Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings
below.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet
List of Headings
i Economic and social significance of tourism
ii The development of mass tourism
iii Travel for the wealthy
iv Earning foreign exchange through tourism
v Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourism
vi The contribution of air travel to tourism
vii The world impact of tourism
viii The history of travel
Example Answer
Paragraph A viii

1 ii Paragraph B (THE DEVELOPMENT OF MASS TOURISM = ADVENT

OF MASS TOURISM BEGAN IN ENGLAND -> RAPID GROWTH AND
EXPANSION OF INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL -> LED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A MAJOR NEW INDUSTRY)
2i Paragraph C (ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
TOURISM = HAS GROWN SIGNIFICANTLY IN BOTH ECONOMIC AND
SOCIAL IMPORTANCE)
3 v Paragraph D (DIFFICULTY IN RECOGNIZING THE ECONOMIC
EFFECTS OF TOURISM = IMPACT OF SPENDING BY VISITORS CAN
EASILY OVERLLOKED OR UNDERESTIMATED + DIFFICULT FOR THE
INDUSTRY TO DEVELOP ANY TYPE OF .. TO ESTIMATE THE
CONTRIBUTION MAKES TO THE ECONOMIES)
4 vii Paragraph E (THE WORLD IMPACT OF TOURISM = LARGEST
COMMODITY IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE FOR MANY NATIONS;
NUMBER ONE RANKED EMPLOYER IN (LISTED COUTNRIES)
Questions 5-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 1?
In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
5T The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and
tourism industry. (THE LARGEST EMPLOYMENT FIGURES = LARGEST
INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD INCLUDING EMPLOYMENT)

6NG Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national
product.

7NG Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.

8T Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its
economic significance difficult to ascertain.
9NG Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in
tourist areas.
10F It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual
economies.
Questions 11-13
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
11 In Greece, tourism the most important SOURCE OF
INCOME…………….. .
12 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major
EMPLOYER…………….. .
13 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are
often reflected in the measurement of DOMESTIC TOURISM …………….. .
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-l.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-l, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14C a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of
leaves (description – the substance responsible for the red colouration of
leaves = the source of the red is widely known…)
15B the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn (reason – trees drop
their leaves in autumn = rather tahn maintaing the redudant leaves
throughout the winter, the tree saves it precious resources and dicards
them)
16H some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red
leaves (there are clues out there)
17B an explanation of the function of chlorophyll (function of chlorophyll =
the molecule that captures sunlight…)
18E a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a
warning signal (suggestion – red coloration in leaves could serve as a
warning signal = advertisements)
Questions 19-22
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
Why believe the ‘light screen’ hypothesis?
● The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree
facing the 19SUN…………….. .
● The 20UPPER…………… surfaces of leaves contain the most red
pigment.
● Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are 21
DRY……………. and sunny. (daytime weather conditions)
● The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go
further 22NORTH……………..
Questions 10-12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 2?
In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

23F It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing
temperatures. (some theories – increase a leaf tolerance to freezing –
however there are problems with each of these theories)
24T The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is
known about chlorophyll.
25NG Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be
damaged by sunlight.
Question 26
B
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.
For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?
A why conifers remain green in winter
B how leaves turn orange and yellow in autumn
C how herbivorous insects choose which trees to lay their eggs in
D why anthocyanins are restricted to certain trees

Questions 27-31
Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 37-31 on your sheet.
The Éfaté burial site
A 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has
been found on an abandoned 27B……………. on the Pacific island of
Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant 28F…………….. , was
uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.
The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several
centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages
including 29I……………… and tools.
The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita
available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from
the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the
site. Spriggs believes the 30G………………. which was found at the site is
very important since it confirms that the 31D……………… found inside are
Lapita.
A proof
B plantation
C harbour
D bones
E data
F archaeological discovery
G burial urn
H source
I animals
J maps
Questions 32-35
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
32 C According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the
Lapita accomplished their journeys because
A the canoes that have been discovered offer relatively few clues.
B archaeologists have shown limited interest in this area of research.
C little information relating to this period can be relied upon for accuracy.
D technological advances have altered the way such achievements are
viewed.

33A According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the
Lapita?
A They sailed beyond the point where land was visible.
B Their cultural heritage discouraged the expression of fear.
C They were able to build canoes that withstood ocean voyages.
D Their navigational skills were passed on from one generation to the
next.

34D What does ‘This’ refer to in the seventh paragraph? (BELIEFS THEY
WOULD BE ABLE TO RETURN HOME = SECURE IN THE KNOWLEDGE
THAT IF THEY DIDN’T FIND ANYTHING, THEY COULD TURN
ABOUT…)
A the Lapita’s seafaring talent
B the Lapita s ability to detect signs of land
C the Lapita’s extensive knowledge of the region
D the Lapita’s belief they would be able to return home

35C According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the
region significant?
A It played an important role in Lapita culture.
B It meant there were relatively few storms at sea.
C It provided a navigational aid for the Lapita.
D It made a large number of islands habitable.
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading
Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
36NO It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.
37YES Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita
migration.
38NG The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.
39YES It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across
the Pacific.
40NG It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.

