i

Table of Contents
Background........................................................................................................viii
Acknowledgement...............................................................................................ix
Introduction........................................................................................................xii
Abbreviations/Acronym....................................................................................xiv
Session 1: Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacology...........................................1
Session 2: Pharmacological Classification of Veterinary Medicines.................11
Session 3: Influence of Interspecies Differences on Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics of Veterinary Medicines.....................................................18
Session 4: Pharmacotherapy of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle
and Goat..............................................................................................................28
Session 5: Pharmacotherapy of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat. 37
Session 6: Pharmacotherapy of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle...............46
Session 7: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig.................53
Session 8: Pharmacotherapy of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle.....62
Session 9: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs,
Dogs and Cats.....................................................................................................69
Session 10: Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and
Pig.......................................................................................................................81
Session 11: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis and listerosis in
Cattle and Goat...................................................................................................88
Session 12: Pharmacotherapy of Rabbies in Dog and Cat.................................96
References.........................................................................................................100
Session 13: Pharmacotherapy of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and
Goat...................................................................................................................101
Session 14: Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat..................107
Session 15: Pharmacotherapy of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle............................111
Session 16: Pharmacotherapy of Aspiration Pneumonia and Pneumonia in
Cattle and Goat.................................................................................................118
Session 17: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Poultry................................124
Session 18: Pharmacotherapy of Chlamydiosis and Avian Campylobacterisosis
in Poultry...........................................................................................................128
Session 19: Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry......134
Session 20: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry....139
Session 21: Pharmacotherapy of FowlPox in Poultry......................................146
Session 22: Pharmacotherapy of Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid in Poultry
..........................................................................................................................150
Session 23: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis
in Poultry...........................................................................................................155
Session 24: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in
Poultry...............................................................................................................160

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Session 25: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Coryza and Infectious
Laryngotracheitis in poultry..............................................................................165
Session 26: Pharmacotherapy of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry
..........................................................................................................................170
Session 27: Pharmacotherapy of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and
Staphylococcosis in Poultry..............................................................................175
Session 28: Pharmacotherapy of Pullorum (Bacillary white diarrhea) Disease
and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry......................................................................181
Session 29: Pharmacotherapy of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry...............................186
Session 30: Pharmacotherapy of Ulcerative Enteritis in Poultry.....................190
Session 31: Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites Infections in
Poutry................................................................................................................194
Session 32: Pharmacotherapy of African Swine Fever....................................198
Session 33: Pharmacotherapy of Swine Dysentery..........................................202
Session 34: Pharmacotherapy of Swine Influenza...........................................206
Session 35: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis,
andAmebiasis in Dogs......................................................................................210
Session 36: Pharmacotherapy of Cryptococcosis in Dog.................................216
Session 37: Pharmacotherapy of Tracheobronchitis in dogs............................220
Session 38: Pharmacotherapy of Feline Respiratory Disease Complex...........224
Session 39: Pharmacotherapy of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat..........................229
Session 40: Pharmacotherapy of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish
..........................................................................................................................234
Session 41: Pharmacotherapy of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish.....................239
Session 42: Pharmacotherapy of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes...................243
Session 43: Pharmacotherapy of Cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat...........248
Session 44: Introduction to Vaccination in Veterinary Medicines....................252
Session 45: Common Veterinary Vaccines.......................................................259

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Session 1: Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacology
General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology
 Veterinary Pharmacology is the study of substances that interact with living systems
through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating
or inhibiting normal body processes in animals
 The principles and concepts of veterinary pharmacology are similar to human
pharmacology.
 They involve Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
 Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation
(metabolism), and excretion.
 Pharmacokinetic processes affect the route of administration, doses, dose intervals, and
toxicities of drugs given to animals.
 Pharmacodynamics is the study of cell/tissue responses and selective receptor effects.
 Therefore students should review standard concepts of pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics from the prevous module of pharmacology in NTA level 4 and NTA
level 5.
 The significant difference is species variations that need to be considered in veterinary
pharmacology.
 These variations have significant influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
of veterinary medicines and will be covered in the following session.

Importance of Veterinary Pharmacology

The following of the are the importance of Veterinary Pharmacology

 Help in understanding the mechanism of action of veterinary medicines
 Help in the determination of correct indication and dosage of veterinary medicines
 Help to identify and respond to drug interactions, contraindications and adverse drug
reactions related to veterinary medicines and treat accordingly
 Help in understanding of disposition processes in the body including absorption,
distribution, metabolism and elimination of veterinary medicines.
 All these will help the student learning veterinary pharmacology to dispense right drug,
at right animal, at right dose, by right route and at right time.

Key Points
 Veterinary pharmacology is the study of medines which are used in animals, poultry and
fish
 Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology includes pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics
 Veterinary Pharmacology may help in the pharmacological treatment of veterinary
diseases.

iv
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed)
Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

v
Session 2: Pharmacological Classification of Veterinary
Medicines

vi
Pharmacological Classification of Veterinary Medicines
 There are several pharmacological classes of veterinary medicines.
 The classes include:
o Anaethetics is a class of medicines which include ether anaethetics, halothane,
ketamine, isoflurane and thiopental which are used as general anaesthetics and others
such as lignocaine and bupivacaine are used locally
o Muscle relaxants is a class of medicines which include gallamine, neostigmine,
pancuronium, suxamethonium, obidoxime and pralodoxime they are usually used in
surgery together with anaesthetics
o Analgesics is a class of medicines which include aspirin, paracetamol, diclofenac,
ibuprofen, indomethazine, piroxicam, mefenamic acid, naproxen and tramadol they
are used in management of pain and fever and some of them manage inflammation
too
o Anti allergies is a class of medicines which include chlorpheniramine, loratadine,
cetirizine, adrenaline, dopamine, metolazone, hydrocortisone, promethazine,
dexamethazone and calamine lotion. They are used in management of allergic
reactions
o Antidotes is a class of medicines which include ipecacuanha, activated charcoal,
magnesium salt and antivenom used in counteracting the effects of poisons
o Anti epileptic is a class of medicines which include carbamazepine, diazepam,
Phenobarbital, phenytoin and magnesium sulphate. They are used in management of
epilepsy
o Anti-neoplastic/immunosuppressive is a class of medicines which include
cyclophosphamide, rituximub and prednisolone. They are used in immunosuppression
especially during organ transplant and management of some cancers
o Antiparkinsonism is a class of medicines which include benzhexol, biperidine,
bromocriptine and carbidopa. They are used in management of Parkinson’s disease
o Blood buster is a class of medicines which include ferrous sulphate, folic acid and
vitamin B12. They are used in management of anemia
o Anti coagulants is a class of medicines which include aspirin, activated prothrombin,
enoxaparin sodium, heparin, vitamin K, protamin sulphate, traxenamic acid,
streptokinase, alteplase, frozen plasma, factor viii and factor ix. They are used as
blood thinner and management of thrombosis
o Cardiovascular medicine is a class of drugs used in management of heart disease and
problems associated with blood vessels. They include:
 Anti anginal drugs, which include glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide mono/dinitrate,
nifedipine, clopidegral and propranolol they are used in management of angina
 Anti arrythimic drugs, which include amiodarone, verapamil, adenosine and
lidocaine. They are used in management of cardiac arrhythmias
 Anti-hypertensive Medicines, which include methyldopa, captopril, nifedipine,
atenolol, propranolol, labetalol, bumetanide, peridopril, carvediol, metoprolol,

vii
 amlodipine, hydralazine and bisoprolol. They are used in management of
hypertension
 Cardiac Glycosides which include digoxine and is used in management of
congestive heart failure
 Diurects which include frusemide, bendrofluazide, spironolactone, mannitol and
glycerol syrup they are used in management of hypertension and extracellular
edema
 Lipid Lowering Medicines include simvastatin and atovastatin which are used in
lowering cholesterol level in blood
o Dematological medicines is a class of used in management of various skin conditions
They include:
 Anti-inflamatory (steroidal) and Anti-pruritic Medicines which are
betamethazone, hydrocortisone, dithranol, clobatesol propionate, para amino
benzoic acid and tretinoic acid
 Fungicides (topical) which are clotrimazole, nystatin, miconazole, tolnaftate,
terbinafine and sodium thiosulphate solution
 Keratoplastic and Keratolytic Agent which are silver nitrate sticks, podophyin
solution, trichloraacetic acid and sun screen protection factor
 Anti-infective Agent (topical) which include oxytetracycline, retinoic acid,
isotretionin, chloramphenical mupirocin gentamycin and bezoyl peroxide which
are used in various bacterial infections on the skin
o Gastro-intestinal medicines are drugs which are used in management of various
gastrointestinal conditions. They include:
 Antacids and Anti-ulcers Agents are cimetidine, ranitidine, omeprazole,
lansoprazole esomeprazole and magnesium tricilicate which are used in
management of peptic and duodenal ulcers
 Drugs affecting intestinal secretion and antispasmodics which are hyocine butyl
bromide, cholestyramine and ursodeoxycholic acid
 Anti-emetics which are promethazine, metochlopramide and prochloroperazine.
They are used in management of nausea and vomiting
 Cathartics are bisacodyl and lactulose. They are used in management of
constipation
 Anti-Haemorrhoids are various suppositories example anuslol and preparation H.
 Medicines used in Diarrhoea include, ORS, loperamide and zinc tablets. They are
used in management of diarrhea
o Hormones and antidiabetic agents and related medicines are drugs which are used in
management of diabetes mellitus and other hormonal disorders. They include:
 Adrenal Hormones and Synthetic Substitutes include dexamethazone
hydrocortisone and prednisolone
 Oestrogens example ethinyloesradiol
 Insulin and Anti- diabetic Agents example chlorpropamide, glibenclamide,
gliclazide, tolbutamide, metformin,glucagon glipizede and insulin
 Ovulation inducers example clomiphene

viii
  Oral Contraceptives example ethinyloestradion + norgestrel,
ethinyloestradion+levonorgestrel and ethinyloestradion ethinyloestradion
+desogestrel
 Barrier and Other Contraceptives which are intra uterine device, male and female
condoms
 Progesterone example levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone and
hydroxyprogesterone
 Thyroid, Parathyroid hormones and Antagonists for example carbimazole, iodine
solution, levothyroxine and iodized oil capsule
o Sera and immunoglobulins are drugs used in management of immunological problems
and preventions of some diseases example gamma globulin, anti D globulin, ant
lymphocytes, anti-rabies, antithymocytes, activated prothrombin, factor vii, snake
venom polyvalent antiserum and tetanus immunoglobulin
o Vaccines are medicines which are used in prevention of various diseases. Example of
vaccines include
o Vaccines for immunization like BCG, DPT, measles, poliomyelitis and tetanus
toxoids
 Vaccines for specific group of individuals like hepatitis B, meningitis, rabies
yellow fever and pneumococcal
o Ophthamological preparations are drugs which are used in management of various
eye problems. They include:
 Antifective agents like acyclovir, chloramphenical, gentamycin, povidon iodine,
oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacine, econazole and natamycine
 Steroidal Anti-infalamatory Agents like dexamethazone,prednisolone and
triamcinolone acetate
 Antinfective and Antinflamatory Agents like cyclopentolate, atropine, timolol,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, alomide, sodium chromoglycate, pilocarpine
hydrochloride, zinc sulphate, lutanoprost acetazolamide and glycerol syrup
 Drugs for Trachoma and Onchocerciasis like azithromycin and ivermectine
o Medicines used in ear & nose diseases are drugs which are used in management of ear
and nose diseases. They include:
 Ear drops like chloramphenical, dexamethazone, ciprofloxacine and alluminium
acetate
 Oral antiseptics like chlorhexidine gluconate solution and potassium
permanganate solution
 Nasal preparations like beclomethazine spray and ephedrine nasal drops
o Oxytocics, myometrial relaxants (tocolytics) and related medicines are used in smooth
muscle relaxation and enclepsia. They include salbutamol, ergometrine, oxytocine
misoprostol and magnesium sulphate solutions
o Psychotherapeutic and related medicines are used in psychosis and related diseases.
They include carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbitone amirtyptilline, fluvoxamine,
citalopram, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine decanoate, haloperidol, imipramine,

ix
 thioridazine, alprazolam, lorazepam, fluoxetine, olanzapine, respiredone, benzhexol
bromocriptine chlordiazepoxide and sodium valproate
o Medicines acting on respiratory tract are used in various diseases of respiratory tract
They include:
 Anti-asthmatics like aminophylline, beclomethazone, cromoglycate, salbutamol,
ipratropium bromide and adrenalin
 Antitussives like expectorants, linctuces and cough syrups
o Solutions, correcting water electrolyte and acid base disturbances, they include
dextrose of various concentration, compound sodium lactate, sodium chloride,
sodium chloride and dextrose, potassium citrate oral solution and water for injection
o Vitamins and minerals are usually used during deficiency and as supplements
o They include vitamin A, vitamin B group, ascorbic acids, vitamin D, vitamin K,
Selenium, calcium gluconate and potassium chloride

