OCCUPATION SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH)

It is the practice of identifying dangers and act to preventing them from causing damage or
injury when carrying out any task.

It ensures the wellbeing status of working personnel and materials used.

Primarily, occupation safety and health helps to focus in the following areas:

1. Demonstrating safety in working conditions

2. Administering first aid
3. Preventing HIV/AIDS

DEMONSTRATING SAFETY IN WORKING CONDITIONS

It is the responsibility of everybody concerned in the electro-technical industry to ensure safe

working environment.

As it is said that prevention is better than cure, this helps to minimise or control unforeseen
circumstance like damage and injuries.

In order to work safely, the following elements must be carefully observed.

 Hazards

 Risks

HAZARDS

These are circumstances that are providing danger of damage or injury.

Situations that has the potential to cause an accident.

Examples of Hazardous Conditions (Hazards)

 Damp surfaces

 Oily surfaces

 Noisy places

 Bare electric conductors

 Sharp edged tools

 Electric Power tools

 Nailed timber

 Wastes

 slippery floors
 naked electric wires
 unguarded
 machinery
 cracked walls
 fire
 unbearable temperature
  torrential rains,
 noise,
 gales (winds)

 broken glass(sharp objects)

 falling objects

Examples of Hazardous Substances

 fumes
 dust
 gas
 chemicals
 industrial waste
 domestic waste.

RISKS

These are personnel practices that can easily cause damage or injury.

They commonly end with the active verb that is continuous..(…ing).

Examples of Hazardous practices (Risks)

 Working without proper clothing

 Working while drunk

 Improper use/application of a tool

 Working under floor without safety helmet

 Removing insulation of conductor with teeth

 Putting on a safety boot which has no metal cup

 Sleeping while operating machine

WAYS OF PREVENTING HAZARDS AND RISKS

Hazardous conditions and practices can be prevented or controlled by:

 Handling them with care

 Use of correct personal protective equipment (PPE)
 Avoid working without much knowledge
 Paste Safety signs in all working places
 Train personals safety practices
 Fixing guarding system like screens.
 Correct procedures of lifting objects/materials
 Correct equipment for working on height
 eliminate the cause
 substitute a procedure or product with less risk
  enclose the dangerous situation
 put guards around the hazard
 use safe systems of work
 supervise, train and give information to staff
 if the hazard cannot be removed or minimized then provide PPE.

Example;

Typical activity Potential hazard

Receiving materials Lifting and carrying
Stacking and storing Falling materials
Movement of people Slips, trips and falls
Building maintenance Working at heights or in confined spaces
Movement of vehicles Collisions

ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY

Accident: An expected event with negative outcome occurring without the intention of the one
suffering the outcome.

Effects of an accident

 Injury
 Ill health
 Damage of property
 Loss of property
 Damage of materials
 Loss of business opportunity
 Death
 Pollution to the environment

Causes of accidents:

In most cases, it is observed that accidents are caused by:

 Carelessness
 Lack of knowledge(Ignorance)
 Negligence
 Lack of experience
 Human limitation
 Fatigue
 Drug abuse
 Faulty machinery
 Unguarded machinery
 Substandard working environment (an environment with uncontrolled hazards)

Emergency: A situation requiring urgent assistance.

When an accident occurs, it results into an injury, where one or more people are affected.

The level of an injury can be grouped as:

 Neglected
 Minor
 Excessive injury

Nonetheless, an urgent attention is required to curb the effect.

HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT

The process of observing and documenting the potentials and likelihood of danger.
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 tells us that employers
must systematically examine the workplace, the work activity and the management of
safety in the establishment through a process of risk assessments.

A record of all significant risk assessment findings must be kept in a safe place and be
made available to an Health and Safety Executive(HSE) inspector if required. Information
based on the risk assessment findings must be communicated to relevant staff and if
changes in work behaviour patterns are recommended in the interests of safety, then
they must be put in place.

So risk assessment must form a part of any employer’s robust policy of health and safety.
However, an employer only needs to ‘formally ’assess the significant risks. He is not
expected to assess the trivial and minor types of household risks.

An assessment of risk is nothing more than a careful examination of what, in your work,
could cause harm to people. It is a record that shows whether sufficient precautions
have been taken to prevent harm.

