnik, Covid-19
4. DPT vaccine- Diphtheria Petrussis Tetanus

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AGRICULTURE:-
Soil fertility:-
* Some bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into soil and increases soil fertility .These bacteria are known
as biological nitrogen fixers .
eg; Azotobacter, Clostridium, Rhizobium, Blue green algae like nostoc and anabaena
Cleaning of environment:-
* Bacteria act on dead bodies of plants and animals and convert into various complex organic compounds
into simple inorganic substances.
* These inorganic substances can easily mix with soil and increases the soil fertility
* Thus bacteria helps in recycling of matter and cleaning the environment
Activity 2.5 page no. 22 ref. text book
Take two pots. Fill half of each pot with soil. Mark them A and B. Put plant waste in pot A. Put things like
polythene bags, empty glass bottles and broken plastic toys in pot B. Put the pots aside. Observe
them after 3-4 weeks.
Observation
Plant waste in a pot A has been decomposed while things like polythene bags, empty glass bottles
and broken plastic toys in pot B didn't undergo such changes. Here, the plant waste in pot A was
decomposed and is converted into simple inorganic substances by the microorganisms
* These simple inorganic substances can be used by animals and plants. These can be converted into
fertilizers and manures which are used for the growth of plants and animals.
* Thus microorganism can be used to clean the environment.
HARMFUL MICROORGANISMS
* Some of the microorganisms cause diseases in human beings, plants and animals.
* Harmful microorganisms not only damage the human body but also the food we eat, leather we use
etc.
* Disease causing microorganisms are known as Pathogens.
* Harmful microoganisms include fungi, viruses, protozoa, bacteria etc.
Harmful effects:
* Food poisoning
* Damages to stored food grains in go downs.
* Damages to historical buildings
* Reduces the soil fertility
* Cause water pollution and communicable diseases.
* Disturb the food chain in environment
* Spoil the taste and flavour of food items and juices etc.
* Causes skin diseases and allergies in humanbeing
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Diseases caused by harmful microorganisms in humans and animals

* Communicable diseases: Microbial diseases can spread from an infected person to a healthy person
through air, water, food or physical contact.
* Examples :Cholera, chicken pox, common cold, TB etc.
Mode of transmission of diseases
I) Contact with infected person: Ex-chicken pox, small pox, ringworm, AIDS etc.
II) Contact with soil: Ex- Tetanus bacteria enter the human body from the soil through the injuries.
III) Animal bites:Ex-The rabies virus enters the human body by the bite of rabied dog or monkey.
IV) Droplet infection:Ex-Pathogens spread by the way of sneezing, coughing, spitting and talking can
cause diseases like common cold, influenza, TB, pneumonia etc.
V) Through carriers: Some insects, animals and other organisms are the carriers of diseases caused
by microorganisms. Examples:
* Housefly is the carrier of cholera, dysentery, typhoid, diarrhoea etc.
* Female Anopheles mosquito is the carrier of malaria
(which carries the parasite of the malaria, plasmodium)
* Female Aedes mosquito is the carrier of dengue fever (which carries dengue virus)
* Female Culex mosquito is the carrier of Filariasis/Elephantiasis (which carries filarial worm).
To prevent the breeding of mosquitoes, don't let the water to be collected anywhere in the surrounding
as mosquitoes breed in water (coolers, buckets, tyres, flower pot etc)

Human Mode of
Csusative Microorganism Preventive measure
disease Transmission
Air
Bacteria-Mycobacterim Keep the patient in complete isolation.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Keep the personal belongings of the patient
Measles Air
Virus-Morbilivirus & Rubeola virus away from those of others.
Chicken pox
Virus-Varicella virus Vaccinations-BCG vaccine, MMR
Polio Air/Contact
Virus-Polio virus vaccine, OPV, Varicella vaccine
Air/Water
Maintain personal hygiene and good sanitary
habits. Consume properly cooked food and
Cholera Bacteria-Vibrio cholerae Water/Food
boiled drinking water
Typhoid Bacteria-Salmonella typhi Water
Vaccination-Cholera vaccine,
TAB vaccine (Typhoid vaccine)

Drink boiled drinking water.

Hepatitis A Virus-Hepatitis A Virus Water
Vaccination-Hepatitis A vaccine

Use the mosquito net and repellents.

Spray insecticide and control breeding of
Malaria Protozoa-Plasmodium Mosquito
modquitoes by not allowing water to collect in
the surroundings

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Diseases in animals caused by Microorganisms

* Anthrax, a dangerous disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a bacterium in cattle and human.
* Foot and Mouth, a disease caused by virus in cattle.
* Ranikhet is the main disease of poultry caused by virus.
* Rabies caused by rabies virus.
Diseases in plants caused by microorganisms
* Diseases in plants reduce the production and yield of crops and plants.
* These diseases can be controlled by using certain chemicals.

Mode of
Plant diseases Microorganisms
transmission
Citrus canker Bacteria Air
Rust of Wheat Fungi Air, Seeds
Yellow vein mosaic of
Virus Insects
bhindi (okra)
Red rot of sugarcane Fungi Air
Blast of Rice Fungi Air

FOOD POISONING
* It occurs due to consumption of contaminated food products.
* It is mainly caused by bacteria Clostridium botulinum which secrete a toxic substance, botulin on
food.
* Serious illness or even death may cause due to food poisoning.

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FOOD PRESERVATION
* The main causes of spoiling of food products are microorganisms
* Wherever they get proper conditions for food, moisture and temperature, they start growing
* Here are some ways through we can preserve food materials.

