2024-03-15
Basic Mathematics
TOPIC 3 – MENU PLANNING, RECIPE WRITING & COST CONTROL
Pinaki Dutta
• Fractions represent equal parts of a whole or a
collection.
Fractions • Fraction of a whole: When we divide a whole into equal
parts, each part is a fraction of the whole. For example
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Example
• There are total of 5 children.
• 3 out of 5 are girls. So, the fraction of girls is three-fifths ( 3 ⁄ 5 ).
• 2 out of 5 are boys. So, the fraction of boys is two-fifths ( 2 ⁄ 5 ).
• A fraction has two parts.
• The number on the top of the line is called the
numerator. It tells how many equal parts of the
whole or collection are taken.
• The number below the line is called the
denominator. It shows the total divisible number
of equal parts the whole into or the total number
Fraction of equal parts which are there in a collection.
Notation
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Fractions on
a number
line
Examples
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Non-Examples
• When the parts of
the whole are
unevenly divided,
they don’t form
fractions.
Types of Fractions
• Unit fractions: fractions with
numerator 1 are called unit
fractions
• Proper Fractions: fractions in
which the numerator is less
that the denominator are
called proper fraction
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Types of Fractions
• Improper fractions: fractions in
which the numerator is more
than or equal to the
denominator are called
improper fractions.
• Mixed fractions: Mixed
fractions consist of a whole
number along with a proper
fraction.
• Every decimal number can be
expressed in the form of a fraction.
• First ignore the decimal and write the
entire number with power of 10 based
Decimals on the number of decimal places.
and • For a decimal number 0.35, write it as
35/100 Further reduce the fraction in
Fractions its simplest form 35/100 = 7/20.
• A decimal 0.333 can be written as 1/3.
Practically many of the decimal
numbers can be easily transformed into
a fraction.
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• There are two methods to convert a fraction into a
Conversion of Decimal decimal. The first method is through long division and
to Fraction and another method is through multiply the numerator
and denominator of the fraction to obtain multiples of
Fraction to Decimal 10 like 10, 100, 1000, etc.
Decimals and Percentage
• Like fractions, every decimal number can be expressed in the form of a percentage.
• There is a need to convert decimals to percentages when we compare two or more
numbers.
• For example, who scored better if Sandra got 20.5 out of 40 and Kim got 22.25 out of 45
marks?
• The process to convert a decimal to a percentage, is through two simple steps. First,
multiply the given decimal number with hundred and this moves the decimal by two places
towards the right. Further, attach a percentage symbol(%).
• For example, 0.67 = 0.67 x 100% = 67%
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• Example 1: Jim bought 100 apples from a
nearby fruit vendor but later found out
Solved that 5 of them were rotten. Can you tell
the fraction as well as decimals of the
Examples rotten apples to the total apples bought
by Jim?
on
Decimals • Example 2 :In a class of 80 students, 48
and students prefer to take ice cream for a
snack and the remaining students prefer
Fractions to take a soft drink. Find the percentage
of students who prefer a soft drink, and
also provide the answer in decimals.
• Q.1 Anna has to choose which of the
following statements are true. Select all
Exercise on the possible answers from the given
options which are correct.
Decimals
and • 2.7=27%
2.25=225%
Fractions
•
• 1=100%
• To convert decimal to percent we divide it
by 100%
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• Q.2 Find the fraction, if its decimal
Exercise on value is 0.6 and denominator is 75.
Decimals
35/75
and
•
• 45/75
Fractions •
•
65/75
85/75
•3/5
•15/24
Exercise
•9/45
(Fraction •79/84
to •92/105
Decimals) •109/1072
•1098/9339
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• Fraction to Decimal to Percentage
• 4/9
• 11/23
• 17/45
Exercise • 32/97
• 67/97
• 77/107
• 92/109
• Cross Multiplication
• In cross-multiplication, we multiply
the numerator of the first fraction
with the denominator of the second
fraction and the numerator of the
Calculation second fraction with the
(units of denominator of the first fraction.
measurements)
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Comparing Fractions Using Cross-
Multiplication
• Example
• Compare 3/7 and 5/8 using cross multiplication.
• To compare two fractions with different denominators, we make their denominators the
same.
• We do it by changing the denominators to the product of both the denominators.
• Now, we use cross-multiplication, to find the numerators. First, we multiply the numerator
of the first fraction with the denominator of the second fraction.
• Next, we multiply the numerator of the second fraction by the denominator of the first
fraction.
2/5 or ¾?
Calculate 4/5 or 8/9?
Which is
bigger? 3/7 or 9/13 or 7/9?
5/9 or 7/11 or 13/17?
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Solving equations involving ratios using
cross-multiplication
• We can use cross-multiplication to solve an equation with 2
ratios and find the value of the variable.
• If we have a ⁄ b = c ⁄ d , then
• Where ‘b’ and ‘d’ are not equal to zero, then we cross multiply
as to get
• We can use cross-multiplication to find the value of a variable
in an equation involving ratios, as shown in the example.
• If 8 candle holders cost $40. How much will 12 such
candle stands cost?
• Cost of 8 candle holders = $40
• Cost of 1 candle holder = 40 ⁄ 8………………(i)
• Let the cost of 12 candle holders be x
• Therefore, the cost of 1 candle holder will be x ⁄
12…….(ii)
Example • Equating (i) and (ii) we get
• 40 ⁄ 8 = x ⁄ 12
• On cross-multiplying:
• 40 × 12 = 8 × x
• 480 ⁄ 8 = x = 60
• Therefore, the cost of 12 candle holders is $60
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If 15 apples cost 85,000 won. How much
will 12 such apples cost?
If 23 light bulbs cost 120,000 won. How
Calculation much will be the cost of 89 light bulbs?
If 56 cans of beer cost 252,000 won. How
much will be the cost of 32 cans of beer?
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