FIVE STEPS OF HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT

STEP 1
Look at what might reasonably be expected to cause harm. Ignore the minor
and concentrate only on significant hazards that could result in serious harm or injury.
Manufacturer’s data sheets or instructions can also help you spot hazards and put risks in
their true perspective.
STEP 2
Decide who might be harmed and how. Think about people who might not be in the
workplace all the time – cleaners, visitors, contractors or maintenance personnel. Include
members of the public or people who share the workplace. Is there a chance that they
could be injured by activities taking place in the workplace?
STEP 3
Evaluate what is the risk arising from an identified hazard. Is it adequately controlled or
should more be done? Even after precautions have been put in place, some risk may
remain. What you have to decide, for each significant hazard, is whether this remaining
risk is low, medium or high.
First of all, ask yourself if you have done all the things that the law says you have got to
do. For example, there are legal requirements on the prevention of access to dangerous
machinery.
Then ask yourself whether generally accepted industry standards are in place, but do
not stop there – think for yourself, because the law also says that you must do what is
reasonably practicable to keep the workplace safe.
Your real aim is to make all risks small by adding precautions, if necessary.
If you find that something needs to be done, ask yourself:
● Can I get rid of this hazard altogether?
● If not, how can I control the risk so that harm is unlikely?
Only use PPE when there is nothing else that you can reasonably do.
Key Fact
If the work that you do varies a lot, or if there is movement between one site and
another, select those hazards which you can reasonably foresee, the ones that apply to
most jobs and assess the risks for them.
After that, if you spot any unusual hazards when you get on site, take what action
seems necessary.

STEP 4
Record your findings and say what you are going to do about risks that are not
adequately controlled. If there are fewer than five employees you do not need to write
anything down but if there are five or more employees, the significant findings of the risk
assessment must be recorded.
This means writing down the more significant hazards and assessing if they are
adequately controlled and recording your most important conclusions.
There is no need to show how the assessment was made, provided you can
show that:
1. a proper check was made
2. you asked those who might be affected
3. you dealt with all obvious and significant hazards
4. the precautions are reasonable and the remaining risk is low
5. you informed your employees about your findings.
Risk assessments need to be suitable and sufficient , not perfect. The two
main points are:
1. Are the precautions reasonable?
2. Is there a record to show that a proper check was made?

File away the written assessment in a dedicated file for future reference or use. It can
help if an HSE inspector questions the company’s precautions or if the company
becomes involved in any legal action. It shows that the company has done what the
law requires.

STEP 5
Review the assessments from time to time and revise them if necessary.

EXAMPLE OF HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT FORM

COMPLETING A RISK ASSESSMENT
When completing a risk assessment do not be over complicated. In most firms in the
commercial, service and light industrial sector, the hazards are few and simple.
Checking them is common sense but necessary.
STEP 1
List only hazards which you could reasonably expect to result in significant
harm under the conditions prevailing in your workplace. Use the following
examples as a guide:
● Slipping or tripping hazards (e.g. from poorly maintained or partly
installed fl oors and stairs)
● Fire (e.g. from fl ammable materials you might be using, such as
solvents)
● Chemicals (e.g. from battery acid)
● Moving parts of machinery (e.g. blades)
● Rotating parts of hand tools (e.g. drills)
● Accidental discharge of cartridge operated tools
● High pressure air from airlines (e.g. air powered tools)
● Pressure systems (e.g. steam boilers)
● Vehicles (e.g. fork lift trucks)
Electricity (e.g. faulty tools and equipment)
● Dust (e.g. from grinding operations or thermal insulation)
● Fumes (e.g. from welding)
● Manual handling (e.g. lifting, moving or supporting loads)
● Noise levels too high (e.g. machinery)
● Poor lighting levels (e.g. working in temporary or enclosed spaces)
● Low temperatures (e.g. working outdoors or in refrigeration plant)
● High temperatures (e.g. working in boiler rooms or furnaces).
STEP 2
Decide who might be harmed, do not list individuals by name. Just think
about groups of people doing similar work or who might be affected by
your work:
● Offi ce staff
● Electricians
● Maintenance personnel
● Other contractors on site
● Operators of equipment
● Cleaners
● Members of the public.
Pay particular attention to those who may be more vulnerable, such as:
● staff with disabilities
● visitors
● young or inexperienced staff
● people working in isolation or enclosed spaces.
STEP 3
Calculate what is the risk – is it adequately controlled? Have you already
taken precautions to protect against the hazards which you have listed in
Step 1? For example:
● have you provided adequate information to staff?
● have you provided training or instruction?
Do the precautions already taken
● meet the legal standards required?
● comply with recognized industrial practice?
● represent good practice?
● reduce the risk as far as is reasonably practicable?

