Chapter 12

Computer System
Overview

Class XI
Introduction
A computer is an electronic device, under the control of instructions
stored in its memory that can accept data (input), process the data
according to specified rules(Program), produce information (output),
and store the information for future use

Data vs Information
Data are raw numbers or other findings which, by themselves, are
of limited value.
Information is data that has been converted into a meaningful and
useful context.

Computers are being used extensively nowadays in everyday life/every field

In the form of laptop, desktop, smartphone,gadgets etc.
Functionalities of a computer
Any digital computer performs five functions in gross term.

1. Take data as input

2. Stores data/instructions
3. Process those stored data
4. Generate the output
5. Control all above steps
Basic Computer Organization
Functional components of a computer
Basic Computer Organization

Input/Output Units
Input Unit
A device through which data and
programs from the outside world enter the
computer system.
Output unit
A device through which results stored in
the computer memory are made available
outside the computer system.
Basic Computer Organization
Control Unit
Control unit
It organizes the computer to work computer as single unit
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction
Performs logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT.Most modern ALUs
have a small amount of special storage units called registers that can be
accessed faster than main memory.
Memory
A collection of cells, each with a unique physical address
Most computers are byte-addressable
Cell at address 11111110 contains 10101010
 Memory units
What does a Computer Understands
Computers do not understand natural languages nor programming languages.
They only understand the language of bits. A bit is the most basic unit in
computer machine language. All instructions that the computer executes and
the data that it processes is made up of a group of bits. Bits are represented in
many forms either through electrical voltage, current pulses, or by the state of
an electronic flip-flop circuit in form of 0 or 1.
1 Bit = Binary Digit(0 or 1)
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB = 1 GB(Giga Byte)
1024 GB = 1 TB(Terra Byte)
1024 TB = 1 PB(Peta Byte)
1024 PB = 1 EB(Exa Byte)
1024 EB = 1 ZB(Zetta Byte)
1024 ZB = 1 YB (Yotta Byte)
1024 YB = 1 (Bronto Byte)
1024 Brontobyte = 1 (Geop Byte)
Basic Computer Organization
RAM and ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Memory in which each location can be accessed and changed.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Memory in which each location can be accessed but not changed
RAM is volatile, ROM is not

Difference between RAM and ROM ----------------→>>>>>>>>>

Types of RAM
Static RAM
Static RAM is the full form of SRAM. In this type of
RAM, data is stored using the state of a six
transistor memory cell. Static RAM is mostly used as
a cache memory for the processor (CPU).
Dynamic RAM
DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is a
type of RAM which allows you to stores each bit of data in a
separate capacitor within a specific integrated circuit.
Dynamic RAM is a standard computer memory of the many
modern desktop computers.
This type of RAM is a volatile memory that needs to be
refreshed with voltage regularly. Else it loses the
information stored on it.
TYPES OF ROM
PROM
Short for programmable read-only memory, a memory chip on which data
can be written only once. Once a program has been written onto a PROM,
it remains there forever. Unlike RAM, PROMs retain their contents when
the computer is turned off. The difference between a PROM and a ROM
(read-only memory) is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory,
whereas a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process. To
write data onto a PROM chip, you need a special device called a PROM
programmer or PROM burner. The process of programming a PROM is
sometimes called burning the PROM.
EPROM
Acronym for erasable programmable read-only memory, and
pronounced ee-prom, EPROM is a special type of memory
that retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light.
The ultraviolet light clears its contents, making it possible to
reprogram the memory. To write to and erase an EPROM, you
need a special device called a PROM programmer or PROM
burner.
EEPROM
Short form of electrically erasable
programmable read-only memory. EEPROM is a
special type of PROM that can be erased by
exposing it to an electrical charge. Like other
types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents
even when the power is turned off. Also like
other types of ROM, EEPROM is not as fast as
RAM.
Basic Computer Organization
Secondary Storage Devices
Hard disk
Fixed Head HDD / Movable head HDD

A hard disk is a set of stacked disks. Each disk has data recorded
electromagnetically in concentric circles, or tracks, on the disk
Hard Drive Types
1. Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
2. Serial ATA (SATA)
3. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
4. Solid State Drives (SSD)

Upto 12 TB sized HDD is available in the market

 Basic Computer Organization
Input Devices
Input devices can send data or information to a computer or another device.
Keyboard: It is an input device which sends data in to the computer. The data send
depends on the key pressed by the user.
Mouse: A mouse is a small handheld input device which controls a cursor in a graphical
user interface. It can move and select text, files, folders etc. on our computer according
to the user input.
Scanner: Scanner optically reads and document, file or image and then changes it into
digital signal and sends to the computer.
OMR: optical mark recognition/ reader, is used to read marks on a document and send
them to computer.
OCR: OCR stands for optical character Recognition, is an input device which reads
printed text and sends that to computer.
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader is an input device which generally finds
application is banks to process cheques.
Microphone: it receives audio generated by some input source and sends the same to a
computer.
Webcam: it sends the captured images to a computer.
Graphics Tablets: This input device is used to draw using hand.
Trackballs: an upside down mouse ,encased within a socket. Is a cursor control device.
Barcode reader: It is used to read the barcode of various items and feed the same to
computer.
Gamepad: Also known as joy pad is the input controller for video games.
Joystick: these input devices are used to control video games.
 Basic Computer Organization
Output Devices
A device that can receive data from computer or another device and
create output with that data is called output device. Examples of
various output devices are as :

Monitor: A monitor is an output device that is responsible for receiving

data from a computer and displaying that information as text or images
for users to see.

