Science

|| Tissues notes with ques answers ||

~~ Rudra bhau

Topics To be covered

●​ What are Tissues

●​ Types of tissues
●​ Plant tissue
●​ Protective tissue
●​ Animal tissue
●​ Question answers
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So let's start :-

[ What are Tissues ]

□ Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and work together to perform a
specific function.

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

Importance of Tissues :-

1. Division of labor – Each tissue does a specific job (e.g., muscle moves, nerves carry
signals), so the body works efficiently.
2. Efficiency – Specialized cells in tissues can perform their tasks better than if every cell did
everything.
3. Support & protection – Tissues like bone and skin protect organs and give structure
4. Transport – Plant tissues (xylem, phloem) and animal tissues (blood) move materials
around.
5. Growth & repair – Some tissues (like meristem in plants or epithelial in animals) help in
healing and growth.

👉 In short: Tissues make life more organized, efficient, and sustainable.

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Intex question
Q :- What is the utility of tissues in multicellular Organism ???

[ Types of tissues ]
The tissues are classified in 2 ( Two ) parts

1 :- Plant tissues

2 :- Animal tissues

Chart :-
 Plant tissue ( rapid explanation )
Plants are stationary
●Most of the tissues they have are supportive, which provides them with structural strength.
●Most of these tissues are dead, since dead cells can provide mechanical strength as easily
as live ones, and need less maintenance
The growth in plants is limited to certain regions
●There are some tissues in plants that divide throughout their life. Based on the dividing
capacity of the tissues, various plant tissues can be classified as growing or meristematic
tissue and permanent tissue
Sedentary existence of Plants
●The structural organisation of organs and organ systems is far more specialised in complex
animals than even in very complex plants. This fundamental difference reflects the different
modes of life pursued by these two groups of organisms.
Animal tissue (rapid explanation)
Animals move around
●Animals move around in search of food, mates and shelter. They consume more energy as
compared to plants. Most of the tissues they contain are living.
The growth in animals is more uniform across regions
●Cell growth in animals is more uniform. So, there is no such demarcation of dividing and
non-dividing regions in animals.
Active locomotion of Animals
●The structural organisation of organs and organ systems is far more specialised in complex
animals than even in very complex plants. This fundamental difference reflects the different
modes of life pursued by these two groups of organisms.

Difference between Plant and animal tissues

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Plant tissue

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Plant tissues are divided into two parts

1.​ Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent tissue

Meristematic tissue
●Meristematic tissue is a type of plant tissue made up of actively dividing cells. It is
responsible for the growth of plants (in length, girth, and formation of new organs)
○ Function: Meristematic tissue ensures continuous growth of the plant by forming new cells
that later differentiate into permanent tissues.
 Types of meristematic tissue ??
○There are three types of meristematic tissue which are
1)​ Apical meristem
2) lateral meristem
3) intercalary meristem
APICAL MERISTEM
●These tissues are found at the tips of stems and roots, and sometimes on leaves.
●They help the roots and shoots grow longer, making the plant taller.
●This kind of growth is known as primary growth
Types ??
■ This type of meristem has 2 more types
1)​ RAM
2)​ SAM

●RAM = Root Apical Meristem → root growth

●SAM = Shoot Apical Meristem → shoot growth
***
♡RAM – Root Apical Meristem
●Found at the tip of the root.
●Responsible for primary growth of roots (increase in length).
●Produces all the tissues of the root system.
●Protected by the root cap (which shields it as the root pushes through the soil).
♡2. SAM – Shoot Apical Meristem
●Found at the tip of the shoot (stem apex).
●Responsible for primary growth of shoots (increase in length).
●Gives rise to leaves, flowers, and branches.
Protected by young leaves or leaf primordia.
LATERAL MERISTEM
●It helps the root or stem become thicker.
●This thickening is known as secondary growth.
INTERCALARY MERISTEM
●Intercalary Meristem is found at the base of leaves or between nodes on branches.
●It helps parts like the internode or leaves grow longer.
● Provide girth to plants
Intex question
Q :- How do meristematic tissues contribute to the healing of wounds in plants?