If you can answer ‘ yes ’ to the above points then the risks are adequately controlled,
but you need to state the precautions you have put in place. You can refer to company
procedures, company rules, company practices, etc., in giving this information.

STEP 4
Further action – what more could be done to reduce those risks, which
were found to be inadequately controlled?
You will need to give priority to those risks that affect large numbers of people
or which could result in serious harm. Senior managers should apply
the principles below when taking action, if possible in the following order:
1. Remove the risk completely
2. Try a less risky option
3. Prevent access to the hazard (e.g. by guarding)
4. Organize work differently in order to reduce exposure to the hazard
5. Issue PPE
6. Provide welfare facilities (e.g. washing facilities for removal of contamination
and first aid).
Any hazard identified by a risk assessment as high risk must be brought to the attention of
the person responsible for health and safety within the company. Ideally, in Step 4 of the
risk assessment you should be writing ‘No further action is required. The risks are under
control and identified as low risk.
The assessor may use as many standard hazard risk assessment forms

GENERAL SAFETY

None of us enjoys the discomfort of injury. It is, therefore, clearly sensible to avoid such
distress by working in a safe manner and ensuring that our colleagues and employers
do likewise.

Working on ‘site’, even if the site is a domestic premises where rewiring is taking
place, may involve considerable risk to oneself and/or any occupants or other trades.
Hence the type and size of the site is of no real consequence: danger in a working
environment is always present in one form or another.

All employees and employers should be aware of the risks and should be alert to
danger at all times. No situation, however seemingly innocent, should be ignored
as it may develop into the cause of a serious accident.

If the situation or environment requires it, the PPE must be used at all times. On
‘ bona fide ’ construction sites, signs and notices are displayed and all personnel are
required to comply. Failure to do so will result in exclusion from the site.

The CDM requirements for a site will include all the procedures for dealing with
emergency situations such as fire, explosion and leakage of toxic materials, and
should be available for all to acquaint themselves with.
Everyone should know the basic common sense actions to take together with the
specific requirements for each particular site.

Basically, in the event of discovering a fire:

o raise the alarm by operating relevant call points and/or shouting fire ;
o call emergency services;
o make sure no one ignores the alert and evacuation is in process;
o only if safe to do so and the fire is relatively small, attempt to control using
an appropriate extinguisher.

When an explosion has occurred:

o alert all personnel to evacuate the area;
o call emergency services;
o do not attempt to approach the area as other explosions may occur.

The same procedure should be adopted if there is a leakage of toxic material.

Only trained personnel should deal with such situations. If in any doubt, all work
should be stopped and the area evacuated.
A good example of this is the cutting, drilling and disposal of any substance that looks
like, but has not been cleared of containing, asbestos. In no circumstances should work
continue until experts have investigated.

DO’S AND DONTS ASSOCIATED IN WORKING CONDITIONS

DO’S
DO Know the site procedures for evacuation in the event of an emergency.
DO Know where any emergency exits are located.
DO Know where telephones are located in order to contact emergency
services.
DO Wash hands after accidental contact with any corrosive or irritant
substance.
DO Always ensure that there is enough working space and adequate levels of lighting
when working, especially where electrical equipment is present: the EAWR require this.
Items of electrical equipment should be sited such that work can be carried out without
difficulty and in such a location to afford easy access. Hence distribution boards should
not be installed in areas used for storage of nonelectrical equipment (consumer units in
under stairs cupboards!).

Control switches for washing machines, dishwashers, etc., should be visible and
accessible. Switch rooms housing electrical equipment should have good lighting,
preferably of the maintained emergency variety with switches inside the room.

DO Wear the correct protective clothing for the job, for example goggles when using a
grindstone, safety helmet when working on a building site.
DO Adopt the correct posture when lifting.
DO Use the correct access equipment (e.g. ladders and scaffolding).
DO Ensure that any machinery is mechanically and electrically safe to work on or with.
DO Report any unsafe situation that you personally cannot remedy.
DO Ensure that when a job of work is completed, everything is put back to normal, for
example fixing floorboards and tacking down carpets, and replacing trunking covers,
etc.
DO Know where first aid is available.

DON’T’S

DON’T Leave pools of liquid on floors, or objects lying in access ways.