CHEMICAL METHOD
* Preservatives:-Chemicals used to protect the food from getting spoilt .
* Preservatives arrest the growth of microbes in food materials
* We add salt or acid preservatives to pickles to prevent the attack of microbes.
* Common preservatives are Sodium Benzoate, Sodium metabisulphite, Acetic acid, Benzoic acid,
Sorbic acid etc.

PRESERVATION BY COMMON SALT

* Concentrated solutions of common salt can kill microorganism, due to dehydration
* Meat and fish are covered with dry salt to check the growth of microorganism mainly bacteria.

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* Salting is also used to preserve amla, raw mangoes, tamarind etc

PRESERVATION BY SUGAR
* Concentrated solution of sugar can kill microorganism, due to dehydration.
* Sugar reduces the moisture content which inhibits the growth of microorganisms mainly bacteria
* Jams, jellies, squash, sweet known as Agre ka Petha etc are preserved by sugar.

PRESERVATION BY OIL AND VINEGAR

* Use of oil and vinegar prevent the spoilage of food by creating unfavourable conditions for the growth
of microorganisms
* Vegetables, fish, meat, fruit and pickles are preserved by oil and vinegar.

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HEAT AND COLD TREATMENTS

* Both higher and lower temperatures prevent the growth of microorganisms
* Boiling kills microorganisms, after that it is used or stored
* We keep food in refrigerators. Low temperature inhibit the growth of microbes
* Pasteurisation:-Milk is heated to about 700C for 15 to 30 seconds and then suddenly chilled and
stored. So, it prevents the growth of microbes.This process is known as pasteurisation.
* Pasteurisation is the process of heating of food to a high temperature and then suddenly chilled and
stored .
* It is discovered by Louis Pasteur.

STORAGE AND PACKING

Dry fruits and vegetables are packed in sealed air tight packets to prevent the attack of microbes as
microbes cannot survive without air.

NITROGEN FIXATION
 Nitrogen constitutes 78% of our earth's atmosphere
 Nitrogen occurs in:-
* Dry substances of plants

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* Proteins
* Chlorophyll
* Protoplasm
* Organic and inorganic substances of our body(excluding water)
 Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used directy. We can use the nitrogen through nitrogen fixation
 Nitrogen Fixation : It is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into inorganic
components like ammonia, nitrite and nitrate.
 Nitrogen is fixed by natural nitrogen fixers, both free-living and symbiotic bacteria like Azotobacter,
Clostridium, Cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae) eg: nostoc and anabaena) and Rhizobium
 Nitrogen is also fixed by lightning.
NITROGEN CYCLE

 Ammonification: It is the process by which the dead remains of animals and plants are
decomposed through microbial activities to produce ammonia(NH3).
 Nitrification: During this process, ammonium compounds are oxidized into nitrate in two stages.
1) Ammonia is converted into nitrites(NO2-) by bacteria Nitrosomonas
2) Nitrite is converted into nitrate(NO3-) by Nitrobacter bacteria . Now nitrate can be used by the plants.
 Denitrification: Nitrate is converted into N2 gas by bacteria Pseudomonas.

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SCIENTIST AND FINDINGS

Louis Pasteur: A French chemist and microbiologist Discovered fermentation in 1857 Discovered
pasteurization in 1862

Edward Jenner: A English physician and scientist. Discovered vaccine for small pox in 1798

Robert Koch: A German physician and microbiologist. Discovered the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis which
causes anthrax disease in 1876.

Alexander Fleming: A Scottish scientist discovered the first antibiotic and named it 'Penicillin'. Penicillin
discovery was a 'chance' discovery. Fleming was experimenting with Staphylococcus bacteria. A
petridish (cell culture dish) had been left open by mistake, was found to be contaminated by blue-
green mould. This visible mould growth inhibited bacterial growth around itself.
Fleming concluded that mould released a substance that inhibited bacterial growth. This substance
was the antibiotic ,which was named 'Penicillin' after the mold Penicillium notatum.
Penicillin was named after penicillium notatum

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QUESTIONS
1. Fill in the blanks
A) Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a ..................
B) Blue green algae fix ......... directly from air and enhance fertility of soil
C) Alcohol is produced with the help of ...................
D) Cholera is caused by .................
2. Tick the correct answer.
A) Yeast is used in the production of
i) sugar ii) alcohol iii) hydrochloric acid iv) oxygen
B) The following is an antibiotic
i) Sodium bicarbonate ii) Streptomycin iii) Alcohol iv) Yeast
C) Carrier of malaria-causing protozoan is
i) femals Anopheles mosquito ii) Cockroach
iii) Housefly iv) Butterfly
D) The most common carrier of communicable diseases is
i) ant ii) housefly iii) dragonfly iv) spider
E) The bread of idli dough rises because of
i) heat ii) grinding iii) growth of yeast cells iv) kneading
F) The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called
i) Nitrogen fixation ii) moulding iii) fermentation iv) infection
3. Match the organisms in column A with their action in column B

A B
i) Bacteria a) Fixing nitrogen
ii) Rhizobium b) Setting of curd
iii) Lactobacillus c) Baking of bread
iv) Yeast d) Causing malaria
v) A protozoan e) Causing cholera
vi) A virus f) Causing AIDS
g) Producing antibodies

4. Can microorganisms be seen with the naked eye? If not, how can they be seen?
5. What are the major groups of microorganisms?
6. Name the microoganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
7. Write 10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives
8. Write a short paragraph on the harmful effects of microorganisms
9. What are antibiotics? What precautions must be taken while taking antibiotics?

