Python Programming

(Basic to advance)

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Python
 Python is a simple and powerful programming
language that is easy to learn.
 Its syntax is close to human language, so it is
beginner-friendly.
 It is used in many fields like web development,
data science, machine learning, and automation.
 Python requires less code compared to other
languages because of its simplicity.
 It has a huge community and many libraries that
make problem-solving faster.
 In short, Python is like a universal tool to quickly
turn ideas into real working programs.

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How python was developed?
 Python was created by Guido van Rossum in
the late 1980s at CWI, Netherlands. He wanted
a simple, readable, and powerful language
inspired by ABC but more practical. During
Christmas 1989, he began developing it as a
hobby and named it Python after Monty
Python’s Flying Circus. The first version came
out in 1991 with core features like functions
and loops. Over time, with Python 2 (2000) and
Python 3 (2008), it became one of the world’s
most popular programming languages, widely
used in web development, AI, data science, and
automation.

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Print “Hello World”
 print("Hello, World!")

Output
Hello, World!

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Variables
 A variable is like a container or a box
that stores data (numbers, text, etc.).
 You can give this container a name so
that you can use it later in your program.
 In Python, you don’t need to declare the
type (like int, float, string) — Python
figures it out automatically.
 A variable’s value can be changed anytime
during the program.

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Variables coding example
 # assigning values to variables
 name = "John"
 age = 25
 height = 5.9

 print(name) # Output: John

 print(age) # Output: 25
 print(height) # Output: 5.9

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Value Overriding
 In Python, when you assign a new
value to the same variable name, the
old value gets replaced (overridden).

 This means the variable now points to the

new value, and the previous value is lost
(unless stored somewhere else).

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Getting the data type
 In Python, you can find the type of a
variable using the built-in type() function.
 Example:
 x = 10
 y = 5.5
 z = "Hello"

 print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>

 print(type(y)) # Output: <class 'float'>
 print(type(z)) # Output: <class 'str'>

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Comments
 A comment is a line in the code that
Python ignores when running the
program.
 We use comments to explain what the
code does, make notes, or leave
reminders.
 They make programs easier to read and
understand for humans.

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Types of comments
Single line comment Multi line comment

 Single-line  Multi-line comment

comment → Start → Use triple quotes
with # (''' or """)

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Single line comment code example
 # This is a single-line comment
 x = 10 # Assigning 10 to variable x
 print(x)

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Multi line comment
 '''
 This is a multi-line comment.
 It can span multiple lines.
 Useful for explanations.
 '''
 print("Hello, World!")

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Python String
 A string is a sequence of characters
(letters, numbers, symbols, or spaces)
enclosed in quotes.
 In Python, you can use single quotes ' ',
double quotes " ", or triple quotes '''
''' / """ """ to create strings.

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How to create strings
 # Different ways to create strings
 s1 = 'Hello'
 s2 = "World"
 s3 = '''This is
a multi-line
 string'''

 print(s1)
 print(s2)
 print(s3)

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Slicing strings
 Slicing means extracting a part (substring)
from a string using index ranges.

 Syntax:

 string[start:end:step]

 start → index where slicing begins (inclusive).

 end → index where slicing stops (exclusive).
 step → how many steps to move (default is
1).

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Slicing string coding example
 # String Slicing Examples

 text = "PythonProgramming"

 print("Original String:", text)

 # 1. Basic slicing
 print("text[0:6] ->", text[0:6]) # Python
 print("text[6:] ->", text[6:]) # Programming
 print("text[:6] ->", text[:6]) # Python

 # 2. Negative indexing
 print("text[-11:-1] ->", text[-11:-1]) # rogrammin
 print("text[-7:] ->", text[-7:]) # grammin

 # 3. Using step
 print("text[0:14:2] ->", text[0:14:2]) # Pto rgamn
 print("text[::3] ->", text[::3]) # PhPgmi

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Python Tuple
 A tuple is a collection of items (like a list)
but immutable (you cannot change, add,
or remove elements once created).
 Tuples are written inside round brackets
().
 They can store different types of data
(numbers, strings, lists, etc.).