DON’T Wear loose clothing that may catch or snag, especially when using rotating
machinery.
DON’T Work in an untidy fashion.
DON’T Misuse tools and equipment or use damaged tools.
DON’T Attempt to lift and carry objects that are too heavy, or that obstruct vision.
DON’T Take short-cuts or take risks.
DON’T Ignore warning signs or alarm bells.
DON’T Play the fool in a working environment.
In order to carry out some of the DOs and DON’Ts, it is necessary to have a greater
Understanding of the subject we are dealing with. Others, of course, are common sense,
like wearing goggles to protect the eyes.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Electricity, with the exception of extra-low voltage, is potentially lethal. It must be treated
with respect at all times and used only in approved ways. Many people die every year
as a result of the misuse of electricity. They die as a direct result of electric shock, or as an
indirect result of faulty or misused electrical equipment that causes fire.

Listed below are some important points to remember when working with electricity:
1. Never work on live equipment (unless a special live test is required, for which you will
need to be an experienced and competent person).
2. Always ensure, by using approved test instruments, that equipment is dead.
3. Never accept another person’s word that a circuit is safe to work on; always check.
4. Ensure that all supplies to equipment to be worked on are isolated at the appropriate
places and locked ‘OFF ’if possible, and that all supply fuses are removed and retained
in a safe place. Place ‘CAUTION MEN AT WORK’ notices at positions of isolation.
5. If work is to be carried out on dead equipment which is adjacent to live supplies,
ensure that barriers are used to define safe areas, or ‘DANGER LIVE APPARATUS’ notices
are placed on all adjacent live equipment.

Manual lifting and handling

Many injuries in industry and in the home are the direct result of incorrect lifting or
handling.
Apart from considering one’s own welfare when lifting and handling, the safety of others
must be taken into account.
Always ensure that others are in no danger whilst you are lifting, lowering or moving items
of equipment especially full lengths of conduit, tray or trunking.
Never throw items to fellow workers, always be alert.

LIFTING TECHNIQUES

WORKING ON HEIGHTS

ACCESS EQUIPMENT
In order for us to carry out certain tasks in installation work, it is often necessary to work
above ground level (installing conduit and trunking, etc.). It is obvious, then, that a safe
means of access must be used.
The following items are typical of access equipment available:
  Ladders
 No-bolt scaffolding,
 Swing back steps (step-ladders)
 Bolted tower scaffold Ladder
 step-ladder scaffold
 Standard independent scaffold
 Trestle scaffold
 Putlog scaffold.

Ladders
There are various types of ladder: wooden or aluminium; single, double and triple
extension; rope-operated extension.

Safe use of ladders

1. Ladders must not be used with:
(a) broken, missing or makeshift rungs;
(b) broken, weakened or repaired stiles;
(c) broken or defective ropes and fittings.
2. Rungs must be clean and free from grease.
3. Ladders must never be painted as this may hide defects.
4. Aluminium ladders must not be used near low- or high-voltage cables.
5. Ladders over 3 m long must be secured at the top or bottom, or a second
person must ‘foot ’ the ladder on the bottom rung.6. Ladders should be erected at an
angle of 75° to the ground.

7. Ladders used for access to working platforms must extend five rungs or 1 m beyond
the working surface.

The term ladder is generally taken to include step ladders and trestles. The use of ladders
for working above ground level is only acceptable for access and work of short duration
(Work at Height Regulations: 2005).

It is advisable to inspect the ladder before climbing it. It should be straight and fi rm. All
rungs and tie rods should be in position and there should be no cracks in the stiles. The
ladder should not be painted since the paint may be hiding defects.
Extension ladders should be erected in the closed position and extended one section at
a time. Each section should overlap by at least the number of rungs indicated below:
● Ladder up to 4.8 m length – 2 rungs overlap
● Ladder up to 6.0 m length – 3 rungs overlap
● Ladder over 6.0 m length – 4 rungs overlap.

The angle of the ladder to the building should be in the proportion 4 up to

1 out or 75° .The ladder should be lashed at the top and bottom when possible to
prevent unwanted movement and placed on firm and level ground. Footing is only
considered effective for ladders smaller than 6 m and manufactured securing devices
should always be considered.

When ladders provide access to a roof or working platform the ladder must extend at
least 1.05 m or 5 rungs above the landing place.