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Multiple Choice Questions

10. Bacillus anthracis was discovered by
A)Robert Koch B)A. V. Leeuwanhoek
C) Christain Gram D)Alexander Fleming
11. Which is of the following is a parasite?
A) Plasmodium B)Paramecium C) Amoeba D) Euglena
12. From which of the following is penicillin prepared ?
A) Bacteria B)Protozoa C)Algae D)fungi
13. Bacteria which helps in the formation of curd is
A)Nostoc B) Lactobacillus C) Rhizobium D) All of the above
14. Who discovered vaccine for small pox ?
A) Louis Pasteur B) Alexander Fleming C) Edward Jenner D) Charles Darwin
15. Microbes causing maximum contamination to food products are:
A)Bacteria B)Fungi C)Both A and B D)None.
16. Cholera disease is due to:
A) Protozoan B) Fungus C) Virus D) Bacterium
17. Droplet transmission occurs in case of:
A) Jaundice B) Typhoid C) Influenza D) Tetanus
18. What is the poisonous substance produced in food by bacteria known as?
A)Vaccine B) Botulin C)Antibiotic D)Steroid
19. Which method is used for long time storage of milk?
A)Pasteurisation B) Cold storage
C) Dry storage D) Hybridization
True or False:
20. Microorganisms can be both useful and harmful
21. Foot and mouth disease in cattle is caused by bacteria
22 Hepatitis A is caused through air.
23. Rust of wheat is caused through air and seeds
24 Bacteria is a multicellular organism
Fill in the blanks:
25. Aspergillus is a ..................
26. ................... lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants
27. For pasteurization, milk is heated upto .................. for 15-30 seconds
28. ............. reproduce only inside the host.
29. Sodium benzoate and acetic acid are examples of .....................

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30. Match the following.

Column A Column B
i) Bacteria a) Amoeba
ii) Fungi b) Bacteriophage
iii) Virus c) Rhizobium
iv) Algae d) Spirogyra
v) Protozoan e) Aspergillus
31. Name the fungi which is used as a source of food.
32. Name any two plant diseases.
33. What are the two ways through which atmospheric nitrogen is fixed?
34. Name any three viral diseases and mode of transmission.
35. What is food poisoning?
36. What is communicable disease? Give two examples.
37. Write a short note on fungi and bacteria
38. Explain any three methods of food preservations.
39. Why milk in polypacks does not get spoiled?

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MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER - 01
RATIONAL NUMBERS

Number System
Natural numbers: The set of natural numbers, N = {1,2,3, .....}
Whole numbers:- (Non-negative integer) = {0,1,2,3, ....}
Set of integers:-

Z  ......  3,  2,  1, 0,1, 2,3,.......

Rational Numbers:

p
A number which can express in , q  0 and p,q  z form is known as a rational number..
q

1
eg: 2, -2, , 0.2 are rational numbers.
2
 Set of rational numbers is notated by using ‘Q’.
Set of irrational numbers:-
 A number whose decimal expansion is neither terminating nor recurring is known as an irrational
number, notated by F.

eg: 2 is an irrational number

Set of real numbers:-
 The collection of Rational numbers and irrational numbers is called the set of real numbers.
Properties of rational numbers:-
Closure Property
 In the set of whole numbers, addition and multiplication are closed.
In the set of integers, addition, subtraction and multiplication are closed. In the set of rational numbers
addition, subtraction and multiplication are closed.
If exclude ‘zero’, division is also closed.
Commutativity:
Addition and multiplication are commutative.

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Associativity:
Addition and multiplication are associative.
Identity element:
‘0’ is the identity elements in addition.
‘1’ is the identity elements in multiplication.
Reciprocal of a number:-

a b
Reciprocal of the number is
b a
Distributive Property

Multiplication is distributive under addition i.e., a   b  c   a  b  a  c

Additive Inverse:- Additive inverse of a is -a

1
Multiplicative inverse:- Multiplicative inverse of a is .
a
Exercise
1. Using appropriate properties find.

2 3 5 3 1 2  3 1 3 1 2
i)      ii)      
3 5 2 5 6 5  7  6 2 14 5

2. Write the additive inverse of each of the following.

2 5 6
i) ii) iii)
8 9 5

2 19
iv) v)
9 6

3. Verify that    x   x for

11 13
i) x  ii) x  
15 17
4. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following:

13 1 5 3
i) -13 ii) iii) iv) 
19 5 8 7

2
v) 1 vi) -1
5
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5. Name the property under multiplication used in each of the following.

4 4 4 13 2 2 13 19 29
i)  1  1  ii)     iii)  1
5 5 5 17 7 7 17 29 19
6 7
6. Multiply by the reciprocal of
13 16
1  4 1  4
7. Tell what property allows you to compute   6   as   6  
3  3 3  3
8 1
8. Is the multiplicative inverse of 1 ? Why or why not?
9 8
1
9. Is 0.3 the multiplicative inverse of 3 ? Why or why not?
3
10. Write.
i) The rational number that does not have a reciprocal
ii) The rational numbers that are equal to their reciprocals
iii) The rational number that is equal to its negative
11. Fill in the blanks.
i) Zero has ............. reciprocal.
ii) The numbers ........... and ............ are their own reciprocals
iii) The reciprocal of -5 is ........
1
iv) Reciprocal of , where x  0 is ..........
x
v) The product of two rational numbers is always a ........
vi) The reciprocal of a positive rational number is .............
12. Represent these numbers on the number line
7 5
i) ii)
4 6
2 5 9
13. Represent , , on the number line.
11 11 11
14. Write five rational numbers which are smaller than 2.
2 1
15. Find ten rational numbers between and
5 2
16. Find five rational numbers between.
2 4 3 5 1 1
i) and ii) and iii) and
3 5 2 3 4 2
17. Write five rational numbers greater than -2
3 3
18. Find ten rational numbers between and
5 4
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QUESTIONS
1. Which one of the following rational number in simplest form?