Sources of veterinary medicines

 Drugs may be obtained from various sources such as: synthetic chemicals, chemicals
obtained from plants, fungal sources, animal sources, marine organisms sources or
products of genetic engineering sources
 Plant-derived drugs include: quinine, digitalis, atropine, ephedrine, strychnine, vinca
alkaloids and others which result from purification of active compounds from these
plants. For example, morphine which is purified from opium sources
 Fungal-derived sources include penicillin, streptomycin and many other antibiotics.
 Animal-derived sources include Insulin, fats containing nutrients/vitamins derived from
fish and others
 Natural products, derived mainly from fungal and plant sources, have proved to be a
fruitful source of new therapeutic agents, particularly in the field of anti-infective,
anticancer and immunosuppressant drugs
 Semi-synthetic drugs are derived from chemical modification of natural products for
example Beta-Lactam antibiotics such as cephalosporins
 Nowadays drugs are derived from chemical modifications/reactions in laboratories

Key Points
 The pharmacological classification of veterinary medicines group drugs according to their
similarity in function/indications
 The drug sources can be natural, semisynthetic or synthetic.

References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

x
Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser
Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

Session 3: Variation of Pharmacokinetics and

Pharmacodynamics of Veterinary Medicines in Animals

xi
Species of Interest in Veterinary Medicine
 Veterinary medicine faces the unique challenge of having to treat many types of animals,
including livestock, companion animals, working animals, sports animals, laboratory
animals, and some invertebrates such as honeybees.
 Most are domesticated species, but exotic animal species are also kept as pets (reptiles,
amphibians, birds) and may therefore require treatment.
 In veterinary medicine, the main challenge is not to select a drug but rather to determine,
for the selected agent, a rational dosing regimen (involving dose rate, inter-dosing
interval, duration of treatment and modalities of administration).
 This is because the dosage regimen for a drug in a given species may depend on its
anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, and behaviour, as well as on the nature and causes of
the condition requiring treatment.
 Hence, major biological differences impacting on dosage exist between animal species.
 In addition, within some species there may be considerable differences within and
between breeds in pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles
 Also to be considered is veterinary pharmacogenetics, which is a new branch of
veterinary science which identify genetic variations (polymorphisms) as the origin of
differences in the drug response of individuals within a given species.
 These between- and withinspecies differences in drug response are largely explained by
variations in drug PK and PD, the magnitude of which varies from drug to drug.

xii
Fig 3.1 (a, b): Species of veterinary interest with the worldwide size (106)

Drug Administration in Different Animal Species

 Differences in the modalities of drug administration across species result from
anatomical, physiological, and/or behavioural differences.
 It may also depend on animal and management husbandry procedures, as in the case for
food-producing animals, for which treatments are often collective.
 In cattle, the udder has a single large teat canal for each quarter leading to a single large
teat cistern and this enables the entire mammary quarter to be treated conveniently by
intramammary infusion.
 In dogs, the nipples have several fine openings (7–16) preventing local drug
administration.
 Intramuscular administration is a popular modality of drug administration in veterinary
medicine and apparently no major differences exist across species in their skeletal
muscular systems, so that no major differences are expected between species for the
bioavailability of intramuscularly injected drugs.
 In poultry, however, the site of administration should be carefully selected (generally the
pectoral muscle is chosen), because the bioavailability of a drug injected into the leg can
be low or even null due to a first-pass effect in the kidney.

xiii
 o This is because the kidney in birds is of a reptilian type with a renal portal system
draining the lower regions of the body.
 For subcutaneous administration, it is reasonable to assume considerable similarity
between species regarding the local tolerance of formulations.
 However, it should be noted that cats are specifically prone to the development of
localised fibrogranulomatous reactions to injectable vaccine products, producing vaccine-
induced sarcomas as a result of malignant transformation of the fibroblastic cells
associated with the prolonged inflammatory reaction.
 Oral administration is the most natural route of drug administration and there are many
examples of interspecies differences in the modalities of oral administration that are
linked to some aspects of feeding behaviour.
 The oral route is chosen because it enables large numbers of animals (sometime several
thousands) to be treated conveniently and cheaply at the same time.
 For antibiotic use in livestock, the objective is commonly to limit the progression of
contagious disease in the overall population, rather than to treat a single subject as for
companion animals.
o Thus, the oral administration of drugs in drinking water (e.g. in poultry) or as
medicated feed (e.g. for pigs) ensures that all animals are treated with minimum of
labour.
 Another advantage of the oral route is the absence of stress that may occur with
individual treatments that require first catching and then restraining and injecting animals
individually

Drug Absorption in Different Animal Species

 After a drug administered by the oral route has been swallowed, it passes to the stomach
from the esophagus.
 Esophageal transit normally takes a few seconds but the esophagus shows large
interspecies histological differences with practical consequences for therapeutics.
 Esophageal muscle is striated in fish but smooth in birds, whilst mammals show
considerable species variation in the presence of these two types of muscle.
 Both layers of muscle are striated throughout the length of the esophagus in dogs, sheep
and cattle, whereas in cats the esophagus contains smooth muscle over approximately the
terminal 8% of its length and 16% for its circularmuscle.
 This explains why cats are prone to retain foreign bodies in the distal part of the
esophagus, including drug tablets.
 This may be problematic if highly acidic medications are retained that may cause severe
irritation.
 In ruminants, the reticulo-rumen (RR) has a profound influence on the fate of all drugs
due to its large capacity (225L in adult cattle), which leads to dilution and affects the
residence time of orally administered drugs.
 In addition, the microflora of the rumen can inactivate drugs by metabolic or chemical
reactions.

xiv
 The horse and rabbit are hindgut fermenters and the caecum and colon are major sites of
microbial digestion of feed for these species.
o This makes horses and rabbits particularly prone to antimicrobial drug-induced
enterocolitis, secondary to disruption of their normal microflora leading to an
overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms like Clostridium ssp. In the rabbit, C.
spiriforme has been implicated as the primary causative agent producing iota toxin
and causing enterotoxaemia and death.
o It should be stressed that the delay between the end of antibiotic administration
and these catastrophic events may be up to 10 days, making it sometimes difficult
to identify the origin of an enterotoxaemia.
o For this reason, antibiotics administeredby the oral route and having a poor
bioavailability and also extensively excreted in the bile (such as oxytetracycline)
or by enterocyte efflux (doxycycline) after parenteral administration should not be
used or should be used with caution in horses and rabbits.

Drug Metabolism in Different Animals Species

 Biotransformation is a major factor accounting for species differences in the disposition
of drug. The group of P450 cytochromes (CYP450) represents a large superfamily of
oxygenases.
 The CYP450 enzymes are considered to be the most important metabolising enzymes for
xenobiotics in veterinary medicine.
 In veterinary medicine, inter-species quantitative differences in phase I and qualitative
differences in Phase II metabolism have been known for several decades.
 Examples are the poor capacity of the cat to carry out some glucuronidations, the
deficiency of dogs for acetylation reactions and the low level of sulphate conjugation in
pigs.
 A common assertion in veterinary pharmacology is that in general drugs have lower
clearance in carnivores than in herbivores with omnivores having an intermediary
position.
 Herbivores are also reported to be well-endowed with oxidative enzyme systems such as
those of the cytochrome P450 group, providing rapid drug clearance for drug elimination
by hepatic metabolism.
 Therefore differences in the rate of elimination for drugs that are metabolized by the liver
usually accounts for most of the differences in the t 1/2 values between species.
 It is for phase II metabolism that the main qualitative interspecies differences have been
reported and explained by genetic factors, namely deficiencies in glucuronidation in
felidae and acetylation in canidae.
o Glucuronidation represents one of the major phase II reactions in the metabolism
of drugs.
o Among food-producing animals, rabbits, pigs, and horses show the maximal
glucuronidating capacity towards phenolic substrates, while broilers and cattle
display a relatively low conjugation rate.

xv
 It is also important to be careful about comparing duration of action between different
species of birds.
o There is significant variation between t 1/2 values of chickens, turkeys, and
different wild birds which is again related to differences in metabolism.
 Although there are different types of cholinesterase in the tissues and blood, the overall
levels in ruminants are lower than in horses and humans.
o This means that sheep, goats, calves, and cattle, are more sensitive to
organophosphorous compounds than horses and humans.
o Sheep have been suggested as possible “sentinel” animals for the detection of
toxic anticholinesterase (organophosphate nerve gases) because of their sensitivity
 Interspecies variability in acetylation has been known for many years. N-
acetyltransferases are widely distributed among animal species and are active in
metabolising sulfonamides.
o Two families of N-acetyl-transferases (NAT) have been recognised and called
NAT1 and NAT2.
o Rabbits and pigs have high acetylating capacity, while chickens and horses are
poor acetylators.
o Dogs and other canids fail to express functional NAT-1 and NAT-2, which are
essential for the excretion of sulfonamides while in cats, only NAT1 is expressed.
o In man and rabbit, NAT activity is subjected to genetic polymorphism resulting in
“low” and “high” acetylator phenotypes.
 In clinical practise, fatal intoxication may occur in horses exposed to monensin, an
ionophoric coccidiostat used in poultry.
o One likely reason for their high susceptibility in horses is their relative inability to
demethylate compounds that are not CYP2D substrates.
o Comparative investigations with microsomes from various animal species,
including horses, pigs, broiler chickens, cattle and rats, showed that the horse had
the lowest catalytic ability to demethylate (and hence detoxify) monensin

.Dosage Regimens in Different Animals Species

 For each drug in each species an efficacious and safe dosage regimen (dose level, interval
of administration, and dosing duration) should be determined.
 Dosage regimens may vary markedly between species, even when doses are expressed by
kg of body weight.
o For xylazine, an alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, the effective dose is tenfold lower
in cattle than in horses, despite similar PK profiles
o For morphine, the effective dose is ten-fold lower in cats than in dogs
o For aspirin, dosage is approximately 40 times higher in cattle than in cats,
o For suxamethonium (succinylcholine), a depolarising neuromuscular blocker, the dose
in cattle is some 40 times lower than in cats.