Questions 1-6
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
Wildfires
● Characteristics of wildfires and wildfire conditions today compared to the
past:
– occurrence: more frequent
– temperature: hotter
– speed: faster
– movement: 1SPREAD……………. more unpredictably (SPREAD MORE
UNPREDICTABLY = SPREAD MORE ERRATICALLY THAN IN THE
PAST)
– size of fires: 2 10 TIMES……………. greater on average than two
decades ago (10 ITMES GREATER ON AVERAGE = 10 TIMES THE SIZE
OF THE AVERAGE FOREST FIRE)

● Reasons wildfires cause more damage today compared to the past:

– rainfall: 3BELOW……………. AveragE (RAINFALL BELOW AVERAGE
= HAD SIGNIFICANTLY BELOW NORMAL PRECIPITATION)
– more brush to act as 4FUEL…………….. (MORE BRUSH TO ACT AS
FUEL = HALT THE NATURAL ERADICATION OF UNDERBUSH, NOW
THE PRIMARY FUEL FOR MEGAFIRES)
– increase in yearly temperature (RISE IN AVERAGE YEARLY
TEMPERATURE)
– extended fire 5SEASONS…………….. (EXTENDED FIRE SEASONS =
FIRE SEASONS ARE 78 DAYS LONGER THAN THEY WERE 20 YEARS
AGO)
– more building of 6HOMES……………. in vulnerable places (MORE
BUILDING OF HOMES IN VULNERABLE PLACES = THE
CONSTRUCTUON OF HOMES IN WOODED AREAS)
Questions 7-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage?
In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
7T The amount of open space in California has diminished over the last
ten years. (THE AMOUNT OF OPEN SPACE HAS DIMINISHED OVER
THE LAST TEN YEARS = WHAT ONCE WAS OPEN SPACE IS NOW
RESIDENTIAL HOMES – AT LEAST A DECADE MORE RESIDENTIAL
HOUSING IS BEING BUILT)

8F Many experts believe California has made little progress in readying

itself to fight fires. (EXPERTS BELIEVE CALIFORNIA HAS MADE LITTLE
PROGRESS IN READYING ITSELF TO FIGHT FIRES >< MANY
EXPERTS GIVE CALI FORNIA HIGH MARKS FOR MAKING
PREPAREDNESS IN RECENT YEARS)

9T Personnel in the past have been criticised for mishandling fire

containment. (PERSONNEL IN THE PAST HAVE BEEN CRITICIZED FOR
MISHANDLING FIRE CONTAINMENT – KEEP SOMETHING UNDER
CONTROL = STUNG IN THE PAST BY CRITICISM OF BUNGLING THAT
ALLOWED FIRES TO SPREAD WHEN THEYMIGHT HAVE BEEN
CONTAINED)

10T California has replaced a range of firefighting tools.(CALIFORNIA

HAS REPLACED A RANGE OF FIREFIGHTING TOOLS = STATE
PROMISES TO PROVIDE MORE UP-TO-DATE ENGINES, PLANES AND
HELICOPTERS TO FIGHT FIRES HAVE BEEN FULFILLED)

11NG More firefighters have been hired to improve fire-fighting capacity.

12F Citizens and government groups disapprove of the efforts of different

states and agencies working together. (CITIZENS AND GOVERNMENT
GROUPS DISAPPROVE OF THE EFFORTS OF DIFFERENT STATES
AND AGENCIES WORKING TOGETHER >< THERE IS A SENSE
AMONG BOTHGOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND RESIDENTS… FROM
SEVERAL STATES AND JURISDICTIONS ARE RESULTING IN
GREATER EFFICIENCY THAN IN THE PAST SITUATIONS)

13F Randy Jacobs believes that loss of life from fires will continue at the
same levels, despite changes made. (LOSS OF LIFE FROM FIRES WILL
CONTINUE AT THE SAME LEVELS, DESPITE CHANGES MADE >< WE
WILL NO LONGER SUFFER THE LOST OF LIFE ENDURED IN THE
PAST)

Questions 14-18
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
Psychologists have traditionally believed that a
personality 14TRANSFORMATION…………… was impossible and that by
a 15YOUNG AGE…………… a person’s character tends to be fixed. This
is not true according to positive psychologists, who say that our personal
qualities can be seen as habitual behaviour. One of the easiest qualities to
acquire is 16OPTIMISM…………….. . However, regardless of the quality, it
is necessary to learn a wide variety of different 17SKILLS…………….. in
order for a new quality to develop; for example, a person must understand
and feel some 18NEGATIVE EMOTIONS……………… in order to increase
their happiness.
Questions 19-22
Look at the following statements (Questions 19-22) and the list of people
below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

19E People must accept that they do not know much when first trying
something new.
20C It is important for people to actively notice when good things happen.
21G Courage can be learned once its origins in a sense of responsibility
are understood.
22A It is possible to overcome shyness when faced with the need to
speak in public.
List of People
A Christopher Peterson
B David Fajgenbaum
C Suzanne Segerstrom
D Tanya Streeter
E Todd Kashdan
F Kenneth Pedeleose
G Cynthia Pury
Questions 23-26
Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A-H.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.