8 13 14 16
A) B) C) D)
28 27 49 36

9 3 12 7 5 3
2.      is
4 5 5 8 4 5

69 41 2 7
A) 1 B) 1 C) 2 D) 20
80 80 9 9

 1  3  5  97 
3. The product  2    2   2   ...  2   is
 3  5  7  99 

5 101 101 97
A) B) C) D)
99 99 3 99
4. 0.018 can be expressed in the rational form as

18 18 18 18
A) B) C) D)
1000 990 9900 999
5. On dividing a number by 999, the quotient is 366 and the remainder is 103. The number is
A) 364724 B) 365387 C) 365737 D) 366757

1 4 6 2 3
6. Which number is in the middle if  , , , and are arranged in descending order..
6 9 7 5 4

2 4 1 6
A) B) C) D)
5 9 6 7
7. Which of the following is not having a multiplication inverse?

1
A)  B) 0 C) 2 D) 1
3

1 4
8. Identify a rational number between and
3 5

1 9 17
A) B) C) D) 1
4 10 30

15 3
9.  is
4 8

45 21 15 45
A) B) C) D)
32 25 8 4
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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

2 5
10.  is
5 7

11 11 11 11
A) B) C) D)
25 35 25 35

7 9
11.  is
24 16

13 13 13 13
A) B) C) D)
28 28 45 48

2  11 
12.   2   is same as
3  3

2 11 2 11 2 2 11 2 11
A) 2 B)  2 C) 2  D) 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 5 4 5
13. Arrange , , , in ascending order
3 9 27 18

4 2 4 5 5 2 4 5 4 5 5 2 2 5 4 5
A)    B)    C)    D)   
27 3 27 18 9 3 27 18 27 18 9 3 5 9 27 18

2 6 3
14. of a number is , then what is of the number?
5 11 4

45 15 35 25
A) B) C) D)
44 11 22 11

2 3 3
15. The cost of 4 m cardboard is Rs. 29 , then the cost of 21 m card board is
7 5 7
A) Rs. 200 B) Rs. 162 C) Rs. 156 D) Rs. 148

4a  5b
16. If a : b = 3:4, then is
3a  b

23 15 17 32
A) B) C) D)
3 2 6 5

nd th
2 3
17. If   of a number is added with   of the same numbers gives 17 the number is
3 4
A) 12 B) 17 C) 28 D) 14
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18. If 75% of a number is added to 75, the result is the same number again. The number is
A) 200 B) 300 C) 400 D) 500
19. The number 2.525252 ...... can be written as a fraction, when reduced to lowest term, the sum of the
numerator and denominator is
A) 7 B) 29 C) 141 D) 349
20. Closure property of rational numbers is satisfied in case of .....
A) addition B) sublimation C) multiplication D) all of these

2 1 1 5
21. Simplify:   
3 3 9 27

1 3 2 9 5 
22. Simplify:      
5 4   3 2 27 

2  3 5 
23. Simplify:  
3  5 6 

7  5 2   7 5  2
24. Prove that       
3 4 9  3 4 9

7  5 1  7 5 7 1
25. Prove that       
4  3 9 4 3 4 9

3 1 2  3 1 2
26. Prove that      
4 3 9   4 3 9

3 6 8 5
27. Find   
7 11 21 22

4 3 15 14
28. Find   
5 7 16 9

2 3 1 3 1 2
29. Find     
5 7 6 2 14 5

6 7
30. Multiply by the reciprocal of
13 16

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

CHAPTER - 02
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

Algebraic Expression: An algebraic expression is a combination of variables and constants

connected using usually algebraic operations.
Equations: An equation is a statement of equality of two algebraic expressions.
eg: 5x 2  3 and 3xy  4 are algebraic expressions.
5x2 + 3 = 3xy + 4 is an equation.
Linear Equation: An equation of first degree is known as linear equation.
eg: 2x + 4y = 5
Linear Equation in one variable: A linear equation which has only one variable is known as linear
equation in one variable.
eg: 2x + 1 = 6
Solution of linear equation in one variable:
The value of the variable accepted by the equation is called its solution or root.
eg:
1. Solve: 3x + 2 = 7
Sol: 3x + 2 = 7
 3x  7  2  5

5
x 
3

x 3
2. Solve 3
2 5

x 3
Sol: 3
2 5

x 3 12 x 12
  3  
2 5 5 2 5

24
 5x  24 x
5
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 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

x 2x x
3. Solve:   5
3 3 2
x 2x x
Sol:   5
3 3 2
3x x
  5
3 2
x
 x 5
2
x
 x 5
2
x
 5
2
 x  10
4x 1
4. Solve: 3x  5  
3 2
4x 1
Sol: 3x  5  
3 2
4x 1
 3x   5
3 2
5x 9
 
3 2
 10x  27
27
x
10

5. Solve: x  1  x  3  5x  4
2 3
Sol: x 1 x  3
  5x  4
2 3
3  x  1  2  x  3
  5x  4
6
3x  3  2x  6
  5x  4
6
5x  3
  5x  4
6

 5x  3  6  5x  4 
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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

 5x  3  30x  24
 5x  30x  24  3
  25x  21
21
 x
25
Word Problem:
1. The unit’s place of a two digit number is twice the digit at ten’s place. If the sum of the number and the
number obtained by reversing the digit is 132, find the numbers.
Sol: Let digit at ten’s place = x
Let digit at unit’s place = 2x
 the number = 10x + 2x = 12x
Then the number obtaines by reversing the digits = 10 × 2x - x = 21x
Given 12x + 21x = 132
 33x  132