xvi
 From these examples, it seems that no generalisation can be established between
interspecies variability and certain physiological traits, such as herbivorous vs.
carnivorous species or monogastric species vs. ruminants.
 Coprophagia is another individual and social behaviour phenomenon specific to
veterinary medicine.
o It comprises the consumption of faeces by animals.
o Many domestic species such as horses, pigs, rabbits and dogs either regularly or
occasionally practise coprophagia
o Coprophagy may lead to drug transfer between animals (allocoprophagy) or drug
recycling when an animal re-ingests its own faeces (autocoprophagy) or its own
manure.
o The faeces of treated foals may contain extremely high concentrations of antibiotics
especially for drugs with poor oral bioavailability.
o If such contaminated faeces are ingested by an adult horse, ingested concentrations of
antimicrobial drugs may suffice to disrupt the normal adult colonic microflora, which
are exquisitely sensitive to some antibiotics

Pharmacodynamics of Drugs in Different Animal Species

 Species differences in drug action and effect, i.e. of PD, reflect differences in target
functions (anatomy, physiology, pathology) and/or target receptors including those of
parasites and bacteria.
 In contrast with interspecies differences in PK, examples of PD interspecies differences
are less numerous and not so well documented.
 One such example is that of mydriatic drugs, with the parasympatholytic agent atropine
being mydriatic in mammals but not in birds.
o In birds, the iris and ciliary muscles are composed mainly of striated muscle fibres
with an associated nicotinic cholinergic neuromuscular.
o These striated muscle fibres facilitate a rapid pupillary and accommodation response
and this is likely to be an adaptation to the visual requirement of flight. In birds,
atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist has no mydriatic effect, whereas
neuromuscular blockers such as d-tubocurarine dilate pupils.
o In mammals, the iris is composed of smooth muscle, and muscarinic agonists act on
receptors of the M3 subtype to cause pupil dilatation.
 Another example is Xylazine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, which is used widely in
several species as a sedative, is also a reliable emetic, particularly in cats, in which it
stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the medulla oblongata, while it does
not induce emesis in species such as ruminants and horses lacking the vomiting reflex.

Key Points
 Metabolism of drugs is affected by various factors
 Metabolism of drugs mainly takes pale in the liver through Phase I and Phase II reactions
 In veterinary medicines, no generalisations are possible; rather, each drug must be
specific to the species to guarantee the effective and safe use of veterinary drugs.

xvii
 Proper use of veterinary medicines will ensure the wellbeing of animals and safeguarding
also the environment and human consumption of animal products

References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

xviii
Session 4: Pharmacotherapy of Actinobacillosis and
Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Anthrax and Aspergillosis diseases in Cattle and Goat
 Describe signs and symptoms of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat
 Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis
diseases in Cattle and Goat
 List contraindications of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis diseases in Cattle
and Goat
 List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Anthrax and
Aspergillosis Diseases in Cattle and Goat
 Describe Control and Prevention of Anthrax and Aspergillosis diseases in Cattle and Goat

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 4.1: Pharmacotherapy of Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat.

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Actinobacillosis and
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Actinomycosis diseases in Cattle and Goat
Signs and symptoms of Actinobacillosis and
3 05 minutes Presentation
Actinomycosis Diseases in Cattle and Goat
Pharmacological treatment of
Presentation
4 10 minutes Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis diseases
in Cattle and Goat
Contraindications of drugs used to treat
5 05 minutes Presentation Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis diseases
in Cattle and Goat
6 05 minutes Presentation Common side effects and adverse effects of

xix
 drugs used to treat Actinobacillosis and
Actinomycosis Diseases
Control and Prevention of Actinobacillosis
Presentation
7 10 minutes and Actinomycosis Diseases in Cattle and
Brainstorming
Goat
8 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

9 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

xx
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis diseases in Cattle

and Goat (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Actinobacillosis?
ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

Actinobacillosis
 Actinobacillosis also known as wooden tongue is a sporadic disease of cattle and sheep
commonly caused by the bacteria, A. lignieresii.
 It is characterized by nodular abscession of soft tissues

Fig 5:1 Tongue of Cattle showing Actinobacillosis

xxi
Pharmacotherapy of Actinomycosis;

REFER Students to Handout 4.1: Pharmacotherapy of Actinomycosis in Cattle

and Goat.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Actinobacillosis Disease in Cattle and

Goat (5 Minutes)
The following are the signs and symptoms of:

Actinobacillosis

 The tongue shows hard tumorous abscess, and similar lesions are found in the stomach
and other soft tissues of the head, neck, and limbs, and occasionally in the lungs, pleura,
udder, and subcutaneous tissue

 Abscesses forming nodules may ulcerate and discharge viscous, white faintly green
exudates that may contain small grayish white granules

Fig 4:1 Overview of Actinobacillosis in the tongue of Cow

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Actinobacillosis diseases in Cattle

and Goat (10 minutes)
First line
• Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulfate 5.5 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 5 days

Alternative
 Sulfadimidine sodium 107 mg/kg, IV or PO q 24 h

 Surgical debridement and flushing with iodine.

Administration of potassium iodide orally (6 to 10 g a day for 10 days) or intravenous
injection of sodium iodide at 10 % (8 g for 100kg) are effective to stop the acute signs of the
disease within two days.
.

xxii
STEP 5: Contraindications of drugs used to treat Actinobacillosis Disease
 Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulphate is contraindicated to myasthenia gravis
 Sulfadimidine sodium is contraindicated in pregnant and lactating animals

STEP 6: Common side effects and adverse drug reactions of drugs used to
treat Actinobacillosis disease ( 5 minutes)
The following are the side effects;
 Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulfate;
o Nephrotoxicity
o Ototoxicity
o Neuromuscular blockage
o At higher dosage calves may develop diarrhea.

 Sulfadimidine sodium
o Crystallization in urinary tract,
o cutaneous eruption

STEP 7: Prevention and Control of Actinobacillosis disease in Cattle and

Goat (10 Minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Actinobacillosis in Cattle?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 No vaccines are available.

 Control of actinobacillosis is best achieved by early recognition and prompt treatment of

cases;
 Isolation
 Disposal of animals with disease is recommended.

xxiii
STEP 8: Key Points (5 minutes)
 Actinobacillosis refers to a group of diseases caused by gram-negative coccobacilli in the
genus Actinobacillus
 Streptomycin is considered the treatment of choice; tetracylcines and tilmicosin are also
effective.
 Treatment may also involves administration of antibiotics and potassium iodide orally or
intravenously
 There in no vaccine against A. lignieresii disease

STEP 9: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Actinobacillosis?
 What are the signs and symptoms of Actinobacillosis?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Actinobacillosis?
 What are the contraindications of drug used to treat Actinobacillosis?

xxiv
 Handout 4.1 Pharmacotherapy of Actinomycosis in Cattle and

Goat

Actinomycosis
 Actinomycosis or lumpy jaw is a subacute or chronic bacterial disease of cattle caused by
Actinomyces bovis.
 It is characterized by swelling of the mandible.
 The organism is introduced to underlying soft tissue via penetrating wounds of the oral
mucosa from wire or course hay or sticks or sharp grasses and spreads to adjacent bone.

Clinical Symptoms
 Swelling with draining tracts resulting from a chronic, progressive, indurated,
granulomatous, suppurative abscess that most frequently involves the mandible, maxillae,
or other bony tissues in the head.
 Involvement of adjacent bone frequently results in facial distortion, loose teeth (making
chewing difficult),
 Dyspnea from swelling into the nasal cavity.

Fig 5:3 Actinomycosis in Cattle

xxv
Fig 5.4: Actinomycosis in Goat

Pharmacological treatment

First line
 Procaine penicillin G
o Dose: 22,000 IU/kg, aqueous suspension, IM or SC, q 24 h for 3 to 5 days
or
 Benzathine penicillin q 48-72 h.

Alternative
• Oxytetracyclines
o Dose:10 mg/kg for 3-5 days. For C/I, S/E, D/I,

• Erythromycin base 2-4 mg/kg, IM q 24 h for 3-5 days.

o Contraindications: animals with impaired liver function
o Side Effects: Allergic reaction in all species and gastrointestinal
disturbance; irritating, deep IM soreness.
o Withdrawal period: cattle slaughter not less than 14 days; milk 72 hours after IM
administration
Or

• Isoniazid
o Dose:10-20 mg/kg, PO, for 30 days
Or

• Sodium iodide 1 g/12kg,10% solution in sterile distilled water IV or injected locally into the
tumorous masses, stat.

xxvi
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

xxvii
Session 5: Pharmacotherapy of Anthrax and Aspergillosis
in Cattle and Goat

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Anthrax and Aspergillosis diseases in Cattle and Goat
 Describe signs and symptoms of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat
 Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis
diseases in Cattle and Goat
 List contraindications of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis diseases in Cattle
and Goat
 List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Anthrax and
Aspergillosis Diseases in Cattle and Goat
 Describe Control and Prevention of Anthrax and Aspergillosis diseases in Cattle and Goat

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 5.1: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat.

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Anthrax and Aspergillosis
2 05 minutes
Buzzing diseases in Cattle and Goat
Signs and symptoms of Anthrax and
3 05 minutes Presentation
Aspergillosis Diseases in Cattle and Goat
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Anthrax and
4 15 minutes
Aspergillosis diseases in Cattle and Goat
Contraindications of drugs used to treat
5 05 minutes Presentation Anthrax and Aspergillosis diseases in Cattle
and Goat
Common side effects and adverse effects of
6 05 minutes Presentation drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis
Diseases

xxviii
 Presentation Control and Prevention of Anthrax and
7 10 minutes
Brainstorming Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat
8 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

9 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

xxix
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Anthrax and Aspergillosis diseases in Cattle and

Goat (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Anthrax?
ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

Anthrax
 Anthrax is an acute, febrile (42oC), septicemia, fatal bacterial disease of food animals
caused by Bacillus anthracis.
 Anthrax outbreak occurs irregularly and is commonly associated with neutral or alkaline,
calcareous soils where the spores revert to the vegetative form and multiply to infectious
levels if environmental conditions of soil, moisture, temperature, and nutrition are
optimal.

Fig 6.1. Anthrax in Goat

Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis;

xxx
 REFER Students to Handout 5.1: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Cattle

and Goat.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax Disease in Cattle and Goat (5

Minutes)
The following are the signs and symptoms of Anthrax

 Acute illness is characterized by abrupt onset of;

o fever,
o signs of abdominal pain,
o trembling,
o hematuria, and blood-tinged diarrhea.
 Pregnant animals may abort
 Milk production in lactating animals often decline or is tinged with blood.
 Ventral subcutaneous edema may be present followed by death.
 Chronic infection is rare in cattle and is manifested by localized edematous swelling on
the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders.
 Areas most frequently involved are the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders.