Permanent tissues

●Permanent tissues are groups of plant cells that have lost the ability to divide and have
become specialized to perform specific functions. They originate from the meristematic
tissues (the dividing tissues in plants), but once they differentiate, they cannot divide further.

Imp
● The permanent tissues are composed of those cells which have lost their capability
to divide.
● They have definite shape, size and thickness. The permanent tissue may be dead or
living.
● The division & differentiation of the cells of meristematic tissues give rise to
permanent tissues.
● In cell differentiation, developing tissue and organs change from simple to more
complex forms to become specialized for specific functions.
● Permanent tissues are classified into two types on the basis of Structure and
Composition i.e. Simple Permanent Tissues and Complex Permanent Tissues.
****
Types of permanent tissues
♤♡◇♧ Simple permanent tissues
●These tissues are made up of only one type of cell, all of which look similar and
perform the same function.
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○There are 3 types of simple permanent tissues
1)​ Parenchyma
2)​ Collenchyma
3)​ Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma :-
●Parenchyma tissues support plants and store food in roots and stems.
●They form the basic packing tissue in plants.
●The cells are simple and not very specialized.
●These cells have thin walls and are alive.
●They have large gaps between them because they are loosely packed. |

There are 2 types of Parenchyma

1)​ Chlorenchyma
2)​ Aerenchyma
Chlorenchyma
□ Parenchyma tissues which contain chlorophyll and can perform photosynthesis
Aerenchyma
□ Parenchyma tissues with large air spaces help plants float by making them buoyant
□ Functions parenchyma
●Provides support to plants (offer turgidity)
●Stores food
●In some situations, it contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis (chlorenchyma)
In aquatic plants, large air cavities are present in parenchyma to give buoyancy to the plants
to help them float (aerenchyma)
●The parenchyma of stems and roots also stores nutrients and water

Collenchyma :-
●Collenchyma tissues are found in leaf stalks just below the surface.
●They provide flexibility, allowing leaves and stems to bend without breaking.
●These cells are alive, long, and have thick corners.
●There is very little space between these cells.
□■□Functions
●Allows easy bending in various parts of a plant (leaf, stem) without breaking.
●Also provides mechanical support to plants.

Sclerenchyma :-
●The hard husk of a coconut is made of Sclerenchyma tissues.
●These tissues are found in stems, around vascular bundles, in leaf veins, and in the hard
coverings of seeds and nuts.
●Their role is to provide hardness and stiffness.
●Sclerenchyma cells are dead, long, and narrow with thick walls.
●The walls are thickened by lignin(impermiable), making them very strong.
●There is little to no space between these cells due to their thick walls
Functions
●It is the tissue which makes the plant hard and stiff
●It provides strength to the plant parts
(This tissue is present in stems, around vascular bundles, in the veins of leaves and in the
hard covering of seeds and nuts)

Complex Permanent Tissues

●Tissues made of more than one type of cells that coordinate to perform a common function
●Xylem and phloem (both are also types of it ) are examples of such complex tissues. They
are both conducting tissues and constitute a vascular bundle. Hence, also known as
Vascular tissues.
Xylem

●Xylem is a type of vascular tissue in plants that transports water and dissolved minerals
from the roots to the stems, leaves, and other parts of the plant
●Xylem consists of four types of cells elements called Tracheids, Vessels, xylem
parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma.
●The cells have thick walls, and many of them are dead cells.
●Thick walled cells are found in the form of tubular passage
Tracheids
●They are elongated angular dead cells (primitive elements) mainly involved in conduction of
water and minerals in gymnosperms
Vessels
●They are advance element (generally found in angiosperms).
●Vessels are cylindrical tube like structures placed one above the other end to end which
form a continuous channel for efficient conduction of water.
Xylem parenchyma
●They are small & thick walled parenchymatous cells subjected for storage of starch (food).
xylem sclerenchyma/ fibers
●They are non-living fibres with thick walls and narrow cavities provide mechanical support.
●Except xylem parenchyma all other xylem elements are dead.
●The annual rings present in the trunk of a tree are xylem rings.
●By counting the number of annual rings, we can determine the age of a tree.
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Short summary
○Tracheids and vessels: are tubular structures.
This allows them to transport water and minerals vertically.
○Parenchyma: stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water.