Short ladders may be carried by one person resting the ladder on the shoulder, but
longer ladders should be carried by two people, one at each end, to avoid accidents
when turning corners.
Long ladders or extension ladders should be erected by two people, one person stands
on or ‘foots ’ the ladder, while the other person lifts and walks under the ladder towards
the walls. When the ladder is upright it can be positioned in the

Securing ladder top

Swing back steps (step-ladders)
The safe use of wooden or aluminium step-ladders is as follows:
1. As for items 1–4 for ladders.
2. Hinges must be secure
.
Ladder or step-ladder scaffold
Two ladders may be used to support scaffold boards
1.5 m span – use 38 mm scaffold board.
2.5 span – use 50 mm scaffold board.
Above 2.4 m – use two scaffold boards.

Maximum span is 3 m.

Maximum height is 1.9 m.

Maximum overhang of scaffold boards is four times the thickness of board.
Minimum overhang of scaffold boards is 50 mm.
Access to the platform should be by a third ladder.
The same span distances, etc., apply to scaffold boards used with step-ladders.

Ladder Scaffold

Trestles (wooden or aluminium) sacaffold

Two pairs of trestles spanned by scaffolding boards provide a simple working platform.
The platform must be at least two boards or 450 mm wide.
At least one-third of the trestle must be above the working platform.
If the platform is more than 2 m above the ground, toe boards and guardrails must be
fitted, and a separate ladder provided for access.
The boards which form the working platform should be of equal length and not
overhang the trestles by more than four times their own thickness. The maximum span of
boards between trestles is:
● 1.3 m for boards 40 mm thick
● 2.5 m for boards 50 mm thick.
Trestles which are higher than 3.6 m must be tied to the building to give them stability.
Where anyone can fall more than 4.5 m from the working platform, trestles may not be
used.
 Trestle

Scaffold boards
Scaffold boards are made to the British Standard BS 2482/70 and are the only boards
that should be used. Their maximum length is usually no greater than 4 m; beyond this,
special staging is used.

Scaffold boards should be:

o clean and straight;
o free from decay or damage;
o free from paint, dirt or grease.
Galvanized iron strip
FIGURE 12.12
Typical scaffold board ends.
Hinge
Scaffold board
Rectangular
rungs
Rope or
hinged bracket
FIGURE 12.11

Tower scaffolding
Tower scaffolding can have either the modern no-bolt interlocking type of construction
or the conventional bolted type.
Safety precautions are the same for both types:
 Beyond a height of 6.4 m, the tower must be tied to the building or have an
outrigger fitted.

 Maximum working platform height should not exceed:

3 times the width of the narrow side out of doors;
3½ times the width of the narrow side indoors.
 Working platforms above height of 2 m must have a toe board and hand rail
For any kind of scaffolding:
 Toe boards must be at least 150 mm high.
 Hand rails must be between 920 and 1150 mm above the working platform.
 The distance between boards must not exceed 25 mm.
 Mobile towers must have locking devices fitted to the wheels.
 Overlaps and spans of scaffold boards are as for ladders. 12.13

Independent scaffolding
Independent scaffolding is one of the typical systems used on building sites.

Putlog scaffolding
The maximum safe height of putlog scaffolding is 45.5 m.
The distance between supports for platforms on both putlog and independent
scaffolding should be as follows:
990 mm for 32 mm board thickness
1520 mm for 38 mm board thickness
2600 mm for 50 mm board thickness.
All scaffolding should be inspected once every 7 days and after bad weather.
MOBILE SCAFFOLD TOWERS
Mobile scaffold towers may be constructed of basic scaffold components or made from
light alloy tube. The tower is built up by slotting the sections together until the required
height is reached.
SAFETY REGULATIONS

These are set of laws and regulations that enforce safe working practices.

STATUTORY LAWS:

They are passed in the Parliament, they are Safety Acts.

Acts of Parliament are made up of Statutes. Statutory Laws and Regulations are passed
by Parliament and have therefore become laws.

Example:

HSAWA 1974 ACT

NON-STATUTORY LAWS

They help to explain more understanding of the statutory law for easy practice.

Non-Statutory Regulations and codes of practice interpret the Statutory Regulations.

Non-Statutory does not mean non-compulsory.

If the Non-Statutory Regulation is relevant to your part of the Electro technical Industry
then you must comply.

They have been written for every specific section of industry, commerce and situation, to
enable everyone to comply with, or obey the written laws.