Fig 5.2: Anthrax in Cow

STEP 4: Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax disease in Cattle and Goat

(15 minutes)

xxxi
 Penicillin 22,000 IU/kg, IM, q 12 h for 2 days, then daily for 3 days
or Benzathine q 48-72 h;
or
 Oxytetracycline 6-11 mg/kg, IM or IV, q 12-24 h.
or
• Amoxicillin 5-10 mg/kg q 24 h for 3-5 days
or
 Ciprofloxacin 2.8 mg/kg, IV or PO, q 8 h for 4 days.
or
 Doxycycline, 20 mg/kg, IV
o Note: among the tetracyclines, doxycycline is highly lipophilic thus penetrates tissue
with ease, is more completely absorbed & slowly excreted.
or
 Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg (adult), IM, IV or SC; 15-30 mg/kg (calves), IM, IV, or SC.
or
 Dihydrostreptomycin or streptomycin, 10 mg/kg, q 12h IM, SC;

STEP 5: Contraindications of drugs used to treat Anthrax Disease

 Penicillins;
o In animals with hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins
 Oxytetracyclines in
o animals with Renal impairment,
o Pregnant animals and up to 4 weeks of age in neonates.
 Erythromycin base in animals with impaired liver function
 Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulphate is contraindicated to myasthenia gravis

STEP 6: Common side effects and adverse drug reactions of drugs used to
treat Anthrax disease in Cattle and Goat ( 5 minutes)
The following are the side effects;
 Oxytetracycline
o Gastrointestinal symptoms are more severe withoxytetracycline among the
tetracyclines
o Discoloration of the teeth when used during pregnancy

 Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulfate;

o Nephrotoxicity
o Ototoxicity
o Neuromuscular blockage
o At higher dosage calves may develop diarrhea.

 Ciprofloxacin 2.8 mg/kg, IV or PO, q 8 h for 4 days.

xxxii
 o Lameness and severe pain in some immature animals due to damage to weight-
bearing joints when used at therapeutic doses in some immature animals.

STEP 7: Prevention and Control of Anthrax disease in Cattle and Goat (10
minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Anthrax ?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Cut off infection source

o Moving other animals away from the affected area is an important early action.
 Vaccination.
o Animals should not be vaccinated within 2 months of anticipated slaughter
o Antibiotics should not be administered within 1 wk of vaccination.
 Animals that have died of anthrax should be burned in a closed incinerator.
 Public health significance: Anthrax is highly pathogenic to humans; thus care should be
taken during handling of suspected cases.

STEP 8: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria called Bacillus anthracis.
 The anthrax bacterium produces spores (small resistant cells) which are capable of
surviving for many years in the environment.
 Anthrax may present as cutaneous, inhalational or Intestinal anthrax disease
 Treatment with antibiotics is essential, particularly for inhalational anthrax.
 Control of anthrax in livestock herds is essential for prevention of its spread to humans
.
STEP 10: Evaluation (5 minutes)
 What is anthrax diasease?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of anthrax diasease?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of anthrax disease?
 What are the side effects and adverse drug reactions of drugs used to treat anthrax
disease?

xxxiii
 Handout 5.1 Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Cattle and

Goat

xxxiv
Aspergillosis
 Aspergillosis is caused by a number of Aspergillus spp, especially A. fumigatus and
affects almost all domestic animals and birds.
 It causes abortion. Systemic mycotic diseases are a result of overgrowth of fungi in hay,
grain or silage feeds.

Signs and Symptoms

Most infections are asymptomatic; however, the following are common signs and symptoms;
 Mycotic pneumonia: pyrexia; rapid, shallow, stertorous respiration;
 Nasal discharge
 Moist cough.
 The lungs are firm, heavy, and mottled and do not collapse when pressed.
 In subacute to chronic mycotic pneumonia, the lungs contain multiple discrete
granulomas which resembles tuberculosis.

Management
Drug Treatment
 Natamycine 0.01% solution, topical, repeat after 4-5 days and again after 14 days if
required.
o Do not expose treated animals to direct sunlight.
o Less irritating and poorly penetrate tissues
or
 Potassium iodide 10%, PO for 1-2 wks,

Prophylaxis
 Hay should be prepared to ensure dry conditions throughout storage time
 Precautions have also to be given to silage making and storage
 Public health significance: Aspergilla are pathogenic to humans; thus aerosol
transmission might occur.

References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

xxxv
Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser
Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

Session 6: Pharmacotherapy of Botulism and

Calfdiptheria in Cattle

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks

xxxvi
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Botulism and Calfdiptheria diseases in Cattle
 Describe signs and symptoms of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle
 Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Botulism and Calfdiptheria
diseases in Cattle
 List contraindications of drugs used to treat Botulism and Calfdiptheria diseases in Cattle
 List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Botulism and
Calfdiptheria Diseases in Cattle
 Describe Control and Prevention of Botulism and Calfdiptheria diseases in Cattle

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 6.1: Pharmacotherapy of Calfdiptheria in Cattle and Goat.

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Botulism and Calfdiptheria
2 05 minutes
Buzzing diseases in Cattle
Signs and symptoms of Botulism and
3 10 minutes Presentation
Calfdiptheria Diseases in Cattle
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Botulism and
4 15 minutes
Calfdiptheria s diseases in Cattle
Presentation Control and Prevention of Botulism and
5 15 minutes
Brainstorming Calfdiptheria in Cattle
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

xxxvii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Botulism and Calfdiptheria diseases in Cattle (5

minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Botulism?
ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

Botulism
This rapidly fatal motor paralysis is caused by ingestion of preformed toxin of Clostridium
botulinum from decaying carcasses or vegetable materials such as decaying grass, hay,
grain, or spoiled silage.

Pharmacotherapy of Calfdiptheria;
REFER Students to Handout 6.1: Pharmacotherapy of Calfdiptheria in Cattle

and Goat.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Botulism Disease in Cattle (10 Minutes)

The following are the signs and symptoms of Botulism

 Decreased tongue tone that protrudes out

 Problems associated with deglutition and prehension of food,
 Progressive muscular weakness until animals become recumbent in a parturient paresis-
like posture,
o Ataxia and stumbling gait affecting the hind legs are commonly observed
 paralysis of the muscles of the face, jaw and tongue
 unable to eat or drink
 tongue hanging out of mouth and unable to control or withdraw the tongue

xxxviii
 drooling
 Paralysis of the eye lids or drooping eyelids, animals otherwise alert
 Shallow and abdominal breathing
 Sudden death with a high fatality rate in unvaccine cattle population.

Fig 6.1: Botulism in Cow

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Botulism Diseases in Cattle (15

minutes)

 Ruminal lavage, followed by 50-80 ml lactic acid in 5-10 L of water per stomach tube in
adult cattle
 Polyvalent anti-C and anti-D antisera

Contraindications:
Hypersensitivity reactions

Common Side effects:

Local lesions at the site of injection

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Botulism Disease in Cattle (15 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Botulism?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

xxxix
 Correction of dietry deficiencies
 Botulism vaccination
 Proper disposal of carcass.
 Removal of decaying grass or spoiled silage from cattle feed

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Botulism is a rapid onset, usually fatal disease caused by the botulinum toxin produced by
the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
 Typical signs include hindlimb weakness progressing to paralysis, collapse and death.
 Common sources of toxin include animal carcasses, rotting organic material and poorly
prepared silage.
 Treatment is rarely attempted but vaccines are available for disease prevention in cattle.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is botulism diasease?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of botulism?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of botulism disease?
 What are the control measures against anthrax disease?

xl
 Handout 6.1 Pharmacotherapy of Calfdiptheria in Cattle

Calf Diphtheria
 Calf diphtheria (Necrotic laryngitis, Laryngeal necrobacillosis) is a disease of young
cattle caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum
 It is characterized by fever, inspiratory dyspnea, and stertorous breathing.
 Inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa and cartilage, caused by invasion of F.
necrophorum into laryngeal ulcers, is responsible for the clinical signs.
 Calf diphtheria primarily affects cattle between 3 and 18 months of age

Signs and Symptoms

 Pyrexia (41.1°C)
 Anorexia,
 Depression
 Excessive salivation
 Respiratory distress
 Foul smell from the mouth
 If untreated calves may develop ;
o Necrotized pneumonia and die within 2-7 days from toxemia
o Upper air way obstruction.
 Long-term sequelae include;
o Aspiration pneumonia
o Permanent distortion of the larynx.

Management
Drug treatment
 Sulfadimidine,
o initial dose: 140 mg/kg, IV;
o Maintenance dose: 70 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h for 5-7 days.
 Procaine penicillin, G, 22,000 IU/kg, IM or SC q 24 h for 3 to 5 days

Supportive treatment
 Acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h to decrease the degree of laryngeal
inflammation and edema.

xli
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

xlii
Session 7: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat
and Pig

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Coccidiosis disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig
 Describe signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig
 Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and
Pigs
 List contraindications of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle. Goat and Pig
 List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle,
Goat and Pigs
 Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs.

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 7.1: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Goat
 Handout 7.2: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Pig

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Pigs
Signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in
3 05 minutes Presentation
Cattle, Goat and Pigs
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis in
4 15 minutes
Cattle, Goat and Pigs
Contraindications of drugs used to treat
5 05 minutes Presentation
Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs
6 05 minutes Presentation Common side effects and adverse effects of
drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle,

xliii
 Goat and Pigs
Presentation Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis in
7 10 minutes
Brainstorming Cattle, Goat and Pigs
8 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

9 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

xliv
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Coccidiosis in Cattle (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Botulism?
ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

Coccidiosis
Cocciodiosis, a protozoan parasite of cattle, is caused by the genus Eimeria.
The most common species affecting cattle include E. bovis, E zuernii, and E auburnensis.
The disease is common in young cattle up to two years old.

Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Goat and Pig;

REFER Students to Handout 7.1: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Goat

REFER Students to Handout 7.2: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Pig

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Coccidiosis in Cattle (5 Minutes)

The following are the signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis

 Watery feces, with little or no blood and shreds of epithelium and mucus
 Animals may die from secondary bacterial complications or concurrent infections (e.g.
corona virus infection) that develop ;
o Fever
o become anorectic
o depressed,
o dehydrated
o lose weight.

xlv
 Eimeria zuernii is highly pathogenic causing bloody diarrhea.

Fig 7.1: Coccidiosis in Calf

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle (15 minutes)

 Amprolium 10 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for 5 days.

or
 Sulfamethazine 50-110 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for 4 days
or
 Decoquinate 167g/10kg of feed for 28 days
or
 Monensin 100-360 mg/head/day PO for 7 days.
o Do not mix with drugs having similar action
o Don’t treat animals with tiamulin for at least 7 days

o Avoid direct contact with skin and wash thoroughly after handling the product.

Supportive therapy
The most effective treatment for the already sick animal is fluids

STEP 5: Contraindications of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle (5

minutes)

xlvi
 Amprolium; Do not use in layers producing eggs for human consumption.
 Sulfamethazine; Allergy and hypersensitivity
 Decoquinate; Do not use in cases of hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of
the excipients
 Monensin; Hypersensitivity to Monensin

STEP 6: Common side effects and adverse drug reactions of drugs used to
treat Coccidiosis in Cattle ( 5 minutes)
 Amprolium; interferes with egg quality and production
 Monensin
o high dose may result in reduced weight gain,
o Reduced voluntary feed intake
o Reduced milk fat percentage.
o Increased incidence and treatment of cystic ovaries and metritis
o Reduced conception rates.

STEP 7: Prevention and Control of Coccidiosis in Cattle (10 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Botulism?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Prophylaxis
 Amprolium 5-10 mg/kg q 24 h for 21 days, PO.
 Monensin 1 mg/kg in feed for 30 days

Control
 Housing and ventilation deficiencies should be corrected
 Don’t mix different age groups of calves, avoid fecal contamination of feed.
 Isolation of the affected animal(s) to prevent increased contamination of the premises

STEP 9: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of Eimeria sp.
 The most effective treatment for the already sickcattle is supportive therapy (fluids) and
antibiotics to ward off secondary infections

xlvii
 Prevention focuses on preventing fecal contamination of the cattle’s environment, feed
and water

STEP 10: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Coccidiosis?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis?
 What are the control measures against Coccidiosis?

xlviii
 Handout 7.1 Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Goat

Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis is an acute invasion and destruction of intestinal mucosa by protozoa of the
genera Eimeria or Isospora.
Lambs 1-6 months old in lambing pens, intensive grazing areas, and feedlots are at greatest
risk as a result of shipping, ration change, crowding stress, severe weather, and contamination
of the environment with oocysts from ewes or other lambs.

