Introduction to Object-

Oriented Programming

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 Introductions
• Chapter 1: Introduction to OOP
– Types of programming paradigms
– Overview of OO principles
– Editing, Compiling and Interpreting

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 Introductions
 All computer programs consist of two elements: code and data.
 A Programming language is a notational system for describing
tasks/computations in a machine and human readable form.
 Computer languages are designed to facilitate certain operations.
 Computer language typically embodies a particular
programming paradigm.

 Which programming language?

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 Introductions
• What is a "programming paradigm"?
• Paradigms is “ a ways of organizing thought”
– Programming paradigm = The basic structuring of thought underlying the
programming activity.

 a method to solve some problem or do some task.

• E.g.. when you think of a programming problem, what are you
thinking of?
– the sequence of actions to perform (first download the file, then display it)
– how to divide the problem-space into sub-tasks
– what are the agents involved (sensors, a simulator, a renderer, …)
– what data do we need to handle? do we need intermediate representations? what are the
relations between the different forms?

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 Programming Paradigms
 Since a task can be solved in different ways (paradigms), the language
used to describe the solution differs in abstractions, structures
due to the way in which the problem is solved.
 A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer
programming.
 Programming paradigms differ in:
– The concepts and abstractions used to represent the elements
of a program (such as objects, functions, variables,
constraints, etc.)
– The steps that compose a computation (assignation, evaluation,
data flow, control flow, etc.).
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 Programming Paradigms

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 Programming Paradigms

.
Imperative/
Algorithmic Declarative
Procedural Object Functional Logic Database
programming Oriented Programming Programming Programming

Algol Smalltalk Lisp Prolog SQL

Cobol Simula Haskell
PL/1 C++ , C# ML
Ada Java ,VB Miranda
C APL
Modula-3
Fortan
Basic

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 Imperative paradigms
 It is based on commands that update variables in storage.
 The main : Explicitly tells the computer "how" to accomplish it.
 The Latin word imperare means “to command”.
 E.g GO TO command
 It works by changing the program state through assignment statements.
 It performs step by step task by changing state.
 The paradigm consist of several statements and after execution of all,
the result is stored.
 Includes procedural & structured programming.
 Many people also find the imperative paradigm to be a more natural
way of expressing themselves.

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 Imperative paradigms
 Advantages :
 Efficient;
 Close to the machine;
 Popular; Familiar.
 Disadvantages :
 The semantics of a program can be complex to understand or
prove
 debugging is harder;
 Abstraction is more limited than with some paradigms;
 Order is crucial, which doesn't always suit itself to problems.
 Parallel programming is not possible
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 Declarative Programming
 Declarative programming is the opposite of imperative programming
in the sense that the programmer doesn't give instructions about
how the computer should execute a task, but rather on what result
is needed.
 Declarative languages aim to bring programming languages closer to
human language and thinking.
 It often considers programs as theories of some logic.
 It may simplify writing parallel programs.
 The focus is on what needs to be done rather how it should be
done basically emphasize on what code is actually doing.
 It just declares the result we want rather how it has be produced.
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 Functional programming paradigms
 In this paradigm we express computations as the evaluation of
mathematical functions.
 Functional programming paradigms treat values as single entities.
 Unlike variables, values are never modified.
 Instead, values are transformed into new values.
 Computations of functional languages are performed largely through
applying functions to values,.
 It uses functions to perform everything.
 It is a form of declarative programming.
 In this, the command execution order is not fixed.