When the Electricity at Work Regulations (EWR) tell us to ‘ensure that all systems are
constructed so as to prevent danger ’ they do not tell us how to actually do this in a
specific situation. However, the IEE Regulations tell us precisely how to carry out our
electro technical work safely in order to meet the statutory requirements of the EWR.

In Part 1 of the IEE Regulations, at 114, it states ‘the Regulations are non-statutory.
They may, however, be used in a court of law in evidence to claim compliance
With a statutory requirement ’ . If your electro technical work meets the requirements of
the IEE Regulations, you will also meet the requirements of EWR.

Over the years, non-statutory regulations and codes of practice have built upon previous
good practice and responded to changes by bringing out new editions of the various
regulations and codes of practice to meet the changing needs of industry and
commerce.
.
Example

IEE, CAS Regulations

Statutory Regulations

Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999:

This requires employers to carry out risk assessments, appoint competent personnel and
arrange for appropriate training and development.

Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992:

This deals with issues such as heating, ventilation, lighting, seating etc.

Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992:

This covers the requirements for VDU’s.

Personnel Protective Equipment at Work Regulations (PPE) 1992:

This requires employers to provide suitable PPE for their employees.

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) 1998:

This requires all work equipment to be safe.

Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992:

This covers the movement of objects by bodily force.

Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981:

This covers first aid requirements.

The Health and Safety Information for Employees Regulations 1989:

This deals with the display of posters informing employees about health and safety.

Employers Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969:

This requires employers to insure their employees against accident or illness.

Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (EAWR):

This places a responsibility on any person who has control of an electrical system to
ensure safety.

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases, and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations

1995 (RIDDOR):

This requires employers to report injuries, diseases etc.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH):

This requires employers to assess the risks of and take appropriate precautions regarding
hazardous substances.
Noise at Work Regulations 1989:

This requires employers to protect employees from damage to hearing.

Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmosphere Regulations 2002:

This requires employers and the self-employed to assess the risks of working

with dangerous substances.

Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (CDM):

This deals with safe systems of work on construction sites.

Control of Major Accident Hazards 1999:

This requires notification to the relevant authority by those who move, store,

manufacture etc. hazardous substances.

Chemicals (Hazardous Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations

2002:

This requires suppliers of dangerous chemicals to provide data sheets, labels etc for such
items.

Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1994:

This covers the safe installation and maintenance of domestic and commercial gas
systems.

Health and Safety Act 1974

Employee’s duties
NON-STATUTORY LAWS
FACTORY ACTS

METHODS OF IMPLEMENTING FACTORY ACTS:

• Remote switching
• Emergency stop buttons
• Protruding emergency button
• Mushrooming emergency button
• Use of limit switches
• Use of guard sensors
• Accessible control
• Guarding the machine..i.e.. Belt guard
 MACHINE DANGER POINTS

Communicating for Hazards and Risks

The information or alarm for potential of danger at working place can be

communicated by:

(a) Verbal

Like during orientation the employer can inform the employee, among workmates and
any occasion of hazard and risk assessment.

(b) Written

Like pasting posters, signs, and all documents associated with the equipment.
SAFETY SIGNS

These are electrical symbols or icons that informs the potential of danger and how to
prevent it.

• Always follow the instructions given in the safety signs where you are working.

• I t will help to keep you safe.

Types of Safety Signs

1. Prohibition

2. Warning

3. Mandatory

4. Advisory /Safe condition

5. Fire equipment signs

PROHIBITION SIGNS

These are ‘MUST NOT DO’ signs

• They are circular, white signs with a red border and red cross bar

• They indicate an activity which must not be carried out.

Examples
 Warning Signs

• They give safety information

• They are triangular yellow signs with a black border and symbol

Examples

Mandatory Signs

These are ‘MUST DO’ signs

• They are circular blue signs with a white symbol

• They give instructions which must be obeyed.

Examples
Advisory (Safe Condition Signs)

These also give safety information

• Advisory or safe condition signs are square or rectangular, green signs with a white
symbol.

• They give information about safety provision.

Examples

Fire equipment signs

They show the location of fire fighting equipment and system.

They have white border around the edge and red black drop with white text and
symbols.

They are generally positioned near the location of fire fighting equipment.

Sometimes arrowed signs are used to point the way to fire fighting equipment.
 Safety goggles Industrial boot Respiratory Equipment

Safety gloves

Ear protectors

Safety harness (belt)

SAFETY CLOTHING
Safety first!

scagb- R @ khwisa ctc 2020 OSH notes

Kayz Production