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Tuple code example
 # Creating a tuple
 my_tuple = (10, 20, 30, "Hello", 5.5)

 print(my_tuple) # (10, 20, 30, 'Hello', 5.5)

 print(type(my_tuple)) # <class 'tuple'>

 # Accessing elements
 print(my_tuple[0]) # 10 (first element)
 print(my_tuple[-1]) # 5.5 (last element)

 # Slicing
 print(my_tuple[1:4]) # (20, 30, 'Hello')

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Unpacking Tuple
 # Packing
 person = ("Alice", 25, "Engineer")

 # Unpacking
 name, age, job = person
 print(name) # Alice
 print(age) # 25
 print(job) # Engineer

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Example: Convert Tuple → List →
Modify → Convert Back to Tuple
 # Original tuple
 my_tuple = (10, 20, 30, "Hello")

 # Convert tuple to list

 my_list = list(my_tuple)
 print("Converted List:", my_list)

 # Modify the list

 my_list[1] = 200 # Change value at index 1
 my_list.append("Python") # Add a new item
 my_list.remove(30) # Remove an item

 print("Modified List:", my_list)

 # Convert back to tuple

 new_tuple = tuple(my_list)
 print("New Tuple:", new_tuple)

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Output

 Converted List: [10, 20, 30, 'Hello']

 Modified List: [10, 200, 'Hello', 'Python']
 New Tuple: (10, 200, 'Hello', 'Python')
This way you can change values inside a tuple indirectly:
Convert it into a list.
Make changes (add, update, remove).
Convert back into a tupl

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Python Loop

A loop is used to repeat a block of code

multiple times until a condition is met.
Instead of writing the same code again and
again, you use a loop.

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Loops
For loop While loop

 for loop  while loop

 Used to iterate (go  Repeats a block of
through) a sequence code as long as a
like list, tuple, string, condition is true.
or range.

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for loop code example
 for i in range(5):
 print("Hello", i)

Output:
Hello 0
Hello 1
Hello 2
Hello 3
Hello 4

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While loop code example
 count = 1
 while count <= 5:
 print("Count:", count)
 count += 1

Output:
Count: 1
Count: 2
Count: 3
Count: 4
Count: 5

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Python OOPs concept
 OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) is a
way of structuring programs by bundling
data (variables) and functions
(methods) together into objects.
 Instead of writing everything separately,
OOP lets us model real-world things
(like a Car, Student, Bank Account) in
code.

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1. Class
 Class
 A blueprint for creating objects.
 It defines variables (attributes) and
functions (methods).
class Car:
def __init__(self, brand, model):
self.brand = brand
self.model = model

def show(self):
print("Car:", self.brand, self.model)

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2. Object
 Object
 An instance of a class (a real entity
created from the blueprint).
car1 = Car("Toyota", "Fortuner")
car2 = Car("Tesla", "Model S")

car1.show() # Car: Toyota Fortuner

car2.show() # Car: Tesla Model S

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 3. Encapsulation
 Wrapping data (variables) and methods
inside a class.
 Controls access using private (__var),
protected (_var), or public variables.
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, marks):
self.__name = name # private variable
self.marks = marks

def show(self):
print("Student:", self.__name, "Marks:", self.marks)

s1 = Student("Alice", 85)
s1.show()
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4.Inheritance
 Inheritance
 A class can inherit properties and
methods from another class.
 Promotes code reusability.
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("This is an animal.")

class Dog(Animal): # Inherits from Animal

def speak(self):
print("Bark!")

d = Dog()
d.speak() # Bark!

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5.Polymorphism
Polymorphism
One method can have different behaviors
depending on the object
class Cat:
def sound(self):
return "Meow"

class Dog:
def sound(self):
return "Bark"

# Same method, different behavior

for animal in (Cat(), Dog()):
print(animal.sound())
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Python Mathematics
Basic Arithmetic Operators
Python supports all basic math operations:

 a = 10
 b=3

 print(a + b) # Addition → 13
 print(a - b) # Subtraction → 7
 print(a * b) # Multiplication → 30
 print(a / b) # Division → 3.333...
 print(a // b) # Floor Division → 3
 print(a % b) # Modulus (remainder) → 1
 print(a ** b) # Exponentiation → 1000 (10³)
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 2. Built-in math Module
Python has a math library that gives extra mathematical
functions

 import math

 print(math.sqrt(16)) # Square root → 4.0

 print(math.pow(2, 3)) # Power → 8.0
 print(math.factorial(5)) # Factorial → 120
 print(math.gcd(12, 18)) # Greatest Common Divisor → 6

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Trigonometry Functions
 import math

 print(math.sin(math.pi/2)) # 1.0
 print(math.cos(0)) # 1.0
 print(math.tan(math.pi/4)) # 1.0

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Rounding Numbers
 print(round(3.14159, 2)) # 3.14
 print(math.ceil(4.3)) # 5 (round up)
 print(math.floor(4.7)) # 4 (round down)

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Constants in math
 import math

 print(math.pi) # 3.141592653589793
 print(math.e) # 2.718281828459045

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Pandas
 Pandas is a powerful Python library for
data analysis and manipulation.
 It is built on top of NumPy and is widely
used in data science, machine
learning, and finance.
 Pandas provides two main data
structures:
 Series → 1D (like a column in Excel).
 DataFrame → 2D (like a full Excel table)