132
x 4
33
 The number is 12x = 12 × 4 = 48
2. The sum of three consecutive odd integer is 45, find the numbers.
Sol: Let the numbers are
x, x + 2 and x + 4
then x  x  2  x  4  45
 3x  6  45
 3x  39
 x  13
 The numbers are 13, 15 and 17
3. The width of a rectangle is half of its length and the perimeter is 10 more than its length. Find the area
of the rectangle.
Sol: Let length = x
x
width 
2

 x
P  2 x  
 2
= 2x + x = 3x
given 3x = x + 10
 2x  10
 x 5

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5
Width 
2
Area = length × breadth
5 25
 5  units
2 2
4. The rate of two numbers is 4:5. If the sum of the numbers is 36, find the numbers.
Sol: The number are 4x and 5x
given 4x + 5x = 36
 9x  36
 x4
 The numbers are 4 × 4, 5 × 4 = 16, 20
5. The denominator of a fraction is one more than twice its numerator. If 2 is added to the numerator
5
and 3 is added to the denominators the fraction becomes . Find the original fractions.
8
Sol: Let numerator = x
Then denominator = 2x + 1
According given digits

x2 5

 2x  1  1 8
 8  x  2   5  2x  2 

 8x  16  10x  10

 8x  10x  10  16

  2x  6

 x 3

3 3
 The fraction  
2 3 1 7

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

QUESTIONS
x 1 x 1
1. If    , the value of x is
2 3 3 5
3 4 3 2
A) B) C) D)
5 5 5 5
x 1 x  2 x
2. Solve for x :  
3 4 2
A) x = 0 B) x = 1 C) x = -1 D) x = -2
3. Solve for y

3  3y  1  2  2y  3  5  y  3  2  2y  1

1 1
A) y  B) y  C) 2 D) 3
3 2
4. Solve for x =

2x  4 4x  1

x  3 2x  3
A) 2 B) -9 C) 8 D) -7

x2 1 3
5. If the function is added with , it becomes , then x is
3x  1 2 5
7 7 19 19
A) B) C) D)
19 19 7 7
2x x
6. If   3 , then x is
xa xb
3ab 3ab 2ab 2ab
A) B) C) D)
a  2b b  2a ab 2a  b
th rd
3 2
7. If of a number is 15 more than   of the same number, then the number is
4 3
A) 180 B) 200 C) 150 D) 240
8. Solve for y:

 3y  1  y  1 1
y   2y   
 4  2 3

10 11 13 10
A) B) C) D)
9 9 9 9

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9. The ratio of present ages of A and B is 4:1. After five years, this ratio will become 3:1, the sum of ages
A and B after 10 years will be?
A) 60 B) 70 C) 75 D) 80
10. The sum of three numbers is 98. The ratio of the first to the second is 2:3 and the ratio of the second
to the third is 5:8, the second number is
A) 15 B) 20
C) 30 D) 32
11. The unit’s place digit of a two digit number is 3 less than the 10’s place. If the sum of the number and
the number obtained by reversing the digits is 143, find the number
A) 63 B) 85 C) 58 D) 74

2
12. Of two consecutive even integers the smaller is 6 more than times the bigger. Find the smaller
3
integers.
A) 20 B) 22 C) 24 D) 26
13. Amit scored 35 and 40 marks in two unit test for mathematics out of 50. To become his average mark
after 3 unit test as 38, how much marks he has to score for the 3rd test.
A) 35 B) 39 C) 40 D) 41
14. Sum of the numbers is 10,000. If 6% of one number is equal to 9% of the other number, the smaller
number is
A) 7500 B) 7000 C) 6500 D) 6000
15. The width of a rectangle is 20cm more than half of the length. If the perimeter of the rectangle is
4.15m. Find the width of the rectangle.
A) 82.5 cm B) 62.5 cm C) 60 cm D) 80 cm
16. Amit has some 500 rupee notes and some 2000 rupee notes in his purse. The number of 500 rupee
note is twice that of 2000 rupee notes. After purchasing 2 book for Rs. 1500, he has total Rs.7500 in
his purse. Find the number of 500 rupees note
A) 6 B) 7 C) 5 D) 4
17. Solve for x

3x  1 1 x  1 1
  
4 2 5 4

24 20 10 9
A) B) C) D)
11 11 11 11
18. The denominator of a rational number is greater than its numerator by 8. If the numerator is increased
3
by 17 and the denominator is decreased by 1, the number obtained is . Find the rational number..
2

6 7 9 13
A) B) C) D)
14 15 17 21

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

19. Solve for z, 3  5z  7   2  9z  11  4  8z  13  17

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) -1
20. There is a narrow rectangular plot, reserved for a school, in Mahuli village. The length and breadth of
the plot are in the ratio 11:4. At the rate Rs. 100 per metre it will cost the village panchayat Rs. 75000
to fence the plot. What are the dimensions of the plot?
A) 275m, 75m B) 325m, 125m C) 275m, 100m D) 325m, 100m
21. Lakshmi is a cashier in a bank. She has currency notes of denominations Rs. 100, 50 and Rs. 10
respectively. The ratio of the number of these notes is 2:3:5. The total cash with Lakshmi is Rs.
4,00,000. How many notes of Rs. 100 denomination does she have?
A) 2000 B) 3000 C) 1500 D) 1000

3 1
22. A rational number is such that when you multiplied by and subtract from the product, you get
4 2
1
, what is the number?
28

3 2 5 3
A) B) C) D)
5 7 7 4
23. Three consecutive even integers are such that, when they are taken in increasing order and multiplied
1 1
by 2, and respectively, they add upto 63, find the greatest integer..
4 2
A) 20 B) 26 C) 30 D) 32
24. Amit is 26 years younger than Sumit and 29 years older than Rejit. The sum of ages of all the three is
135 year. What is the age of Rejit?
A) 21 B) 17 C) 26 D) 19