Signs and Symptoms

Diarrhea,
Fever,
Inappetence,
Weight loss,
Emaciation

Pharmacological treatment
 Sulfaquinoxaline 0.015% in drinking water for 3-5 days
Side effects:
o Crystallization in urinary tract,
o hypersensitivity
o anaphylaxis
Contraindications: Intrauterine administration

Prophylaxis
Monensin, 20 g/ton of feed for 28 days, after lambs are introduced into the environment.

xlix
 Handout 7.2 Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Pigs

Coccidiosis
Eight species of Eimeria and one of Isospora are responsible to infect pigs.
Isospora suis is prevalent in neonatal pigs.

Signs and Symptoms

Watery or greasy diarrhea, usually yellowish to white and foul
smelling.
Piglets may appear weak, dehydrated and depressed

Pharmacological Treatment
Sulfamethazine 0.1%, q 24 h for 2-4 days in drinking water
Side effect: cutaneous eruption, hypothyrodism
or
Amprolium 0.012-0.024%, q 24 h for 5 days in drinking water

Prevention and Control

 Premix: Decoquinate 60 gm/kg feed and 200mg/kg feed through out the risk period.
 Removal of feces and disinfection of farrowing facilities between litters greatly decreases
infection.

l
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

li
Session 8: Pharmacotherapy of Candidiasis and
Dermatophytosis in Cattle

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle
 Describe signs and symptoms of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle
 Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis
diseases in Cattle
 List contraindications of drugs used to treat Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle
 List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Candidiasis and
Dermatophytosis Diseases in Cattle
 Describe Control and Prevention of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 8.1: Pharmacotherapy of Dermatophytosis in Cattle.

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Cattle
Signs and Symptoms Candidiasis and
3 10 minutes Presentation
Dermatophytosis in Cattle
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Candidiasis
Small Group and Dermatophytosis in Cattle
4 15 minutes
Discussion

Contraindications of drugs used to treat

5 05 minutes Presentation
Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle
Common side effects and adverse effects of
6 10 minutes Presentation drugs used to treat Candidiasis and
Dermatophytosis in Cattle

lii
7 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

8 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

liii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle (5

minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Candidiasis?
ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

Candidiasis
 Candida species particularly C. albicans is normally present on the mucous membranes,
especially the alimentary tract.
 It is an opportunistic pathogen resulting in systemic or local candidia infections in cattle
and calves secondary to prolonged antibiotic or corticosteroid therapy.
 Mastitis and abortion also occur in cattle.

Pharmacotherapy of Dermatophytosis;
REFER Students to Handout 8.1: Pharmacotherapy of Dermatophytosis in

Cattle.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Candidiasis in Cattle (5 Minutes)

The following are the signs and symptoms of Candidiasis

 Calves with fore-stomach candidiasis have;

 Watery diarrhea
 Anorexia
 Dehydration, with gradual progression to prostration and death.
 Gross lesions of the skin and mucosae are generally single or multiple, raised, circular,
white masses covered with scabs.

liv
 The organism can penetrate keratinized epithelium and cause marked keratinous
thickening of the mucosae of the tongue, esophagus, and rumen

Fig 8.1: Gastrointestinal Candidiasis in Cow

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Candidiasis in Cattle (15 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What is the pharmacological treatment of Candidasis?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Nystatin 10% ointment or topical application of 1% iodine solution may be useful in the
treatment of oral or cutaneous candidiasis.
or
 Ketoconazole 40 mg/kg q 8 h for two weeks

STEP 5: Contraindications of drugs used to treat Candidiasis (5 Minutes)

 Ketoconazole.
o Hepatic impairment,
o pregnant and lactating animals,

lv
STEP 6: Common side effects and adverse drug reactions of drugs used to
treat Candidiasis in Cattle ( 5 minutes)
 Ketoconazole;
o Hepatotoxicity,
o GI disturbances anorexia, nausea, vomiting
o pruritis
o alopecia
o gynecomastia
o sexual impotence and infatility

STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Candidiasis is a localized mucocutaneous disease caused by species of the yeast-like
fungus Candida, most commonly C albicans
 Candidiasis affects the oral, esophageal, and gastric mucosa, with diarrhea and emaciation
the most consistent signs.
 Nystatin ointment may be useful in the treatment of oral or cutaneous candidiasis

STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Candidiasis?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Candidiasis?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Candidiasis?
 What are the common side effects of ketoconazole?

lvi
 Handout 8.1 Pharmacotherapy of Dermatophytosis in Cattle

Dermatophytosis
 Dermatophytosis is a disease of cornified epidermis, hair, horn, and nails most frequently
by the fungal genera Microsporum and Trichophyton.
 Transmission may occur between animals or by contact with soil.
 High humidity and temperature, trauma, poor nutrition and most importantly close
confinement are the predisposing factors.

Signs and Symptoms

 Infected hairs become brittle, dry, and lusterless and break off.
 Ring-shaped lesions develop which becomes alopecic.

Pharmacological Treatment

Topical
 Iodophores 3% spray q 24 h for several weeks depending on its response.
o Side effects: Irritant to tissue
o Contraindications: Concurrent use of other antiseptics and detergents
or
 Sodium hypochlorite 0.5% irrigation q 24 h for several weeks
plus

Systemic therapy
 Sodium iodide 1 g/14 kg, as 10% IV, every 7days for several weeks depending on
response.
or
 Griseofulvin 5-7.5 mg/kg, q 24 h for 7 or more days (calves)
o Side effects: high doses cause hepatotoxicity,leukopenia and hypoplasia
o Contraindications: hepatic impairment and pregnant animals as it causes cleft palate
and skeletal abnormalities

lvii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

lviii
Session 9: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal
Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats.

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats.
 Describe signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs
and Cats.
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs,
Dogs and Cats.
 Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Gastrointestinal Parasitism in
Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats.
 List contraindications of drugs used to treat Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat,
Pigs, Dogs and Cats.
 List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle,
Goat and Pigs
 Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis in Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle,
Goat, Pigs, Dogs and Cats.

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 9.1: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Goat
 Handout 9.2: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Pig
 Handout 9.3: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Dog and Cats

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Gastrointestinal Parasitism
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal
3 10 minutes Presentation Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and
Cats.
4 15 minutes Presentation Pharmacological treatment of

lix
 Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle, Goat,
Pigs, Dogs and Cats.
Common side effects and adverse effects of
drugs used to treat Gastrointestinal
5 05 minutes Presentation
Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and
Cats.
Control and Prevention of Gastrointestinal
Presentation
6 10 minutes Parasitism in Cattle, Goat, Pigs, Dogs and
Brainstorming
Cats.
7 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

8 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

lx
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Gastrointestinal Parasitism. (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

Gastrointestinal Parasitism
 These are infestations of the gastrointestinal tract with nematodes, cestodes and
trematodes.
 The common stomach worms of cattle are Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi and
Trichostrongylus axeii.

lxi
Fig 9.1 Life cycle of a worm in Cattle

Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Goat,Pig Dog and Cat;

REFER Students to Handout 9.1: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal

Parasitism in Goat
REFER Students to Handout 9.2: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal

Parasitism in Pig
REFER Students to Handout 9.3: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal

Parasitism in Dog and Cats

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle (10

Minutes)
The following are the signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism

 Ostertagia and Trichostronglyus infections are characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea

that usually is persistent.
 Signs of anemia, hypoproteinemia and edema, particularly the lower jaw and sometimes
along the ventral abdomen

lxii
Fig 9.2: Stomach lining of a calf infected with O. ostertagi (right) compared to that of an uninfected
animal (left)

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in

Cattle (15 minutes)

STEP 5: Common side effects and adverse drug reactions of drugs used to
treat Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle ( 5 minutes)
 Tetramisole
Side effects
o frothing, salivation,
o tremor, transient head shaking

lxiii
 o licks of lip,
o urination, defecation,
o vomiting,
o ataxia, collapse

 Ivermectin
Side Effects
o Ataxia, depression,
o tremors,
o mydriasis,
o oedema of the face or extremeties,
o Itching and popular rash.

 Praziquantel
 Side Effects:
o Occasional vomiting and transient pain at injection site.
 In cattle don’t exceed dose 4.5gm per animal

 Piperazine
o Occasional emesis and diarrhea

STEP 6: Prevention and Control of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Cattle

(10 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Gastrointestinal Parasitism?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Knowing the types of worm that occur on your farm and the seasons of highest risk.
 Monitoring the worm status of livestock regularly, especially higher risk stock during
high risk seasons.
 Preventing the introduction of new or resistant worms onto the property by quarantining
all incoming stock and treating them with a quarantine drench.
 Requesting an animal health statement when purchasing stock so you are aware of the
disease status level of assurance that is being provided by the stock vendor.
 Improving nutrition.

lxiv
 Grazing management to provide young animals that are most vulnerable to worms with
pastures with lowest contamination.

STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes)

 The common stomach worms of cattle are Haemonchus placei (barber’s pole worm, large
stomach worm, wire worm), Ostertagia ostertagi (medium or brown stomach worm), and
Trichostrongylus axei (small stomach worm)
 Stertagia and Trichostrongylus infections are characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea
that usually is persistent.
 In haemonchosis and Mecistocirrus infection, there may be little or no diarrhea but
possibly intermittent periods of constipation.
 Benzimidazoles (such as fenbendazole, oxfendazole, and albendazole) and the
probenzimidazoles (thiophanate, febantel, and netobimin) are among the drugs used for
treatment of Gastrointestinal parasitism in cattle

STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Gastrointestinal Parasitism?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in cattle?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism?
 What are the control measures against Gastrointestinal Parasitism?

lxv
Handout 9.1 Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Goat

Gastrointestinal Parasitism
 Parasitic gastritis and enteritis of sheep and goats are caused by nematodes and cestodes.
 The common stomach worms of goat are Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia
curcumcincta, and Trichostrongylus axei
 Intestinal worms include Nematodirus species, Bunostomum trigonocephaum,
oesophagostomum colombianum, cooperia curticei, Strogloides papillosus, Trichuris
ovis, Chabertia ovina and Moniezia expansa.

Clinical Symptoms
 Stomach worm infections are characterized by anorexia, loss in body weight, dehydration,
profuse and watery diarrhea that usually is persistent.
 However, Haemonchus infections are characterized by severe anaemia accompanied by
generalized edema and progressive weight loss, which is caused by chronic infection and
low burden, otherwise, it is fatal and acute.
 In the case of Oesophagostomum infections feces may have excessive mucus and streaks
of blood.

Treatment and prevention

Treatment and prevention are similar to gastrointestinal parasitism in cattle.

lxvi
Handout 9.2 Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Pigs

Gastrointestinal Parasitism
Ascariasis
 Pigs are infected by Ascaris suum.
 The parasites are found principally in the small intestine but may migrate into the
stomach or bile ducts.
 The migration of larvae in the body damages tissues.