23E a mention of how rational thinking enabled someone to achieve

physical goals
24C an account of how someone overcame a sad experience
25G a description of how someone decided to rethink their academic
career path
26H an example of how someone risked his career out of a sense of duty
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27C When discussing the theory developed by Louis Dollo, the writer
says that (IT WAS MODIFIED BY BIOLOGISTS IN THE EARLY 20 TH
CENTURY = EARKY 10-CENTURY BILOGISTS CAME TO A SIMILAR
CONCLUSION, THOUGH THEY QUALIFIED IT IN TERMS OF
PROBABILITY)
A it was immediately referred to as Dollo’s law.
B it supported the possibility of evolutionary throwbacks.
C it was modified by biologists in the early twentieth century.
D it was based on many years of research.

28D The humpback whale caught off Vancouver Island is mentioned

because of (THE REASON GIVEN FOR ITS UNUSUAL FEATURES = I
CAN SEE NO OTHER EXPLANATION)
A the exceptional size of its body.
B the way it exemplifies Dollo’s law.
C the amount of local controversy it caused.
D the reason given for its unusual features.

29C What is said about ‘silent genes’? (COULD LEAD TO THE RE-
EMERGENCE OF CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS = THESE SILENT
GENES ARE SOMWHOW SWITCHED BACK ON, LONG-LOST TRAITS
COULD REAPPEAR)
A Their numbers vary according to species.
B Raff disagreed with the use of the term.
C They could lead to the re-emergence of certain characteristics.
D They can have an unlimited life span.

30B The writer mentions the mole salamander because (IT SUGGESTS
THAT RAFF’S THEORY IS CORRECT = THE SALAMANDER EXAMPLE
FITS WITH RAFF;S 10 MILLION-YEAR TIME FRAME)
A it exemplifies what happens in the development of most amphibians.
B it suggests that Raff’s theory is correct.
C it has lost and regained more than one ability.
D its ancestors have become the subject of extensive research.

31A Which of the following does Wagner claim? (MEMBERS OF THE

LIZARD FAMILY HAVE LOST AND REGAINED CERTAIN FEATURES
SEVERAL TIMES = DIGIT LOSS AND GAIN HAS OCCURRED ON MORE
THAN ONE OCCASION OVER TENS OF MILLIONS OF YEARS)
A Members of the Bachia lizard family have lost and regained certain
features several times.
B Evidence shows that the evolution of the Bachia lizard is due to the
environment.
C His research into South American lizards supports Raff’s assertions.
D His findings will apply to other species of South American lizards.
Questions 32-36
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

32F For a long time biologists rejected (THE POSSIBILITY IF

EVOLUTION BEING REVERSIBLE = FOR THE BETTER PART OF A
CENTURY, MOST BIOLOGISTS HAVE BEEN RELUCTANT TO USE…
MINDFUL OF A PRINCIPLE OF EVOLUTION THAT SAYS “EVOLUTION
CANNOT RUN BACKWARDS)
33G Opposing views on evolutionary throwbacks are represented by
(DOLLO’S FINDING AND THE CONVICTIONS HELD BY LOMBROSO =
WHILE EMBLOSO WAS MEASURING … DOLLO COME TO THE
OPPOSITE CONCLUSION)
34A Examples of evolutionary throwbacks have led to (THE QUESTION
OF HOW CERTAIN LONG-LOST TRAITS COULD RE-APPEAR = SO
MANY OTHER EXAMPLES HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED.. AND THIS
POSES A PUZZLE: HOW CAN CHRACTERISTICS THAT DISAPPEARED
MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO SUDDENLY REAPPEAR?)
35B The shark and killer whale are mentioned to exemplify (TYPICAL
EXAMPLE) (THE OCCURRENCE OF A PARTICULAR FEATURE IN
DIFFERENT SPECIES = SIMILAR STRUCTURES CAN
INDEPENDETNYY ARISE IN UNRELATED SPECIES
36D One explanation for the findings of Wagner’s research is (THE
CONTINUED EXISTENCE OF CERTAIN GENETIC INFORMATION =
GENETIC INFORMATION SURVIVED)

A the question of how certain long-lost traits could reappear.

B the occurrence of a particular feature in different species.
C parallels drawn between behaviour and appearance.
D the continued existence of certain genetic information.
E the doubts felt about evolutionary throwbacks.
F the possibility of evolution being reversible.
G Dollo’s findings and the convictions held by Lombroso.
Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading
Passage 3?
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37NG Wagner was the first person to do research on South American

lizards.
38Y Wagner believes that Bachia lizards with toes had toeless ancestors.
(THE TOED SPECIES EVOLVED FROM TOELESS ANCESTORS)
39N The temporary occurrence of long-lost traits in embryos is rare.
(EARLY= TEMPORARY OCCURRENCE; LONG-LOST TRAITS =
ANCESTRAL FEATURES; RARE >< EMBRYOS OF MANY SPECIES)
40Y Evolutionary throwbacks might be caused by developmental
problems in the womb. (MIGHT BE CAUSED BY DEVELOPMENTAL
PROBLEMS= DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM, IF FOR ANY REASON
THIS DOES NOT HAPPEN)