1 1
25. The base of an isosceles triangle is 2 cm . The perimeter of the triangle is 7 cm . Find the length of
2 4
equal side

3 1 4 2
A) 2 cm B) 3 cm C) 2 cm D) 3 cm
8 5 5 9
26. The organisers of an essay competition decide that a winner in the competition gets a prize of Rs. 100
and a participant who does not win gets a price of Rs. 25. The total prize money distributed is Rs.
3000. Find the number of winners, if the total number of participants is 63.
A) 12 B) 15 C) 19 D) 21

5
27. Raju subtract from a number. Again he multiplied the result by 8 and he obtained a number which
2
is 3 times the original number. Find the original number.
A) 3 B) 4 C) 8 D) 6

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28. Solve for x

3x  1 1 4x  3
 
3 2 4

11 12 13
A) B) C) D) No solution
12 13 14
29. The difference between the two numbers is 30. If the bigger number is x, then what is the smaller
number?
A) x-30 B) 30-x C) 30x D) None of these

3
30. When twice of number added with 1 and resultant divided with three times of the number, obtained ,
4
the number is
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

CHAPTER - 03
DATA HANDLING

Different types of graph

1. Pictograph

2. Bar graph

3. Double bar graph

Pictograph

Pictorial representation of data using symbolic

Bar Graph

Display of information using bars of uniform width.

Double Bar Graph

A bar graph showing 2 sets of data.

Frequency : It is the no. of times that a particular entry occurs

Grouped frequency distribution : The presentation of data by grouping distribution for each group
corresponding frequency also occuring.

Eg : Consider the following marks obtained in Maths by 60 students of class VIII.

21, 10, 30, 22, 33, 5, 37, 12, 25, 42, 15, 39

26, 32, 18. 27, 28, 19, 29, 35, 31, 24, 36, 18

25, 38, 22, 44, 16, 24, 10, 27, 39, 28, 49, 29

32, 23, 31, 21, 34, 22, 23, 36, 24, 36

33, 47, 48, 50, 39, 20, 7, 16, 36, 45

47, 30, 22, 17

If we make a frequency distribution table for each observation, then the table would be too long. So, for
convenience we make groups of observations.

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 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

Groups Tally marks Frequency

0 - 10 II 2

10-20 II II II II 10

20 - 30 II II II II II II I 21

30 - 40 II II II II II II IIII 19

40 - 50 II II I I 7

50 - 60 I 1

Total 60

Each of the groups 0- 10, 10 - 20, 20 - 30 etc. is called class interval. In 0 - 10, 0 is the lower limit and
10 is the upper limit. The difference between upper and lower limit is called width of the class or size
of the class.
Circle graph or pie chart
In circle graph whole circle is devided in to sectors.
A random experiment is one whose outcome cannot be predicted exactly in advance.Outcomes of an
experiment are equally likely if each has the same chance of occuring.

number of outcomes that make an event

Pr obability of an event 
total number of outcomes

One or more outcomes of an experiment makes an event

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

QUESTIONS
1. A coin is tossed. What is the probability of getting a head ?

A) 0 B) 1 C) 12 D) None of these

2. In the interval 50-60, 60 is called

A) Upper limit B) Lower limit C) Range D) Frequency
3. The number of times an observation occurs in a data is called its
A) Range B) Interval
C) Frequency D) Raw data
4. The central total angle in a pie chart is
A) 1800 B) 2100 C) 3600 D) None of these
5. A bag has 4 red balls and 4 green balls, what is the probability of getting a red ball randomly ?

A) 14 B) 18 C) 12 D) 0

6. Tally marks are used to find which of the following

A) Lower limits B) Upper limits
C) Class marks D) Frequency
7. There are 2 red, 3 blue and 5 black balls in a bag. A ball is drawn form the bag without looking in to the
bag what is the probability of getting a red ball ?

A) 2 5 B) 3 5 C) 15 D) None of these

8. 18 out of 36 people love reading, so reading in the pie chart will be represented by
A) 36 degree sector B) Quarter sector
C) Semi circular sector D) None of these
9. If a die is thrown, the probability of getting an even number is

A) 12 B) 16 C) 13 D) 2 3

10. In the interval (0- 10), 10 is called

A) Lower limit B) Upper limit
C) Angle D) Frequency
11. Two dice are thrown, find the number of outcomes
A) 36 B) 6 C) 12 D) None of these
12. The pie-chart is divided in to
A) Circles B) Squares
C) Sectors D) Segments
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13. In a grouped data, each of the group is called

A) Class interval
B) Collection of data
C) Frequency
D) Grouped frequency distribut
14. The class- mark of the class 20-30 is
A) 20 B) 30 C) 25 D) 10
15. When a coin is thrown total number of possible outcomes is
A) 2 B) 5 C) 6 D) None of these
16. The difference between upper limit and lower limit of a class interval is called
A) Frequency B) Width
C) Grouped data D) Ungrouped data
Study the following distribution table and answer the questions given below

Range of marks obtained Number of students

250 - 300 10

300 - 350 12

350 - 400 14

400 - 450 13

450 - 500 11

17. What is the total number of students for all ranges ?

A) 12 B) 14 C) 50 D) 60
18. How many students secured marks between 250-300 ?
A) 10 B) 11 C) 13 D) 14
19. How many students come under the marks range of 300 - 400 ?
A) 12 B) 26 C) 14 D) 25
20. What is the size of the calss interval ?
A) 30 B) 40 C) 50 D) 55
21. A die is thrown, what is the probability of getting an even prime number ?