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 Functional programming paradigms
 Advantages:
 The high level of abstraction, removes the possibility of committing many
classes of errors;
 The lack of dependence on assignment operations, allowing programs to be
evaluated in many different orders.
 This evaluation order independence makes function-oriented languages
good candidates for programming massively parallel computers;
 The absence of assignment operations makes the function-oriented programs
much more amenable to mathematical proof and analysis than imperative
programs.
 Disadvantages:
 Perhaps less efficiency
 Problems involving many variables or a lot of sequential activity that are
sometimes easier to handle imperatively or with object-oriented programming.
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 Logic programming paradigms
 The LP takes a declarative approach to problem-solving.
 Various logical assertions about a situation are made, establishing all
known facts.
 Then queries are made.
 The role of the computer becomes maintaining data and logical
deduction.
 Logical Paradigm Programming:
 A logical program is divided into three sections:
1. A series of definitions/declarations that define the problem
domain
2. Statements of relevant facts
3. Statement of goals in the form of a query
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 Logic programming paradigms
 While the functional paradigm emphasizes the idea of a
mathematical function, the logic paradigm focuses on predicate
logic, in which the basic concept is a relation.
 Logic languages are useful for expressing problems where it is not
obvious what the functions should be.
 For example, consider the uncle relationship:
 a given person can have many uncles, and another person can be
uncle to many nieces and nephews.
 Let us consider now how we can define the brother relation in
terms of simpler relations and properties father, mother, and male.
 Using the Prolog logic language one can say:
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 Logic programming paradigms
clauses
brother(X,Y) :- /* X is the brother of Y */
/* if there are two people F and M for which*/
father(F,X), /* F is the father of X */
father(F,Y), /* and F is the father of Y */
mother(M,X), /* and M is the mother of X */
mother(M,Y), /* and M is the mother of Y */
male(X). /* and X is male */
 Predicates
 mother(sara, jack). /* sara is the mother of jack */
 is fact.
 Query
? mother(sara, jack).
Yes

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 Logic programming paradigms
 Advantages:
 system solves the problem, so the programming steps themselves
are kept to a minimum;
 Proving the validity of a given program is simple.

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 The Object-Oriented Paradigm
 Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a paradigm in which real-
world objects are each viewed as separate entities having their own
state which is modified only by built in procedures, called methods.
 In OOP:
– Everything is modeled as object
– Computation is performed by message passing:
• objects communicate with one another via message passing.
– Every object is an instance of a class where a class represents a
grouping of similar objects.
– Objects are organized into classes, from which they inherit
methods.
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 Fundamental Principles of OOP
1. Objects
2. Classes
3. Methods and Messages
4. Abstraction
5. Encapsulation
6. Inheritance
7. Polymorphism

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 OOP Concepts
 In object-oriented programming (OOP), programs are organized into
objects.
 The properties of objects are determined by their class
 Objects act on each other by passing messages.
What is Object?
 Definition:
An object is a software bundle that has State and Behavior.
 Software Objects are often used to model real-world objects.
 Example:
dogs have states (name, color, hungry, breed) and
behaviors (bark, fetch, and wag tail).
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 Class
 Definition: A class is a blueprint that defines the states and the
behaviors common to all objects of a certain kind.
 In the real world, you often have many objects of the same kind.
 For example, a guard dog, herding dog, snoop dog . . .
 Even though all dogs have four legs, and bark, each dog’s behavior is
independent of other dogs.
 For example:
class Dog {
 Dog #1 is a black Poodle,
// state and behavior
 Dog #2 is a red Irish Setter
}

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 Methods
 An Object's behavior is defined by its methods.
 Methods, like fields, are written inside the braces of the class
 Methods can access the fields (the state) of their object and can
change them
class Dog {
String name; // field
// behavior
public void bark()
{
...
}
}

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 Message
 Definition: Software objects interact and communicate with each
other by sending messages to each other.
 Example: when you want your dog to gather a herd of goats, you
whistle and send him out.

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 Inheritance
 Inheritance is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the
states and behaviors of a parent object.
 Inheritance allows child classes inherits the characteristics of
existing parent class
 Attributes (fields and properties)
 Operations (methods)
 Child class can extend the parent class
 Add new fields and methods
 Redefine methods (modify existing behavior)
 Inheritance is a specialization.