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Pandas Series (1D data)

 import pandas as pd

 # Creating a Series
 data = [10, 20, 30, 40]
 s = pd.Series(data)

 print(s)

0 10
1 20
2 30
3 40
dtype: int64

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Pandas DataFrame (2D data)
 import pandas as pd

 # Dictionary → DataFrame
 data = {
 "Name": ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"],
 "Age": [25, 30, 35],
 "City": ["Delhi", "Mumbai", "Kolkata"]
 }

 df = pd.DataFrame(data)
 print(df)

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Output:
Name Age City
0 Alice 25 Delhi
1 Bob 30 Mumbai
2 Charlie 35 Kolkata

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Birthday Party Expense DataFrame using Pandas
 import pandas as pd

 # Birthday Party Expenses

 data = {
 "Item": ["Cake", "Decorations", "Food & Drinks", "Music/DJ", "Return Gifts",
"Venue", "Photography"],
 "Quantity": [1, 50, 100, 1, 30, 1, 1],
 "Cost_per_unit": [1200, 20, 150, 5000, 100, 8000, 4000]
 }

 # Create DataFrame
 df = pd.DataFrame(data)

 # Calculate total cost for each item

 df["Total_Cost"] = df["Quantity"] * df["Cost_per_unit"]

 # Calculate grand total

 grand_total = df["Total_Cost"].sum()

 print(df)
 print("\n Total Birthday Party Expense = ₹", grand_total)

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Output
 Item Quantity Cost_per_unit Total_Cost
 0 Cake 1 1200 1200
 1 Decorations 50 20 1000
 2 Food & Drinks 100 150 15000
 3 Music/DJ 1 5000 5000
 4 Return Gifts 30 100 3000
 5 Venue 1 8000 8000
 6 Photography 1 4000 4000

 Total Birthday Party Expense = ₹ 37000

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Numpy
 NumPy stands for Numerical Python.
 It is a Python library used for scientific
and numerical computing.
 It is fast because it is written in C and
optimized for large datasets.
 It mainly works with arrays, not just
simple lists.

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Basic Numpy usage
 import numpy as np

 # Create NumPy array

 arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
 print("Array:", arr)

 # Array operations
 print("Mean:", np.mean(arr)) # Average
 print("Sum:", np.sum(arr)) # Total
 print("Max:", np.max(arr)) # Maximum
value
 print("Square Root:", np.sqrt(arr)) # Square root
of each element

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Output
 Array: [10 20 30 40 50]
 Mean: 30.0
 Sum: 150
 Max: 50
 Square Root: [3.16227766 4.47213595
5.47722558 6.32455532 7.07106781]

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2D Array Matrix
 matrix = np.array([[1, 2, 3],
 [4, 5, 6],
 [7, 8, 9]])

 print("Matrix:\n", matrix)
 print("Transpose:\n", matrix.T) #
Transpose of matrix
 print("Determinant:",
np.linalg.det(matrix)) # Determinant

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Output
 Matrix:
 [[1 2 3]
 [4 5 6]
 [7 8 9]]

 Transpose:
 [[1 4 7]
 [2 5 8]
 [3 6 9]]

 Determinant: 0.0

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Matplotlib
 Matplotlib is a Python library for data
visualization.
 It is used to create charts like line plots,
bar charts, scatter plots, pie charts,
histograms, etc.
 Mostly used along with NumPy and
Pandas for analysis.

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Code example
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

 x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

 plt.plot(x, y, marker='o', color='blue',

linestyle='--')
 plt.title("Line Plot Example")
 plt.xlabel("X-axis")
 plt.ylabel("Y-axis")
 plt.show()

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Bar chart
 categories = ['Cake', 'Food', 'Decor',
'Music', 'Gifts']
 costs = [1200, 15000, 1000, 5000, 3000]

 plt.bar(categories, costs, color='orange')

 plt.title("Birthday Party Expenses")
 plt.xlabel("Items")
 plt.ylabel("Cost in ₹")
 plt.show()

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Pie Chart

 plt.pie(costs, labels=categories,
autopct='%1.1f%%', startangle=90)
 plt.title("Expense Distribution")
 plt.show()

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Python Turtle
 It’s a built-in library (no need to install
separately).
 You control a "turtle" (like a pen) that
moves around the screen.
 You can make the turtle draw lines,
shapes, or even animations.

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Draw a square
import turtle

# create a turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()

# draw a square
for i in range(4):
t.forward(100) # move forward 100 units
t.right(90) # turn right 90 degrees

turtle.done()

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Star
 import turtle

 t = turtle.Turtle()

 for i in range(5):
 t.forward(150)
 t.right(144) # angle to create star

 turtle.done()

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Thankyou

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