Speakers: Receives sound signal from a computer and then plays that
sound signal and thus we hear songs or music or any other audio.

Projector: Gets data from a computer and displays or projects the

same information onto a screen or a wall. Projector cannot directly
accept data from a user and send that data to another device.
 Basic Computer Organization
Both Input / Output Devices
An input/output device is capable of receiving data from users or another
devices and also sending data to another devices or computers. That means a
devices which can be used as both input device and output device are called
Input / Output (I/O) devices. Some examples of input/output devices are as:

USB drive: Also known as pen drive or flash stick works as both input device
to computer and as an output device. USB drives receive or save data from a
computer as an input and it can also send data to a computer or another
device.
Facsimile: Facsimile or FAX machine has a scanner which is an input device
and a small printer to provide output.
Modems: It is used to transmit and receive data from one computer to another
computer or other devices using telephone lines
CD-RW drives and DVD-RW drives: Receives data from a computer as input to
copy onto and save into writable CD or DVD. We also use CDs or DVDs to
transfer data to a computer.
Touch Screen: Touch screen is both input and output device. By touching the
screen input is provided and being a screen, it is used as an output device.
Headsets: Headset consists of speaker as an output device and microphone
functions as an input device.
Mobile System
a Mobile Phone is essentially a two-way radio, consisting of
a radio transmitter and a radio receiver.
Mobile System
Mobile Phone Components
1. A circuit board as brains of the phone
2. An antenna
3. A liquid crystal display (LCD)
4. A keyboard / A touch screen
5. A microphone
6. A speaker
7. A battery
Mobile System
Different types of touchscreen
1.TFT (Thin Film Transistor) LCD display is used for better image quality and high
resolution. Since they are cheap to manufacture, they are found in budget phones
usually.

2. IPS (In-Place Switching) LCDs are somewhat the advanced version of TFT LCDs in
a way that they offer improved displays and are more battery friendly. Hence, they are
found in high end phones.

3. RESISTIVE AND CAPACITIVE

There are generally two types of touchscreen LCD displays; Resistive and Capacitive.
Resistive touchscreen has two layers of conductive material with a small gap
between them while capacitive touchscreen consists of a layer of glass coated with
transparent conductor. Capacitive screens tend to be more responsive than resistive
screens and are therefore found in high end phones mostly.

4.OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) is a newer technology used in mobiles and
monitors for display. They are better than LCDs because they offer fast response
times, wider viewing angles and higher brightness. AMOLED (Active-Matrix Organic
Light-Emitting Diode) and SUPER AMOLED displays are types of OLED display.
OLED types include passive-matrix OLEDs, active-matrix LEDs and transparent OLEDs
Mobile System
Smartphone Batteries and Their Types
Battery plays a huge role in any smartphone
Lithium Polymer batteries are the most advanced batteries available in the market right
now. They are made up of plastic instead of metal, which makes them usable on a
smartphone of any type.The Lithium Polymer batteries do not suffer from memory effect and
offer 40 percent more battery life than others

Lithium ion batteries are advanced and allow for a high charge capacity based on the size
and weight of the battery. However, these these are slightly expensive. these lithium ion
batteries will not remember the charge cycle, and as a result, the battery capacity will not be
reduced.

Nickel Cadmium These are the cells that suffer from memory effect. And, the memory
effect will result in reducing the capacity of the battery and its lifespan as well.

Nickel Metal Hydride batteries are kind of an upgrade to the Nickel Cadmium batteries,
and they boast of the same size as the latter. Nickel Metal Hydride batteries offer 30 to 40
percent more battery juice than the others

Battery Size : Measured in mAh.like 2000 mAh,4000 mAh etc.