Fibres: are mainly supportive in function.

Phloem
●Phloem is a vascular tissue in plants that transports food (mainly sugars like sucrose)
prepared in the leaves to all parts of the plant. This

process is
called translocation.
●Phloem is made up of four types of elements: sieve tubes , companion cells , phloem fibres
and phloem parenchyma
●They also consist of both parenchymatous and sclerenchymatous cells.
SIEVE TUBES
●Sieve tubes are slender tube-like structures made up of elongated, thin walled cells placed
end to end.
●The end walls of sieve tube cells are perforated by numerous pores, called sieve plates.
●The nucleus of a sieve cell degenerates at maturity. However, cytoplasm persists, because
of protoplasmic continuation of the sieve tube with a companion cell through
plasmodesmata.
●Sieve cells possess slime protein or protein which is concerned with growth and repair of
sieve cells.
COMPANION CELLS
●Companion cells have dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.
●Sieve cells & companion cells are so called sister cells because they originate from a single
mother cell.
PHLOEM FIBRE
●They give mechanical support to sieve tubes.
PHLOEM PARENCHYΜΑ
●They store food and help in radial conduction of food
Rapid note :- Phloem is unlike xylem in that materials can move in both directions in
it. Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant

Dig :-

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 Protective tissue

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Protective tissue is a type of plant tissue that forms the outer covering of plant
organs and protects them from mechanical injury, water loss, and invasion by
pathogens.
● there are 2 types of Protective tissue
1)​ Epidermis
2)cork tissue

Epidermis
●The epidermis protects plants from injury, pathogens, and water loss.
●In desert plants (xerophytes), the thick cuticle of the epidermis reduces water loss
by lowering the rate of transpiration.
●The epidermis in certain areas also allows for gas exchange during respiration and
photosynthesis.
●In roots, epidermal cells increase the surface area, aiding in better absorption of
water and nutrients.
●Stomata are part of the epidermis, which is a type of protective tissue.
●While the epidermis mainly protects against injury, pathogens, and water loss,
stomata act like tiny adjustable gates in this protective layer.

Cork
●The outer protective coat of a tree is called cork.
●It is one of the components of tree bark.
●The tissues of bark become old and the secondary meristem replaces them.
●Cork is made up of multiple thick layers as a result of this process.

Functions of cork cells:

●It protects the tree from bacterial or fungal infection.
●It prevents water loss through the bark
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Animal tissues
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Animal tissues are divided into 4 parts
1)​ Epithelial tissues
2)​ Connective tissues
3)​ Muscular tissues
4)​ Nervous tissues

Epithelial tissues
●Always grows on some other types of tissue.
●Cells of epithelium are set very close to each other and the tissue rests on a non-cellular
basement membrane.
●Consists of single layer of cells.
●Blood vessels are absent and non-nervous in nature.
●It covers all the organs and lines the cavities of hollow organs like stomach.
●It is primarily protective in function.
Functions :-
○Epithelium covers most organs and cavities within the body.
○Forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate
○Epithelial tissue cells are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet.
○They have only a small amount of cementing material between them and almost no
intercellular spaces.
○Anything entering or leaving the body must cross at least one layer of epithelium
○Ex. the skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney
tubules
There are 5 types of epithelial tissues
Note :- One of the tissue is not showing
Squamous epithelium
In cells where transportation of substances occurs through a selectively permeable surface,
there is a simple flat kind of epithelium called the simple squamous epithelium. Ex. blood
vessels or lung alveoli.
Features
●Simple squamous epithelial cells are extremely thin and flat and form a delicate lining
●Have selectively permeable surface
●Examples The oesophagus and the lining of the mouth

Columnar epithelium
●Where absorption and secretion occur, ex. the inner lining of the intestine, tall epithelial
cells called columnar epithelium are present.
Features
●Columnar ('pillar-like') epithelium facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier.
Cilia
●In the respiratory tract, the columnar epithelial tissue also has cilia, which are hair-like
projections on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells.
●These cilia can move which pushes the mucus forward to clear it

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

●Squamous epithelium cells arranged in a pattern of layers is called stratified squamous
epithelium. Example skin.
Features
●Skin epithelial cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear.
Glandular Epithelium
●Epithelial cells often acquire additional specialisation as gland cells, which can secrete
substances at the epithelial surface. ●Sometimes a portion of the epithelial tissue folds
inward, and a multicellular gland is formed. This is glandular epithelium.
Cuboidal Epithelium
●Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped cells) forms the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of
salivary glands, where it provides mechanical support.