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 Inheritance
 Inheritance terminology

base class /
derived class inherits parent class

class implements interface

derived interface implements base interface

E.g. A old style television (idiot box) is transformed with extra

features into slim and smart television where it re-used the
properties of old television.
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 Inheritance – Benefits
 Inheritance has a lot of benefits
– Extensibility
– Reusability
– Provides abstraction
– Eliminates redundant code
 Use inheritance for building is-a relationships
– E.g. dog is-a animal (dogs are kind of animals)
 Don't use it to build has-a relationship
– E.g. dog has-a name (dog is not kind of name)

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 Inheritance – Example

Base class
. Person
+Name: String
+Address: String

Derived class Derived class

Employee Student
+Company: String +School: String
+Salary: double

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 Encapsulation
 Encapsulation is a process of wrapping code and data together
into a single unit.
 Encapsulation is the process of grouping data in a single section.
 Encapsulation hides the implementation details
 Class announces some operations (methods) available for its clients
– its public interface.
 All data members (fields) of a class should be hidden.
 Accessed via properties (read-only and read-write).
 No interface members should be hidden.

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 Encapsulation – Example
 Example: Complete television is single box where all the
mechanism are hidden inside the box all are capsuled.
 Data fields are private.
 Constructors and accessors are defined (getters and setters)

Person

-name : String
-age : TimeSpan
+Person (String name, int age)
+Name : String { get; set; }
+Age : TimeSpan { get; set; }
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 Encapsulation – Benefits
 Ensures that structural changes remain local:
 Changing the class internals does not affect any code outside of the
class
 Changing methods' implementation does not reflected to clients
using them
 Encapsulation allows adding some logic when accessing client's data
 E.g. validation on modifying a property value
 Hiding implementation details reduces complexity easier
maintenance.
 We can make a class read-only or write-only:
 For a read-only  a getter method and
 For write-only  a setter method will be used.
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 Polymorphism
 Polymorphism is a concept in which we can execute a single operation
in different ways.
 Polymorphism is a generalization.
 Polymorphism  ability to take more than one form (objects have
more than one type)
 A class can be used through its parent interface
 A child class may override some of the behaviors of the parent class
 Polymorphism allows abstract operations to be defined and used.
 Abstract operations are defined in the base class' interface and
implemented in the child classes
 Declared as abstract or virtual

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 Polymorphism

Figure Abstract
. action
+CalcSurface() : double

Concrete
class Square Circle
-x : int -x : int
-y : int -y : int
Overriden -size : int -radius: int Overriden
action action

override CalcSurface() override CalcSurface()

{ {
return size * size; return PI * radius * raduis;
} }

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 Abstraction
 Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details
and showing only functionality to the user.
 Abstraction means hiding internal details and showing the required
things.
– E.g.: pressing the accelerator will increase the speed of a car.
– But the driver doesn’t know how pressing the accelerator
increases the speed – they don't have to know that.
 In Java, we can achieve abstraction in two ways:
– abstract class and interface.

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 Overview of Java Programming
 Java is an object-oriented programming language.
 The Java programming language was created by Sun Microsystems,
Inc.
 It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity has grown quickly.
 Its primary feature is that it could function nicely in a networked
environment.
 The explosion of WWW created an environment in which the
language could live.

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 Overview of Java Programming
 Java technology can be seen as both a language and a platform.
 Using it you can write applications that can run on practically any
device, including a PC, PDA, a cellular phone or a television.
 The Java platform is formed from two components:
– The Java application programming interface (Java API)
 Set of libraries that are used to accomplish tasks such as
creating GUIs, performing file I/O and establishing network
communication.
– The Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
 It is executing java code in a specific environment.

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 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic
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 Java Program Structure
 Java programming language:
– A program is made up of one or more classes
– A class contains one or more methods
– A method contains program statements
 These terms will be explored in detail throughout the course
 A Java application always contains a method called main

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 Java Program Structure
// comments about the class
.
public class MyProgram
{
Class name
// comments about the method

public static void main (String[] args)

{

method body method header

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 Development Environments
 There are many tools to write java program, to the very least you
need to have:
 Java Development Kit (JDK 8/ Recent version)
 Text editor such as Microsoft Notepad
 Integrated Development Environment IDE for Java
 NetBeans (from Sun/Oracle)
 Eclipse (from IBM) IntelliJ
 Borland JBuilder Android Studio and
 BlueJ Many others
 JCreator
 DrJ
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 The Compiler and the Java Virtual Machine
 A programmer writes Java program called source code.
 A text editor is used to edit and save a Java source code file.
 Source code files have a .java file extension.
 A compiler is a program that translates source code into an executable
form.
 A compiler run a source code file by using as input.
 Syntax errors caught during compilation if exist.
 Syntax errors are mistakes that violate the rules of the programming language.