 Mobile System organization
Display subsystem Camera Unit
Touch interface (Image
RF Transceiver
signal
Processor)
keyboard Display screen

SIM
Radio signal
Communicati APU
Management
on processor (Application
(digital processing unit) Storage
signal
processor) GPU (Graphic
POWER MANAGEMENT External
Processing Unit)
Storage
Battery Battery
pack Mgmt

RAM ROM
Charger CODEC

ADC DAC Memory

MIC Speaker
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculating device. Which was used to
be performed addition and subtraction easily and speedily? This device was a first
develop Ed by the Egyptians in the 10th centaury B.C, but it was given it final
shape in the 12th centaury A.D. by the Chinese educationists.
NAPIER’S BONES John Napier’s of Scotland invented a calculating device, in the
year 1617 called the Napier Bones. In the device, Napier’s used the bone rods of
the counting purpose where some no. is printed on these rods. These rods that
one can do addition, subtraction, multiplication and division easily.
Pascal's calculator In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented an
adding machine called Pascal’s calculator, which represents the position of digit
with the help of gears in it.
Leibnz Calculator In the year 1671, a German mathematics, Gottfried Leibniz
modified the Pascal calculator and he developed a machine which could perform
various calculation based on multiplication and division as well.
Analytical EngineIn the year 1833, a scientist form England knows to be Charles
Babbage invented such a machine. Which could keep our data safely? This
device was the first mechanical computer. Charles Babbage is also known as the
father of the computer.
Basic Computer Organization
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Software
It is an organized instructions/code written by
programmers using any of various special
computer languages for specific purpose.
Types of software:
(1)Application software: It handles specialized/
common tasks a user wants to perform, such as
banking, hotel management,any data processing,
word processing etc.
(2)System software: controls the basic functions of a
computer and hides the complexity of computer
system from user and application software. E.g.
Operating System, Compiler, Interpret etc.
(3)Utility software: Which helps to manage, maintain
and control computer resources. E.g. are antivirus
software, backup software and disk tools.
Software
(1) System software
OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating System (OS) is a
system program that controls and
manages the computer
resources(resource manager) so
that application software can run
on it.
Example: Microsoft Windows,
Solaris, Linux, MAC OS,Ubuntu,
Apple’s i-Phone OS etc.
 Software
HOW OPERATING SYSTEM WORKS
In any computer or mobile device, the operating
system can be termed as the back bone when i
comes to software. This is because it has to be
there before other programs can be run.It works as
a middleman (interface) between machine and user.

At the simplest level, an operating system does two

things:
• It manages the hardware resources of the
computer system. These resources include such
things as the processor, memory, disk space, etc.

• It provides a stable, consistent way fo

applications to deal with the hardware withou
having to know all the details of the hardware.
 Software
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
• Processor management
Loads, schedules and execute process/programs.
• Memory management
Allocates /De-allocation of memory for program execution.
• Device management
Communicate and controls various I/O devices.
• Storage management
Manages and controls the storage device to provide space
to program for execution & data save.
• Application interface
API/drivers provide a way for applications to make use of
hardware subsystems
• User interface
structure for interaction between a user and the computer
Software
TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM
* Single-User, Single Task Operating System:
These operating systems work on single task & single user at a time.E.g. DOS
* Single-User, Multi-Task Operating System:
These operating systems works on more than one task and process them
concurrently at a time.E.g. windows 95 or later version of windows
* Multiuser Operating System:
In these OS, multiple users are allowed to access the same data or information
at a time via a network. E.g. Unix,Linux,Windows7.
* Multiprocessing Operating System:
Here, a single process runs on two or more processors. All the processing and
their management takes place in a parallel way, hence this OS are also called
as Parallel Processing. E.g. Linux, UNIX and Windows 7.
* Embedded Operating System:
These are embedded in a device, which is located in ROM.E.g. OS of
microwaves,washing machine.
* Distributed Operating System:
In these OS, the computers work in co-operation with each other.
Software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE/PROGRAMMING SOFTWARES
Language processor/Programming Language
As the computer understand machine language(0/1) where as Humans
understand High level/Human Lang.
Language Processors does the coversion task(high level to machine lang.

These are of 3 types Language processors

* Assembler * Compiler * Interpreter

Compilers
It convert high-level language code to machine code in one session. It
takes time because it have to translate high-level code to lower-level
machine language all at once and then save the executable object code to
memory.

Interpreters
It translates code like a compiler but reads the code and immediately
executes that code, and therefore it is initially faster than a compiler.

Assemblers
It translates an assembly language program into machine language.
Software
(2) Application software
* General Purpose application software
These are ready to use software for daily use purpose
e.g. word processor,spread sheet,presention,DBMS etc.
* Specific Purpose application software
Softwares which are designed for specific task
e.g. Payroll,Hotel Mgmt,Hospital Mgmt,Stock Mgmt etc.
(3) Utility software
that assist OS in carrying out certain specialized tasks
are called utility software.
. Antivirus - An anti-virus scans the system for any
virus and if detected, gets rid of it by deleting or
isolating it.
. Compression tools - Compression tools are utilities
that assist operating systems in shortening files so
that they take less space.
Software
(3) Utility software
. Disk Cleanup - Disk cleanup tools assist users in
freeing up disk space.
. Disk Defragmenter - Disk defragmenter is a disk
management utility that increases file access speeds
by rearranging fragmented files on contiguous
locations.
. Backup - Backup utility enables backing up of files,
folders, databases or complete disks.
. File management tools - Utility software providing
regular file management tasks like browse, search,
update, preview, etc. are called file management
tools.