Magnetic Field
Magnetic field produced by a magnet is proportional to its
magnetic moment
The space around which the magnetic lines of forces
exist is called as Magnetic Field
Magnetic field is produced by permanent magnets and
temporarily by electromagnets or superconducting
magnets
Both the magnetic moment and magnetic field
are vectors having a magnitude and direction
Magnetic Flux Density or Magnetic Induction (B)
Number of magnetic lines of force (magnetic flux) passing
perpendicularly through unit area of cross section
Magnetic Field Strength (H) or Magnetic Field
Intensity (H)
Magnetic field intensity (H) at any point in the magnetic field is the
force experienced by an unit north pole placed at that point
Magnetic induction (B) due to a magnetic field intensity (H) applied
in vacuum is related by
μ0 - Permeability of free space
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 𝜇0 = 4π × 10−7 𝐻 𝑚−1
Instead in vacuum, if the field is applied in a medium, the magnetic
induction in the solid is given by
𝐵
𝐵 =𝜇𝐻 μ - Permeability of the medium 𝜇=
𝐻
Magnetic Field Strength (H) or Magnetic Field
Intensity (H)
Ratio of the magnetic flux density to the magnetic permeability
of free space (vacuum)
B
H= Unit : Amp m −1
0
Magnetic Permeability (μ)
Ability of a magnetic material to support magnetic field development
Ratio of the magnetic flux density (B) or magnetic induction to the
magnetic field strength (H)
B
=
H
Relative Magnetic Permeability
Ratio of the permeability of the medium (μ) to the
permeability of the free space (μ0)
μ
μr =
μ0
𝜇 = μ𝑟 μ0
Magnetization or Intensity of Magnetization
Magnetization is the process of converting a non-magnetic material
in to a magnetic material
It measures the magnetization of the magnetized specimen
Magnetization or Intensity of Magnetization (M) is the magnetic
moment per unit volume
Intensity of magnetization (M) is directly related to the applied
magnetic field (H) through the susceptibility of the medium by
𝑀 (Susceptibility has no units)
χ =
𝐻
Magnetic Susceptibility (χ)
A quantitative measure of the extent to which a material
can be magnetized by an external magnetic field
It is the ratio of intensity of magnetization (M) and magnetic field
strength or intensity (H)
The sign and magnitude of χ are used to determine the nature of
the magnetic materials
μ r = 1+ m
𝐵 =𝜇𝐻 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0
𝐵 =𝜇𝐻
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐻
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝜇0 𝐻 − 𝜇0 𝐻
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝜇0 𝐻 (𝜇𝑟 − 1)
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝜇0 𝑀 where, Magnetization 𝑀 = 𝐻 (𝜇𝑟 − 1)
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀)
𝜇0 𝐻 – This is due to external magnetic field
𝜇0 𝑀 – This is due to the magnetization
Magnetic induction (B) is given by
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀)
𝐵
𝜇0 =
𝐻+𝑀
𝜇 𝐵
Relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇=
𝜇0 𝐻
𝐵/𝐻
𝜇𝑟 =
𝐵/(𝐻 + 𝑀)
𝐻+𝑀
𝜇𝑟 =
𝐻
𝑀 𝑀
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + where, =χ
𝐻 𝐻
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + χ
The magnetic field in the interior of a certain solenoid has the value of 6.5
x 10– 4 T when the solenoid is empty. When it is filled with iron, the field
becomes 1.4 T. Find the relative permeability of iron
Given Parameters
𝑀 = 1.4 T
H = 6.5 × 10−4 T
Magnetic Susceptibility
𝑀 1.4
χ= χ= = 2000
𝐻 6.5 × 10−4
Relative permeability
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + χ χ = 2000
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 2000
𝜇𝑟 = 2001
𝜇𝑟 = 2001
Find the relative permeability of a ferromagnetic material if a field of
strength 220 A/m produces a magnetization of 3300 A/m in it
Given Parameters
𝑀 = 3300 A/m
H = 220 A/m
Magnetic Susceptibility
𝑀 3300
χ= χ= = 15
𝐻 220
Relative permeability
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + χ χ = 15
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 15 𝜇𝑟 = 16
𝜇𝑟 = 16
The magnetic field intensity in a piece of ferric oxide is 106 A/m. If the
susceptibility of the material is 1.5 x 10–3, calculate the magnetization of
the material and magnetic flux density
Given Parameters
𝐻 = 106 A/m
χ = 1.5 × 10−3
Magnetization
𝑀 𝑀 = χ 𝐻 𝑀 = 1.5 × 10−3 × 106 = 1.5 × 103 A/m
χ=
𝐻
Magnetic Flux Density or Magnetic Induction
𝐵 = 𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀) 𝑀 = 1.5 × 103 A/m
𝐵 = 4π × 10−7 1.5 × 103 + 106 𝐵 = 1.259 T
𝐵 = 1.259 T = 1.259 Weber/m2 𝐵 = 1.259 Weber/m2
Saturation Magnetization and Flux Density Calculation
The maximum magnetization, called saturation magnetization Msat, in iron is
about 1.75 x 106 A/m. This corresponds to all possible net spins aligning parallel
to each other. (a) Calculate the effective number of Bohr Magnetons per atom
that would give Msat, given that the density and relative atomic mass of iron are
7.86 g/cm3 and 55.85, respectively. (b) Calculate saturation flux density
Saturation Number of Bohr Magnitude of the Number of atoms
= Magnetons per × Bohr Magneton × per unit volume
Magnetization
(Msat) atom (x) (𝛽) (nat)
Msat = x 𝛽 nat
Number of atoms Density (𝜌) × Avogadro′ s Number (N)
=
per unit volume (nat)
Molecular Weight (Mat)
𝜌N
nat =
M𝑎𝑡
Number of Fe atoms per unit volume
𝜌 = 7.86 g cm−3 = 7.86 × 106 g m−3 = 7.86 × 103 kg m−3
𝜌𝑁
nat = N = 6.022 × 1023 atoms mol−1
𝑀𝑎𝑡
Mat = 55.85 g mol−1 = 55.85 × 10−3 kg mol−1
7.86 × 106 g m−3 6.022 × 1023 atoms mol−1
nat =
55.85 g mol−1
nat = 0.847 × 1029 atoms m−3
nat = 8.47 × 1028 atoms m−3
nat = 8.47 × 1028 atoms m−3
Each Fe atom contributes x number of net spins
Then each net spin has a magnetic moment of β
Msat
Msat = x 𝛽 nat x =
𝛽 n at
Effective Number of Bohr Magnetons per Fe atom
Msat Msat = 1.75 × 106 A m−1
x =
𝛽 n at
1.75 × 106
x=
8.48 × 1028 9.27 × 10−24
1.75 × 106
x= ≈ 2.2 x = 2.2
78.61 × 104
When the magnetization is saturated, all atomic magnetic moments are
aligned
The resulting magnetic field within the
iron specimen in the absence of an Bsat = μ0 Msat
applied magnetizing field (H = 0) is
Bsat = 4π × 10−7 H m−1 1.75 × 106 A m−1 = 2.2 Tesla
Bsat = 2.2 Tesla