Muscular tissues

●Muscular tissue is a type of animal tissue made up of elongated cells called muscle
fibres.
●It is responsible for movement in animals.
Muscle cells can contract and relax, which helps in movement.
○The cells of the connective tissue are widely spaced and embedded in an Movements are
brought about in our body with the help of muscular tissues.
●They are long fibre-like cells called muscle fibres.
●They are capable of contraction or relaxation.
●Types of Muscular Tissue are Striated muscles, cardiac muscle fibres and Non-striated
muscles.
Types of Muscular tissues are three
1)​ Skeletal muscle
2)​ Smooth muscle
3)​ Cardiac muscle
Striated Muscles/ Skeletal muscles
●They are also called as voluntary muscles because these are under the control of one's
will.
●Muscle fibres or cells are multinucleated and unbranched.
●Each fibre is enclosed by thin membrane which is called as sarcolemma.
●Cytoplasm is called as sarcoplasm.
●These muscles get tired and need rest.
●Tongue,Face muscles, Neck muscles are examples of it

Cardiac Muscle Fibres

●They are only involuntary muscles.
●Only found in the walls of heart.
●Their structure is in between the striated and non-striated muscles.
●They are uninucleated and branched. Branches are united by intercalated disc.
● In these muscles rhythmic contraction and relaxation occurs throughout the life.
Found only in the walls of the heart (myocardium).

Non-striated Muscles
●They are involuntary muscles also called as smooth muscles.
●These muscle fibres are uninucleated and spindle shaped.
●They are not enclosed by membrane but many fibres are joined together in bundles
●Such muscles are found in the walls of stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, bronchi, iris of
eye etc.
●Peristaltic movements in alimentary canal are brought about by smooth muscles.
Examples
Stomach muscles (help in digestion), Intestine muscles (peristalsis / movement of
food) , Urinary bladder muscles ,Blood vessel walls

Nervous tissues
●They are highly specialized tissue due to which the animals are able to perceive and
respond to the stimuli.
●Their functional unit is called as nerve cell or neuron.
●Structural and functional unit of nervous system.
●Longest cell in body.
●Cell body is called cyton which is covered by plasma membrane
Breakdown

■Whatever we feel like warm or cold is just because of this tissue

■The sudden reaction in body without thinking is done by spinal cord and wherever if you
think something that would be then that will be work brain back to story that spinal cord is
connected with receptor and receptor is connected with nerve cell also called as neuron
Connective tissues
●Connective tissue is one of the four main types of body tissues (others: epithelial, muscle,
and nervous).
●It acts as the framework and support system of the body.
Functions :-
●Binds, supports, and strengthens tissues and organs
●Protects and cushions organs
●Stores fat (energy)
●Provides immunity (through white blood cells)
●Transports substances (blood)

Four Types of Connective Tissues

1. Areolar tissue → Loose connective tissue that joins skin to muscles, fills spaces, and
supports organs.
2. Adipose tissue → Fat-storing tissue that provides insulation, energy storage, and
protection.
3. Cartilage → Flexible connective tissue found in nose, ear, joints; provides support and
cushioning.
4. Bone / Skeletal → Hard connective tissue that forms the skeleton, supports the body, and
protects organs.
Areolar tissue
●Areolar tissue is a type of loose connective tissue found beneath the skin, between organs,
and around blood vessels and nerves.
●It has fibers (collagen & elastic) and cells (mainly fibroblasts) in a jelly-like ground
substance.
Functions:
1. Connects skin to muscles
2. Fills spaces between organs
3. Provides support and elasticity
4. Helps in repair and defense (contains immune cells)

👉 In short (2–3 lines for exams):