 Compiler produces another file called byte code.

 Java byte code interpreted by java virtual machine

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 The Compiler and the Java Virtual Machine
 A program written in a high-level language like java is called a source
program.
 Computer cannot understand a source program.
 Program called a compiler is used to translate the source program
into a byte code called an object program.
 The object program is often then linked with other supporting
library code before the object can be executed on the machine.

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 The Compiler and the Java Virtual Machine
 Most compilers translate source code into executable files containing
machine code.
 The Java compiler translates a Java source file into a file that contains
byte code-instructions.
 Byte code files end with the .class file extension.
 Byte code cannot be directly executed by the CPU.
 The JVM is a program that emulates a micro-processor.
 The JVM used to execute byte code.
 JVM is often called an interpreter.
 Therefore, Java is both compiled and interpreted language.

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 Compiling Java Source Code
 With Java, you write the program once, and compile the source
program into a special type of object code, known as bytecode.
 The bytecode can then run on any operating with a Java Virtual
Machine, as shown below.
 Java Virtual Machine is a software that interprets Java bytecode.

Java Bytecode

Java Virtual
Machine

Any
Computer

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 Program Development Process

Saves Java statements Source code

. Text editor
(.java)

Produces Byte code

Java compiler (.class)

Java Results in Program

Virtual Execution
Machine

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 Multiple Compilers
 Because different operating systems (Windows, Macs, Unix)
require different machine code, you must compile most
programming languages separately for each platform.

Unix
compiler
program

compiler MAC

compiler
Win

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 Java Interpreter

• Java is a little different.

• Java compiler produces bytecode not machine code.
• Bytecode can be run on any computer with the Java
interpreter installed.

45
AU/Computer Sc. Dept/Java
 Your First Java Program
 Open your text-editor and type the following piece of Java code:

class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

 Save this file as HelloWorld.java in the following directory:

c:\java

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 Compiling and Running Your First Program
 Open the command prompt in Windows
 To run the program that you just wrote, type at the command prompt:
cd c:\java
 Your command prompt should now look like this: c:\java>
 To compile the program that you wrote, you need to run the Java
Development Tool Kit-Compiler as follows:
At the command prompt type: c:\java> javac HelloWorld.java
 You have now created your first compiled Java program named
HelloWorld.class
 To run your first program, type the following at the command prompt:
c:\java>java HelloWorld
Although the file name includes the .class extension , this part of the name
must be left off when running the program with the Java interpreter.
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 Creating, Compiling, and Running Programs

. Create/Modify Source Code

Source code (developed by the programmer)

Saved on the disk
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Source Code
}
}

Compile Source Code

Byte code (generated by the compiler for JVM i.e., javac Welcome.java
to read and interpret, not for you to understand)
…
Method Welcome() If compilation errors
0 aload_0 stored on the disk
…
Bytecode
Method void main(java.lang.String[])
0 getstatic #2 …
3 ldc #3 <String "Welcome to
Java!">
5 invokevirtual #4 …
8 return Run Byteode
i.e., java Welcome

Result

If runtime errors or incorrect result

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 Types of Java Program
 Types All Java programs can be classified as Applications and
Applets.
 Java applications are large programs that run stand-alone,
with the support of a virtual machine.
 Applet is a relatively small Java program executed under the by a
browser (inside an appletviewer).
 Applets are great for creating dynamic and interactive web
applications of Java Program.

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 Types of Java Program
 Advantages of Applets :
 Execution of applets is easy in a Web browser and does not
require any installation or deployment procedure in real-time
programming (where as servlets require).
 Writing and displaying (just opening in a browser) graphics and
animations is easier than applications.
 In GUI development, constructor, size of frame, window closing
code etc. are not required (but are required in applications).

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 Types of Java Program

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 End of Chapter 1

Next: Objects and Classes

https://docs.oracle.com/en/java

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