Signs and Symptoms

 Poor growth rate of young pigs, mechanical obstruction of the intestine, or migrates into
liver and may occlude the bile ducts, producing icterus.
 Affected pigs show abdominal breathing, unthriftiness and weight loss are common.

Pharmacological Treatment
 Piperazine, 250-300mg/kg, PO
o Side Effects: occasional emesis and diarrhea
o Contraindication: Renal impairment

 Fenbendazole 5-7 mg/kg, PO for 3 days

o Contraindications: Hypersensitivit and early gestation

 Ivermectin 0.3 mg/kg, PO, or SC.

o Side Effect: Ataxia, depression, tremors, mydriasis, listlessness, musculoskeletal
pains, oedema of the face or extremeties, itching and papular rash
o Contraindications: Calves less than 12 weeks of age and lactating animals

Prophylaxis and control

 Flubendazole 5mg/kg twice per year.

lxvii
Handout 9.3 Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Dogs and
Cats

Gastrointestinal Parasitism
Ascariasis
 The large roundworms (ascaridoid nematodes) of dogs and cats are common, especially
in puppies and kittens.
 Of the three species Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, and Toxocara cati, the most
important is T. canis, causes fatal infections in young pups.
 Toxascaris leonina occurs in adult dogs and in cats.
 These species also occur in wild carnivores.
 The life cycles of T. cati and T. leonina are similar except that, in the former, no prenatal
infection occurs, while in the latter, migration is restricted to the intestinal wall so that
neither prenatal nor transmammary transmission occurs.

Signs and Symptoms

 Lack of growth and loss of condition, worms may be vomited and are often voided in the
feces.
 Pulmonary damage due to migrating larvae may be complicated by bacterial pneumonia.
 Diarrhea with mucus may be evident.
 In severe infections of puppies, verminous pneumonia, ascites, fatty degeneration of
 the liver and mucoid enteritis are common.
 Cortical kidney granulomas containing larvae are frequent in young dogs.

Pharmacological Treatment

 Piperazine 50-100 mg/kg, PO Stat for dogs and cats

o Side effect: vomiting and diarhoea may occur at a higher dosage
o Contraindication: renal impairment

or

 Mebendazole 22 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO with food for 3 days.

or

 Pyrantel pamoate, dogs: 5-10 mg/kg; cats 10 mg/kg, both PO, single dose.

lxviii
Prophylaxis
 Fenbendazole: bitches from 40 days pregnancy to day 14 after whelping plus nursing
ones, 50 mg/kg; pups at 2 wk after birth and repeated at 2 to 3 weeks intervals to 3 month
of age.
o Contraindications: Hypersensitivity
o Side effects; Teratogenic and embryotoxic when administered at
early gestation period.

lxix
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

lxx
Session 10: Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease
in Cattle, Goat and Pig

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig
 Describe signs and symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig
 Describe Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 10.1: Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth in Pig

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Foot and Mouth Disease in
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Cattle, Goat and Pig
Signs and symptoms Foot and Mouth
3 10 minutes Presentation
Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Foot and
Small Group Mouth Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig
4 15 minutes
Discussion

Prevention and Control of Foot and Mouth

6 10 minutes Presentation
Disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig
7 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

8 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

lxxi
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and Goat (5

minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Foot and Mouth Disease?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly communicable viral infection of cattle, pigs,

sheep, goats, buffalo, and artiodactyl wildlife species characterized by fever, vesicles in
the mouth, on the muzzle, gums, pharynx, teats, and interdigital cleft.
 It is caused by an Aphthovirus that is transmitted by contact and through milk.
 Recovered animals remain carriers for up to 2 and a half years.

Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease in Goat is similar to the one in Cattle

Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pig

REFER Students to Handout 10.1: Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth in Pig

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and
Goat (5 Minutes)

The following are the signs and symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle

 Drooling and vesicles on the nares, in the bucal cavity, and between the claws
 Dullness

lxxii
 Inappetance
 Fever, and shivering followed by smacking of the lips, drooling saliva, and shaking or
kicking of the feet are primary signs.
 Preganant animals may abort.

Fig 10.1: Foot Disease in Cattle

Fig 10.2: Mouth Disease in Cattle

lxxiii
STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle
and Goat (15 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What is the pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 No specific treatment
 Supportive treatments against secondary bacterial infection are necessary

STEP 5: Control and Prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle and
Goat (15 Minutes)

 Export restrictions are often imposed on countries with known outbreaks.

 FMD outbreaks are usually controlled by quarantines and movement restrictions,
euthanasia of affected and in-contact animals, and cleansing and disinfection of affected
premises, equipment and vehicles.
 Infected carcasses must be disposed of safely by incineration, rendering, burial or other
techniques.
 Milk from infected cows can be inactivated by heating to 100°C (212°F) for more than 20
minutes.
 Rodents and other vectors may be killed to prevent them from mechanically
disseminating the virus.
 Good biosecurity measures should be practiced on uninfected farms to prevent entry of
the virus.
 Vaccination
o Vaccination can be used to reduce the spread of FMD or protect specific animals.

o Vaccines are also used in endemic regions to protect animals from clinical disease.
FMDV vaccines must closely match the serotype and strain of the infecting strain.

o Vaccination with one serotype does not protect the animal against other serotypes,
and may not protect the animal completely or at all from other strains of the same
serotype.
o Currently, there is no universal FMD vaccine.

lxxiv
STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)
 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly communicable viral disease caused by an
Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae
 Clinical signs in cattle include pyrexia of ~104° F, followed by vesicular development on
the tongue, hard palate, dental pad, lips, gums, muzzle, coronary band, interdigital cleft,
and teats in lactating cows.
 There is no specific treatment for FMD, but supportive care is allowed.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Foot and Mouth diasease?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Foot and Mouth Disease?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Foot and Mouth Disease?
 What are the common prevention and control measures against Foot and Mouth Disease?

lxxv
Handout 10.1 Pharmacotherapy of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pig

Foot andMouth Disease

 It is a highly contagious infectious viral disease.
 There are seven immunologically distinct serotypes: A, O, C, Asia 1, and SAT (Southern
African Territories) 1, 2, and 3.
 There are a number of vaccine strains for each serotype, particularly O and A, are
required to cover the antigenic diversity.
 Transition occurs by contact through oral or respiratory routes.

Clinical Symptoms
 The clinical signs and lesions are similar to cattle (see Diseases of Cattle: Foot and Mouth
Disease).
 Vesicles may also appear on the teats and udder and on areas of skin subject to pressure
and trauma, such as the legs of pigs.
 Young piglets may die before showing any vesicles,

Drug treatment
 There is no specific treatment for FMD
 Antibiotic treatment is indicated for secondary infection

lxxvi
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

lxxvii
Session 11: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious
Keratoconjunctivitis and listerosis in Cattle and Goat

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis and listerosis in Cattle and Goat
 Describe Signs and Symptoms of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis and Listerosis in Cattle
and Goat
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis and listerosis in
Cattle and Goat
 Describe Control and Prevention of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis and listerosis in Cattle
and Goat

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 11.1: Pharmacotherapy of Listerosis in Cattle and Goat

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis
2 05 minutes
Buzzing and listerosis in Cattle and Goat
Signs and symptoms of Infectious
3 05 minutes Presentation Keratoconjunctivitis and listerosis in Cattle
and Goat
Pharmacological treatment of Infectious
Presentation
4 15 minutes Keratoconjunctivitis and listerosis in Cattle
and Goat
Control and Prevention of Infectious
Presentation
5 20 minutes Keratoconjunctivitis and listerosis in Cattle
Brainstorming
and Goat
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

lxxviii
lxxix
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Cattle and Goat (5

minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Cattle?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye) is a disease of the eyes of cattle caused by the
bacteria Moraxella bovis.
 It is precipitated by factors including environmental irritants (dust, wind, tall grass,
weeds, pollens), concurrent infections (IBR, Mycoplasma spp.), shipping stress, bright
sunlight, exposure of susceptible calves to infected or carrier animals, close confinement,
and breeds or strains of cattle with increased susceptibility.

Pharmacotherapy of Listerosis in Cattle and Goat;

REFER Students to Handout 11.1: Pharmacotherapy of Listerosis in Cattle and

Goat

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Cattle

and Goat (5 Minutes)
The following are the signs and symptoms of Infectious Keratoconjuctivitis;

 Blepharospasm,
 conjunctivitis with or without keratitis, lacrimation,
 varying degrees of focal corneal opacity, central corneal ulceration,
 mucopurulent ocular discharge,
 extensive corneral necrosis,

lxxx
 corneal neovascularization,
 corneal fibrosis.

Fig 12.1: Infectious Keratoconjuctivitis

Fig 11.2 Stages of Infective Keratoconjuctivitis

lxxxi
STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in
Cattle and Goat (15 minutes)

Topical
 Gentamicin 0.3%,
or
 triple antibiotic (neomycin, bacitracin, and polymyxin B),
or
 Chloramphenicol 0.5%,
Or
 oxytetracyline 1% and nitrofurazone ointments

The drugs should be administered q 8 h for several days on both eyes as indicated on the
accompanying insert.

Systemic
 Oxytetracycline 20 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 2 days
Or
 Sulphadimidine 100 mg/kg, IM

Subconjunctival
 Injections of Penicillin/streptomycin,
plus
 Dexamethasone 1mg,

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in

Cattle and Goat (20 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:


What are the prevention and control measures for Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in
Cattle and Goat?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Control Program for face flies which are responsible for transmission should be
established

lxxxii
 An appropriate vaccination program that includes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) along with a good nutrition/mineral program will
decrease the incidence of pinkeye.
 Appropriate grazing, along with clipping pastures, will prevent seed-head development,
reducing irritation to the eyes of cattle.
 Proper management of feeders and other areas for frayed or sharp edges that can easily
damage the cornea and potentiate disease is recommended.
 ensure shaded areas are available to cattlebin order to decrease the effect of UV light
 Don’t mix different age groups of calves and avoid fecal contamination of feed.
 Isolation of the affected animal(s) to prevent increased contamination of the premises

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of cattle, sheep, and goats is characterized by
blepharospasm, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, and varying degrees of corneal opacity and
ulceration.
 The gram-negative rod Moraxella bovis is the only organism demonstrated to cause IBK
in cattle
 One common treatment is bulbar conjunctival injection with penicillin
 Good management practices are of paramount importance to reduce or prevent spread of
infection in cattle, sheep, and goats

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis?
 What are the control measures against Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis?

lxxxiii
 Handout 11.1 Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Goat

Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a contagious disease of animals, including man, caused by Leptospira
interrogans serovars.
It is transmitted by contact to skin or mucous membrane and intake of urine contaminated
feed and water.

Signs and Symptoms

Acute form:
 Occurs in calves,
 Signs include;
o Fever, hemolytic anaemia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, pulmonary congestion,
o Meningitis, and high mortality;
o Agalactiae and blood tinged milk may occur in milking cows.

Chronic form:
 occurs in adult cattle
 signs include;
o abortion, stillbirth or premature birth
o weak infected calves
o renal failure

Pharmacological treatment
 Tetracycline 10-15 mg/kg, IM, q 12 h, for 3-5 days.
or
 Streptomycin 12.5 mg/kg , IM q 12 h, for 3 days.
or
 Streptomycin can be combined with ampicillin or large doses of procaine penicillin G,
IM.