Areolar tissue is a loose connective tissue that joins skin to muscles, fills spaces between
organs, and provides support, elasticity, and defense.
Types of areolar tissue
Tendon and Ligament
Tendon
●A type of dense connective tissue.
Joins muscle to bone.
●Made mostly of collagen fibers → very strong but not very elastic.
Function: Helps muscles move the bones.
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Ligament
●Also a dense connective tissue.
Joins bone to bone.
●Made of collagen + elastic fibers → strong and also flexible.
Function: Provides strength and flexibility to joints.
Adipose :-
●Adipose tissue is made up of many round and oval adipocytes filled with fat
globules.
●Excess nutrients are stored as fat in this tissue.
●It helps in temperature regulation.
●Adipose tissue is commonly found beneath the skin and around internal organs like
the kidneys.

Skeletal :-
●Skeletal tissues form the framework of the body, giving support, shape, protection,
and helping in movement.
●They are of two main types → Cartilage and Bone.
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1. Cartilage
●Flexible, smooth skeletal tissue.
●Matrix: firm but not hard, no calcium salts.
●Cells: Chondrocytes (in lacunae).
●Blood supply: Absent (heals slowly).
Types of Cartilage
1. Hyaline cartilage → smooth, bluish-white; at ends of long bones, nose, trachea.
2. Elastic cartilage → flexible; in ear pinna, piglottis.
3. Fibrocartilage → very tough; in intervertebral discs, knee joint.
---
2. Bone
●Hard skeletal tissue forming skeleton.
●Matrix: calcium salts + collagen → strong and rigid.
●Cells: Osteocytes (in lacunae).
●Blood supply: Rich (heals quickly).
Types of Bone
1. Compact bone → dense, forms outer layer of bones, gives strength.
2. Spongy bone → porous, contains bone marrow, makes blood cells.

✅ Short Exam Answer:

Skeletal tissues are of two types: (1) Cartilage – flexible tissue (hyaline, elastic,
fibrocartilage), and (2) Bone – hard tissue (compact and spongy). They provide support,
protection, and help in movement.
Fluid
●Fluid tissues are connective tissues with a liquid matrix.
●They help in transportation of materials and in defense of the body.
There are two main types:
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1. Blood
●Matrix: Plasma (liquid).
●Cells present:
●RBCs (Red Blood Cells / Erythrocytes) → carry oxygen.
●WBCs (White Blood Cells / Leucocytes) → fight infections.
●Platelets → help in blood clotting.
Function: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
Example / Location: Found in blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).

---

2. Lymph

●Colorless fluid, derived from blood plasma.

●Contains: WBCs (mainly lymphocytes).
●Function:
●Returns excess fluid from tissues to blood.
Maintains immunity (fights infections).
●Helps in absorption of fats from the intestine.

✅
●Example / Location: Found in lymph vessels and lymph nodes.
Short Exam Answer:
Fluid tissues are connective tissues with liquid matrix. Examples: (1) Blood – transports
substances and protects body, and (2) Lymph – helps in immunity and returns tissue fluid to
blood.
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Question answers

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1. Fill in the blanks:

1. The _____________ meristem helps to increase the girth of the stem or root.
2. The process by which cells take up a permanent shape, size, and function is called
_____________
3. Collenchyma is a _____________ tissue present in plants which provides flexibility.
4. The husk of a coconut is composed of _____________ tissue.
5. Two kidney-shaped cells called _____________ enclose the stomata.
6. The _____________ parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideways conduction
of water
7. Tendon is a connective tissue which connects _____________to bones.
8. Heart muscle cells are cylindrical and _____________

Ques
1. What is the difference between meristematic tissue and permanent tissue?
2. Name the different types of meristematic tissues and state their location in plants.
3. How is xylem different from phloem in structure and function?
4. What are complex permanent tissues? Give examples.
5. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissues.
6. What is the role of stomata in plants?
7. Why do meristematic cells have a large nucleus and dense cytoplasm but no
vacuole?
8. Explain the function of cork or protective tissue in plants.
9. How does phloem transport food in plants?
10. Give reasons:
a) Xylem is called a conducting as well as a mechanical tissue.
b) Guard cells are bean-shaped.