A) 16 B) 12 C) 13 D) 14

22. Double bar graphs display ___ sets of data simultaneously.

A) 4 B) 3 C) 2 D) No

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

23. Pictorial representation of data using symbols is known as

A) Bar graph B) Pictograph C) Pie chart d) None of these
Observe the following bar graph and answer the following questions.

24. In which item has the maximum expenditure been done

A) Conveyance B) Rent
C) Fee D) Servants Salary
25. In which item has minimum expenditure been done
A) Servant’s salary B) Food C) Rent D) Conveyance
26. What is the expenditure on food ?
A) Rs. 1000 B) Rs. 2000 C) Rs. 3000 D) Rs. 5000
27. What is the difference of expenditure done conveyance and rent ?
A) Rs. 1000 B) Rs. 2000 C) Rs. 3000 D) Rs. 4000
28. Rs. 5000 is the expenditure done on
A) Food B) Rent C) Fee D) Recreation
29. Rs. 6000 is the expenditure done on
A) Fee B) Rent
C) Conveyance D) Food
30. How much expenditure has been done in all ;
A) Rs. 21000 B) Rs. 18000 C) Rs. 15000 D) Rs. 20000

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CHAPTER - 04
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

Square Number:

If any natural number m can be expressed as n, (where n is also a natural number), then m is known
as a square number. The square numbers are also called as perfect squares.

Example: Let m = 36.

Now, 36 can be expressed as 64, where 6 is a natural number. Therefore, 36 is a square number.

Square numbers of some natural numbers:

Number Square Number Square

1 1×1=1 11 11 × 11 = 121
2 2×2=4 12 12 × 12 = 144
3 3×3=9 13 13 × 13 = 169
4 4 × 4 = 16 14 14 × 14 = 196
5 5 × 5 = 25 15 15 × 15 = 225
6 6 × 6 = 36 16 16 × 16 =256
7 7 × 7 = 49 17 17 × 17 = 289
8 8 × 8 = 64 18 18 × 18 = 324
9 9 × 9 = 81 19 19 × 19 = 361

Properties of Square Numbers:

1. The unit's place of square numbers can be 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.

No square number can end with 2, 3, 7 or 8.

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 Tuition Classes VIII (CBSE) Module-I

2. If a number have 1 or 9 in its unit’s place, then square of that number will end with 1.
Example:

Number Square
1 1
9 81
11 121
19 361
21 441

3. If a number have 4 or 6 in its unit's place, then square of that number will end with 6.
Example:

Number Square
4 16
16 36
14 196
16 256
24 576

4. There will always be even number of zeros at end of any square number.
Example:

Number Square
10 100
20 400
80 6400
700 490000
900 810000

5. On combining two consecutive triangular numbers we get a square number.

Example:

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 Brilliant STUDY CENTRE

6. There are 2n non-perfect square numbers between the squares of the numbers n and (n+1).

Example: Between 32 =9 and 42 = 16, there lies 6 numbers which are 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15.

7. If the number is a square number, then it has to be the sunm of successive odd numbers starting from
1.

Example: For 32 = 9, the sum of successive odd numbers from1 willbe 1+3+5 9.

Note: If a natural number cannot be expressed as a sum of successive odd natural numbers starting
with 1, then it is not a perfect square.

8. Square number can be summation of two consecutive natural numbers.

Example: 52 = 25 = 12 +13; 72 = 49 = 24 + 25, etc.

9. Product of two consecutive even or odd natural numbers.

Example: 11 × 13 = (12 - 1) × (12+1) = 122 - 1;

13 × 15 (14 - 1) × (14 + 1) = 142 - 1

So, in general (a + 1) × (a - 1) = a2 - 1.

10. Some interesting patterns in square numbers

i) 12 = 1

112 = 1 2 1

1112 = 1 2 3 2 1

11112 = 1 2 3 4

321

ii) 72 = 49

672 = 4489

6672 = 444889

66672 = 44448889

Finding the Square of a Number:

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1. A number can be divided into two parts, such that the square of those numbers are known.

Thus, x2 = (a + b)2, where (a + b) = x and values of square of a & b are known.

Example: 252 = (20 + 5)2

= 202 + 20 × 5 + 5 × 20 + 52

= 400+ 100 +100 + 25 = 625.

2. For numbers ending with 5, follow

(a5)2 = a × (a + 1) × 100 + 25

Example: 352 = 3 × (3 + 1) × 100 + 25 = 1225

3. Pythagorean triplets

If sum of two square numbers results into a square number, then all these three numbers form a
Pythagorean triplet.

Example 1: 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 52 , so 3, 4 and 5 is known as Pythagorean Triplet.

In general, for any natural number m > 1, we have (2m)2 + (m2 - 1)2 = (m2 + 1)2. So, 2m, m2 - 1 and
m2 + 1 forms a Pythagorean triplet.

Finding the Square Root of a Number:

Square root is the inverse operation of squaring. The positive square root off a number is denoted by
the symbol .

Example: 9  3 . It cannot be -3.

1. Repeated subtraction:

In this method, given square number is subtracted from successive odd natural numbers starting
from 1 until result of subtraction does not become 0.

Example 1: Find 16 .

Solution:

(1) 16 - 1 = 15 (2) 15 - 3 = 12

(3) 12 - 5 = 7 (4) 7 - 7 = 0

We can see the result is zero at the fourth step. Thus, 16  4 .

Example 2: Find square rot of 169 using repeated subtraction.

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Solution:

(1) 169 - 1 =168 (2) 168 - 3 = 165

(3) 165 - 5 = 160 (4) 160 - 7 = 153

(5) 153 - 9 = 144 (6) 144 - 11 = 133

2. Prime Factorization

Let us understand this method by an example.

