■ Science Class Notes
1. What is Science?
Science is the systematic study of the natural and physical world through observation,
experimentation, and reasoning.
Goal: To understand how things work, explain phenomena, and apply knowledge for human
benefit.
2. Main Branches of Science
Physical Science
• Physics: Study of matter, energy, motion, and forces.
• Chemistry: Study of substances, their properties, reactions, and composition.
• Astronomy: Study of celestial bodies and the universe.
Life Science
• Biology: Study of living organisms. (Botany → plants, Zoology → animals, Microbiology →
microorganisms)
• Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
Earth Science
• Geology: Study of Earth’s structure, rocks, and processes.
• Meteorology: Study of weather and atmosphere.
• Oceanography: Study of oceans and marine life.
3. The Scientific Method
1 Observation – Gather information using senses/instruments.
2 Question – Identify a problem or research question.
3 Hypothesis – Make an educated guess.
4 Experiment – Test the hypothesis under controlled conditions.
5 Analysis – Record and study results.
6 Conclusion – Accept, reject, or modify hypothesis.
7 Communication – Share findings with others.
4. Key Concepts
• Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space. States → Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma.
• Energy: The capacity to do work (types: kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, electrical).
• Cell: Basic unit of life.
• Ecosystem: Interaction between living things and their environment.
• Forces & Motion: Newton’s Laws explain how objects move.
5. Importance of Science
• Improves quality of life (medicine, technology).
• Explains natural phenomena (earthquakes, climate).
• Drives innovation (AI, renewable energy).
• Encourages logical thinking and problem-solving.
■ Quick Recap
Science = curiosity + observation + testing + reasoning → knowledge that shapes the world.