Prophylaxis
 Direct contact with carriers or rodents should be avoided.
 Vaccination

lxxxiv
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

lxxxv
Session 12: Pharmacotherapy of Rabbies in Dog and Cat

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Rabbies Rabbies in Dog and Cat
 Describe signs and symptoms of Rabbies in Dog and Cat
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Rabbies in Dog and Cat
 Describe Control and Prevention of Rabbies in Dog and Cat

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Rabbies in Dog and Cat
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Rabbies in Dog and
3 10 minutes Presentation
Cat
Presentation Treatment, Control and Prevention of
4 30 minutes
Brainstorming Rabbies in Dog and Cat
5 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

6 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

lxxxvi
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Rabbies in Dogs and Cats (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Rabbies in Dog?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis caused by Rhabdoviridae that principally

affects carnivores and insectivorous bats, although it can affect any mammal.
 It is almost invariably fatal once clinical signs appear.
 Rabies occurs throughout the world.
 Transmission is almost always by introduction of virus-laden saliva into the tissues,
usually by the bite of a rabid animal.
 Contact with fresh wound or even intact mucous membrane may also transmit the disease.
Virus may be present in the saliva and transmitted by an infected animal several days
before onset of clinical signs (usually 3-5 days in domestic dogs and cats).

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Rabbies in Dog and Cat (10 Minutes)
 Clinical signs of rabies are rarely definitive.
 The most reliable signs are behavioral changes and unexplained paralysis.
 Behavioral changes may include anorexia, signs of apprehension or nervousness,
irritability, and hyperexcitability
 The animal may seek solitude. ataxia, altered phonation, and changes in temperament are
apparent.
 A normally docile animal may suddenly become vicious and the vice versa.

Clinical phases:
Prodromal Form:

lxxxvii
Lasts 1-3 days; animals show only vague CNS signs, which intensify rapidly.

Furious Form:
 This is the classical “mad-dog syndrome,” the animal becomes irrational and, with the
slightest provocation, may viciously and aggressively use its teeth, claws, the posture and
expression is one of alertness and anxiety, with pupils dilated.
 Noise invites attack.
 Such animals lose all caution and fear of natural enemies.
 Carnivores with this form of rabies frequently roam extensively, attacking other animals
and people.
 Rabid dogs chew the wire and frame of their cages, breaking their teeth, and will follow a
hand moved in front of the cage, attempting to bite.
 Puppies usually become vicious in a few hours.
 Rabid domestic cats and bobcats attack suddenly, biting and scratching viciously.
 As the disease progresses, muscular incoordination and seizures are common.

Paralytic Form:
 Paralysis of the throat and masseter muscles, often with profuse salivation and inability to
swallow.
 Dropping of the lower jaw is common in dogs.
 These animals are not vicious and rarely attempt to bite.
 The paralysis progresses rapidly to all parts of the body, and coma and death follow in a
few hour

STEP 4: Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabbies in Cattle

and Goat (5 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (10 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

What are the pharmacological treatment, prevention and control measures for Rabbies
in dog?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Pharmacological Treatment
There is no treatment for rabies.

Prevention and Control

lxxxviii
Comprehensive guidelines for control in dogs have been prepared by the World Health
Organization and include the following:
 Notification of suspected cases, and destruction of dogs with clinical signs other and dogs
bitten by a suspected rabid animal
 Reduction of contact rates between susceptible dogs by leash laws, dog movement
control, and quarantine
 Mass immunization of dogs by campaigns and by continuing vaccination of young dogs;
 Stray dog control and destruction of unvaccinated dogs with low levels of dependency on,
or restriction by, man
 Dog registration
 Vaccination of dogs and cats with modified live virus and inactivated types.
 If an exposed animal is currently vaccinated, it should be revaccinated immediately and
closely observed for 45 days.

STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Rabies is a virus that may affect the brain and spinal cord of all mammals, including dogs,
cats and humans
 Initially, a dog that’s become infected may show extreme behavioral changes such as
restlessness or apprehension, both of which may be compounded by aggression.
 There is no treatment or cure for rabies once symptoms appear.
 Since rabies presents a serious public health threat, dogs that are suspected of having the
virus are most often euthanized.
 Vaccination against Rabbies is available

STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Rabbies?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Rabbies?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Rabbies?
 What are the control measures against Rabbies?

References

lxxxix
Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

Session 13: Pharmacotherapy of Tetanus and Rift Valley

Fever in Cattle and Goat

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

xc
Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat
 Describe signs and symptoms of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat
 Describe Control and Prevention of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 13.1: Pharmacotherapy of rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Tetanus and Rift Valley Fever
2 05 minutes
Buzzing in Cattle and Goat
Signs and symptoms of Tetanus and Rift
3 05 minutes Presentation
Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Tetanus and
4 15 minutes
Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat
Presentation Control and Prevention of Tetanus and Rift
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

xci
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Tetanus in Cattle?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Tetanus toxemia is caused by a specific neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani

growing in necrotic tissue.
 Almost all mammals are susceptible to this disease.

Pharmacotherapy of Rift Valley Fever in Cattle and Goat;

REFER Students to Handout 13.1: Pharmacotherapy of rift Valley Fever in

Cattle and Goat

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat (10 Minutes)
 The signs progress from stiff gait, prolaplse of the third eyelid, and trismus (lockjaw)
extending to the head, neck and all four xtremities, and the tail.
 Other signs include
o exaggerated response external stimuli,
o erection of the ears
o drooling of saliva
 As the disease progresses, titanic convulsions accompanied by opisthotonos occur
following external stimuli.

xcii
STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat (10
minutes)

 If signs are detected very early and the disease is not too severe, treatment can be
successful using
o Cattle with early tetanus probably respond to treatment better than most other
livestock.
o Antitoxin is of very little use unless given in the very early states of infection.
 In some cases sedatives and relaxants have been known to aid recovery.
 It is not worth treating cattle with fully developed tetanus.

Supportive therapy
Good nursing care, good hygiene, and if possible, separation of the sick from healthy
animals.

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Tetanus in Cattle and Goat (20

minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Tetanus in Cattle and Goat?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Vaccines are available to protect against tetanus which can last as long as three years if
given in the correct doses at the correct times.
 Good hygiene is needed especially during and following operations such as castrations
and calving.
o The spread of the disease can be reduced by ensuring that all surgical equipment are
sterilised and the operation is undertaken in a clean area.
o Barbed wire which has rusted should be replaced as these can also act as a source of
infection and any open wounds cleaned immediately.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Tetanus is a fairly common disease occurring in all types of livestock
 Tetanus is caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani
 Stiffness and reluctance to move are normally the first signs
 Cattle with early tetanus probably respond to treatment better than most other livestock.

xciii
 Antitoxin is of very little use unless given in the very early states of infection.
 Undertaking surgical procedures (such as castration) properly, in a clean environment,
with disinfected instruments and surgical area, will significantly reduce the risk of tetanus

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Tetanus?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Tetanus in Cattle?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Tetanus in Cattle?
 What are the control measures against Tetanus in Cattle?

xciv
 Handout 13.1 Pharmacotherapy of Rift Valley Fever in Goat

 Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a peracute or acute, arthropod-borne zoonotic disease of

domestic ruminants in Africa caused by a virus of the genus phleobovirus.
 Rift valley fever is transmitted through contact with infected animals and their tissues
 Lambs and kids are the most susceptible.
 The characteristic signs during an outbreak are numerous abortions in pregnant animals
and deaths among young animals, together with an influenza-like disease in man.
 Outbreaks occur after a heavy and unusual rainfall

Signs and Symptoms

In lambs;biphasic fever (41°C); listless and disinclined to move or feed and may have signs
of abdominal pain.
Lambs usually die within 2 days. Older animals may die acutely or develop an inapparent
infection.
Sick animals may regurgitate and develop a bad-smelling diarrhea and icterus.
Sometimes, abortion may be the only sign of infection.
In pregnant ewes, the mortality and abortion rates vary from 5 to almost 100% in different
outbreaks and on different farms

Pharmacological treatment
There is no effective treatment

Control and prophylaxis

 Control of mosquitoes by applying phosphoric acid esters powder in sheep during the
rainy season.
 Movement of stock from low-lying areas to well drained and wind-swept pastures.
 Vaccination with Smithburn vaccine.

xcv
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

xcvi
Session 14: Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis in Cattle
and Goat
Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat
 Describe signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat
 Describe Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in
3 05 minutes Presentation
Cattle and Goat
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in
4 15 minutes
Cattle and Goat
Presentation Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis in
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Cattle and Goat
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

xcvii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Tuberculosis in Cattle?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious, granulomatous disease animals and man caused by
acid-fast bacilli of the genus Mycobacterium.
 The main tubercle bacillus in cattle is M. bovis, though M. tuberculosis and M. avium are
also involved.
 Mycobacterium bovis can cause progressive disease in most warm-blooded vertebrates,
including man.
 The clinical signs, treatment methods and public health significance for goats are similar
to that of cattle

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat (10

Minutes)
Tuberculosis has two clinical forms;
 pulmonary
or
 extrapulmonary.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis
In this respiratory form of the disease there are chronic, intermittent, moist cough with
later signs of dyspnea and tachypnea.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
In the extrapulmonary form, generalized signs including progressive emaciation, lethargy,
weakness, anorexia, and a low-grade, fluctuating fever are observed.

xcviii
STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat (10
minutes)

 Treatment of bovine tuberculosis is not recommended because it is not economical.

 However, in valuable animals
o Isonicotinic acid hydrazine/isoniazid (INH), 20 mg/kg, PO q 24 h for 8 weeks,
maximum is 12g for bulls and 10g/day for cows

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat (20

minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Tuberculosis in Cattle and Goat?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Control can be done through whole herd skin testing, slaughter surveillance and
monitoring the movement of animals between herds.
 Vaccinating cattle for the control of bovine TB is not currently used within any
international control program
o This is because vaccines based on the TB bcg vaccine, all interfere with the action of
the tuberculin skin test which is used for the diagnosis of TB in cattle.
o If the bcg vaccine is used then it is impossible to differentiate between cattle that have
TB and cattle that have been vaccinated.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called
Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human
and avian tuberculosis.
 TB usually has a prolonged course, and symptoms take months or years to appear.
 Treatment of infected animals is rarely attempted because of the high cost, lengthy time
and the larger goal of eliminating the disease.
 Disease eradication programs consisting of post mortem meat inspection, intensive
surveillance including on-farm visits, systematic individual testing of cattle and removal
of infected and incontact animals as well as movement controls have been very successful
in reducing or eliminating the disease.
STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

xcix
 What is Tuberculosis?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Cattle?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Cattle?
 What are the control measures against Tuberculosis in Cattle?

c
ci
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

cii
Session 15: Pharmacotherapy of Trypanosomiasis in
Cattle
Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Trypanosomiasis in Cattle
 Describe signs and symptoms of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle
 Describe Control and Prevention of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Trypanosomiasis in
3 05 minutes Presentation
Cattle
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of
4 15 minutes
Trypanosomiasis in Cattle
Presentation Control and Prevention of Trypanosomiasis
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming in Cattle
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

ciii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Trypanosomosis is a chronic disease of cattle caused by protozoa of the genus
Trypanosoma.
 Depending on the species of parasite, the organisms are transmitted cyclically by Tsetse
flies of the genus Glossina or mechanically by tsetse or other biting flies.
 The disease is the most economically damaging and widely distributed in dry areas

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle (10 Minutes)

 Intermittent fever
 Anemia,
 Weight loss
 High mortality, especially if there is poor nutrition or other stress factors.

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle (10

minutes)

civ
STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle (20 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Detection and treatment of infected animals.