Example: Find 324 using prime factorization.

Solution: The prime factors of 324 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3.

Note: The prime factors of any square number exist in pair.

Now, to find square root from these prime factors, re-write a number once per pair

i.e. 2 × 3 × 3 as for this example.

The answer of (2 × 3 × 3 = 18) will be the result of 324 .

Thus, 324  18

3. Division Method

Follow the steps given below to understand this method:

Step 1: Place a bar over every pair of digits starting from the digit at one's place. If the number of digits
in it is odd, then the left most single digit too will have a bar.

Step 2: Find the largest number whose

Square is less than or equal to the number under the extreme left bar. Take this number as the divisor
and the quotient with the number under the extreme left bar as the dividend. Divide and get the
remainder.

Step 3: Bring down the number under the next bar to the right of the remainder.

Step 4: Double the divisor and enter it with a blank on its right.

Step 5: Guess a largest possible digit to fill the blank which will also become the new digit in the
quotient, such that when the new divisor is multiplied to the new quotient the product is less than or
equal to the dividend.

Step 6: Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 until remainder does not become 0.

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Example 1: Find 729 using division method.

Solution:

Thus, 729  27

Example 2: Find v1024 using division method

Solution:

Thus, 1024  32

Finding Square Roots of Decimals:

Follow the steps given below to understand this method:

Step 1: To find the square root of a decimal number we put bars on the integral part of the numnber in
the usual manner. And place bars on the decimal part on every pair of digits beginning with the first
decimal place. Proceed as done in the above method.

Step 2: Find the largest number whose square is less than or equal to the number under the extreme
left bar. Take this number as the divisor and the number under the left-most bar as the dividend. Divide
and get the remainder.

Step 3: Write the number under the next bar to the right of this remainder.

Step 4: Double the divisor and enter it with a blank on its right.

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Step 5: Guess a largest possible digit to fill the blank which will also become the new digit in the
quotient, such that when the new divisor is multiplied to the new quotient the product is less than or
equal to the dividend. Divide and get the remainder.

Step 6: Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 until remainder does not become 0.

Step 5: Guess a largest possible digit to fill the blank which will also become the new digit in the
quotient, such that when the new divisor is multiplied to the new quotient the product is less than or
equal to the dividend. Divide and get the remainder.

Step 6: Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 until remainder does not become 0.

Example 1: Find 7.29 using division method.

Solution:

Thus, 7.29  2.7

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QUESTIONS

1. The perfect square number out of 2, 3, 4 and 5 is

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

2. A perfect square number between 30 and 40 is

A) 36 B) 32 C) 33 D) 39

3. Which of the following is a perfect square number ?

A) 1067 B) 7828 C) 4333 D) 625

4. Which of the following is a perfect square number?

A) 2222 B) 32543 C) 888 D) 10000

5. What will be the number of zeros in the square of the number 9000?

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6

6. The square of which of the following numbers will be even?

11, 111, 1111, 112

A) 11 B) 111 C) 1111 D) 112

7. The square of which of the following numbers will be odd?

10, 100, 1000, 99

A) 10 B) 100 C) 1000 D) 99

8. How many natural numbers he between 82 and 92?

A) 16 B) 17 C) 18 D) 19

9. How many natural numbers lie between 122 and 132?

A) 20 B) 22 C) 24 D) 26

10. Express the square number 52 as the sum of two consecutive integers

A) 12 + 13 B) 10 + 15 C) 9 + 16 D) 20 + 5

11. Express 92 as the sum of two consecutive integers.

A) 40 + 41 B) 50 + 31 C) 36 + 45 D) 72 + 9

12. The unit digit in the square of the number 1333 is

A) 3 B) 6 C) 9 D) 1

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13. The unit digit in the square of the number 2644 is

A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 2

14. Which of the following is not a Pythagorean triplet?

A) 3, 4, 5 B) 6, 8, 10 C) 5, 12, 13 D) 2, 3, 4

15. What could be the possible one’s digit of the square root of 121?

A) 1, 9 B) 3, 4 C) 6, 7 D) 7, 8

16. What could be the possible one’s digit of the square root of 361?

A) 1, 9 B) 3, 4 C) 6, 7 D) 7, 8

17. The smallest number by which 32 should be multiplied so as to get a perfect square is

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 8

18. The smallest number by which 48 should be multiplied so as to get a perfect square is

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

19. The smallest number by which 45 should be multiplied so as to get a perfect square is

A) 2 B) 3 C) 5 D) 7

20. The smallest number by which 54 should be multiplied so as to get a perfect square is

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6

21. The smallest number by which 128 should be divided so as to get a perfect square is

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 8

22. The smallest number by which 48 should be divided so as to get a perfect square is

A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6

23. The smallest number by which 150 should be divided so as to get a perfect square is

A) 4 B) 2 C) 5 D) 6

24. The smallest number by which 112 should be divided so as to get a perfect square is

A) 6 B) 4 C) 3 D) 7

25. The number of digits in the square root of 62500 is

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

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26. The number of digits in the square root of 441 is

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

27. Find the length of the side of a square whose area is 100 cm2

A) 5 cm B) 10 cm C) 100 cm D) 4 cm

28. The students of class VIII of a school donated Rs. 10000 in all, for Prime Minister’s National Relief
Fund. Each student donated as many rupees as the number of students in the class. The number of
students in the class is

A) 10 B) 100 C) 1000 D) 10000

29. 8649 

A) 91 B) 93

C) 87 D) 97

30. 11025 

A) 95 B) 105 C) 115 D) 85

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