 Prophylactic treatment with Quinapyramine of susceptible animals and protection from
biting flies.
 Control of tsetse flies includes
o Frequent spraying and dipping of animals (mobile targets).
o Spraying insecticides on fly-breeding areas.
o Bush clearing and other methods.
o Insecticides-impregnated screens (fixed targets).
o Spray mobile target (eg. Pour-on on cattle).

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

cv
 African trypanosomiasis in cattle represents a major constraint to agricultural and socio-
economic development in vast areas of Africa.
 The disease is caused principally by three species of trypanosome (Trypanosoma
congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei) which are transmitted by several species of tsetse
flies (Glossina).
 Trypanosomiasis in cattle results in poor productivity and mortality .
 Infected animals suffer from a severe anemia and there is widespread tissue damage
affecting organs such as the heart, skeletal muscles, endocrine system and reproductive
tract.
 There is no vaccine available for bovine trypanosomiasis, and the methods currently
employed for control include chemotherapeutic and chemoprophylactic drugs, tsetse
eradication or control and the use of trypanotolerant

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?
 What are the control measures against Trypanosomiasis in Cattle?

cvi
cvii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

cviii
Session 16: Pharmacotherapy of Aspiration Pneumonia
and Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

cix
Definition of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat
 Pneumonia is inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma usually accompanied by
inflammation of the bronchioles and often by pleurisy.
 Important pathogens associated with pneumonia in cattle are
o Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A,
o Haemophilus somnus,
o P. multocida,
o Mycobacteriurm bovis,
o Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony type,
o parainfluenza virus 3,
o bovine respiratory syncytial virus,
o bovine herpes virus 1

Pharmacotherapy of Aspiration Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat;

REFER Students to Handout Pharmacotherapy of Pneumonia in Cattle and

Goat
Signs and Symptoms of Aspiration Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat
 It is manifested clinically by an increase in respiratory rate, cough, abnormal breath
sounds on auscultation and, in most bacterial pneumonias, by evidence of toxemia.
 Bronchopnemonia is usually accompanied by a moist, painful cough; interstitial
pneumonia is characterized by frequent, hacking coughs, often in paroxysms.
 The presence of nasal discharge depends on accompanying inflammation of the upper
respiratory tract.

Pharmacological treatment of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

 Sulfamethazine: initial 220 mg/kg; maintenance 110 mg/kg q 24 h, PO for 5-7 days.
or
 Procaine penicillin G, 22,000 IU/kg, aqueous suspension, IM or SC q 24 h for 3 to 5 days
or
 Ampicillin trihydrate 22 mg/kg, IM, SC, q 24 h for 3-6 days.
or
 Amoxicillin trihydrate 11 mg/kg, IM, SC, q 24 h for 3-7 days.
or
 Oxytetracycline hydrochloride 11 mg/kg, SC, q 24 h or long acting formulation, 20
mg/kg, IM, q 48 h for 3-5 days.
or
 Tylosin 44 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 3-5 days.

Prevention and Control of Pneumonia in Cattle and Goat

cx
Given the multi-factorial nature of the disease, good calf pneumonia control programmes rely
on implementing an appropriate vaccine strategy, alongside improvements to management
practices to reduce the risk of disease.
 Provide appropriate calf housing with good ventilation; plenty of air, no draughts and a
well bedded dry lying area.
 Prevent scour and manage outbreak properly if they occur.
 Prevent BVD in the herd through culling and testing practices.
 Outdoor reared calves are generally at lower risk of pneumonia.
 Implement vaccination program.
o Vaccines are available that will enhance protection against the common viral and
some of the bacterial causes of pneumonia.
o Calves can be vaccinated from two weeks of age (i.e. IBR vaccine).
o The vaccination program is two shots, four weeks apart.
o A booster dose should be given before the next risk period.

Key Points
 Several species of bacteria have been isolated in Cattle, but the most commonly found
species are Mannheimia haemolytica. (formerly known as Pasteurella haemolytica), P.
multocida, Histophilus (Haemophilus) somnus and Mycoplasma spp.
 M haemolytica. (P. haemolytica) and P. multocida are the most important bacteria
involved in Cattle Pneumonia.
 Early recognition by trained personnel skilled at detecting the early clinical signs of
disease followed by treatment with antibiotics is essential for successful therapy

Handout Pharmacotherapy of Aspiration Pneumonia in Cattle

and Goat
 Aspiration pneumonia is a common type of pneumonia caused by aspiration of foreign
material into the lungs.
 The most common causes of aspiration pneumonia are faulty administration of medicines
or other supplement and especially if the tongue is pulled out, and the head is held high,
or during coughing or bellowing.
 Other predisposing causes include aspiration of vomitus, anaesthesized or comatose
animals, vagal paralysis, acute pharyngitis, abscesses or tumors of pharyngeal region and
cleft palate.
 It is most common problem because most cattle owners attempt to drench traditional
medicines before consulting an animal health professional.

cxi
 The
 Clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of aspiration pneumonia in goats are similar to that
of cattle.

Signs and Symptoms

 Fluid sounds over one or both sides of the chest, followed by wheezing sounds, pleuritic
friction rubs, and sometimes crackling sounds of subcutaneous emphysema;
 Toxaemia may occur if ruminal fluid is aspirated

Pharmacological treatment
 Procaine penicillin G, 22,000 IU/kg, IM or SC q 24 h for 3 to 5 days
or
 benzathine penicillin q 48-72 h.
or
 Amoxicillin trihydrate 11 mg/kg, IM, SC q 24 h, for 5 days.

References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

cxii
Session 17: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Aspergillosis in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Aspergillosis in Poultry
Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

cxiii
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Aspergillosis in Poultry
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in
3 05 minutes Presentation
Poultry
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis
4 15 minutes
in Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention of Aspergillosis in
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Poultry
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

cxiv
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Aspergillosis in Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Aspergillosis in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Aspergillosis is a mycotic disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus that affects
all species of birds.
 The organism is found in litter, and feed.
 Infection occurs predominantly by inhalation
 The agent may also penetrates eggs and infects embryos

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Aspergillosis in Poultry (10 Minutes)

 Acute Aspergillosis occurs in young birds.
 It is manifested by respiratory distress and reduced feed intake.
 The chronic form, which occurs in mature birds, is manifested by reduced feed intake.
 The most frequent clinical signs are dyspnea, gasping, hyperpnea, cyanosis and usually
without rales.
 Other signs include diarrhea, anorexia, somnolence, progressive emaciation
 Increased thirst and few animals show nervous signs.
 Pulmonary lesions are cream-colored plaques a few millimeters to several centimeters in
diameter; which may occur in the larynx, air sacs, liver, intestines, and occasionally the
brain and mediastinal canthus of the eye.

cxv
STEP 4: Pharmacological Treatment, Prevention and Control of
Aspergillosis in Poultry (30 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the treatment, prevention and control measures for Aspergillosis in Poultry?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Treatment of affected birds is considered useless.

 Control
o Strict adherence to sanitation procedures in the hatchery and fumigate contaminated
hatchers with formaldehyde or thiabendazole (120-360 g/m3)
o Avoid moldy litter or ranges; contaminated feed could be sprayed with nystatin.

STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Aspergillosis is a disease, usually of the respiratory system, of chickens and turkeys
 Aspergillus fumigatus is a common cause of the disease
 Dyspnea, hyperpnea, somnolence and other signs of nervous system involvement,
inappetence, emaciation, and increased thirst may be seen in chicks or poults
 Treatment of affected birds is generally ineffective.
 Spontaneous recovery from pulmonary aspergillosis can occur if reexposure to the mold
is prevented.
 Strict adherence to sanitation procedures in the hatchery minimizes early outbreaks

STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is aspergillosis?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in poultry?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in poultry?
 What are the control measures against Aspergillosis in poultry?

cxvi
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

cxvii
Session 18: Pharmacotherapy of Chlamydiosis and Avian
Campylobacterisosis in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Avian Campylobacterisosis and Chlamydiosis in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Avian Campylobacterisosis and Chlamydiosis in
Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Avian Campylobacterisosis and Chlamydiosis in
Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Avian Campylobacterisosis and Chlamydiosis in
Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 18.1: Pharmacotherapy of Avian Campylobacterisosis in Poultry

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Avian Campylobacterisosis and
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Chlamydiosis in Poultry
Signs and symptoms of Avian
3 05 minutes Presentation Campylobacterisosis and Chlamydiosis in
Poultry
Pharmacological treatment of Avian
Presentation
4 15 minutes Campylobacterisosis and Chlamydiosis in
Poultry
Control and Prevention of Avian
Presentation
5 20 minutes Campylobacterisosis and Chlamydiosis in
Brainstorming
Poultry Goat
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

cxviii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Chlamydiosis in Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Chlamydiosis in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Chlamydiosis is subclinical, acute, subacute, or chronic disease of wild and domestic

birds characterized by systemic, respiratory or digestive signs and lesions.
 It is caused by Chlamydia psittaci, an obligate intracellular bacterium.
 Respiratory discharges or feces are infective air borne particles and dusts may harbor the
organism.
 The organism is excreted via secretions or excretions and transmitted through inhalation.
 Recovered birds remain carriers.

Pharmacotherapy of Avian Campylobacterisosis in Poultry;

REFER Students to Handout 18.1: Pharmacotherapy of Avian

Campylobacterisosis in Poultry

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Chlamydiosis in Poultry (10 Minutes)

 Nasal and ocular discharges, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, green to yellow-green droppings,
inactivity, ruffled feathers, weakness, inappetence, and reduced feed consumption &
weight loss can be seen in clinically affected birds.
 Air sacculitis, pericarditis, periohepatitis, and peritonitis with serofibrinous exudates and
hepatosplenomegaly are common in acute cases.
 In chronic cases enlarged spleen or an enlarged, discolored liver, or both occur.

cxix
Fig 18.1: Enlarged spleen and enlarged, discolored liver in Chlamydiosis

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Chlamydiosis in Poultry (10

minutes)

First line
 Chlortetracycline, 20-30 mg/kg or 400-750 g/ton for a minimum of 2 weeks in feed
or
 Doxycycline, 2.5 to 10 mg/kg, PO in drinking water, daily for 3-5 days.

Alternative

 Flumequine diluted 1:1500-2000 in drinking water for 3-5 days.

Note: Extended treatment for 2-6 weeks if needed

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Chlamydiosis in Poultry (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Chlamydiosis?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 No effective vaccine for use in birds is available

cxx
 Appropriate biosecurity practices are necessary to control the introduction and spread of
chlamydiae in an avian population which include;
o quarantine and examination of all new birds
o prevention of exposure to wild birds
o traffic control to minimize cross-contamination,
o isolation and treatment of affected and contact birds,
o thorough cleaning and disinfection of premises and equipment (preferably with small
units managed on an all-in/all-out basis),
o provision of uncontaminated feed,
o maintenance of records on all bird movements,
o Continual monitoring for presence of chlamydial infection.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Avian chlamydiosis can be an inapparent subclinical infection or acute, subacute, or
chronic disease of wild and domestic birds characterized by respiratory, digestive, or
systemic infection caused by Chlamydia psittaci
 Treatment prevents mortality and shedding but cannot be relied on to eliminate latent
infection; shedding may recur.
 Tetracyclines (chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline) are the antibiotics of
choice

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Chlamydiosis?
 What are the common signs and symptoms Chlamydiosis?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Chlamydiosis?
 What are the control measures against Chlamydiosis?

cxxi
Handout 18.1 Pharmacotherapy of Avian Campylobacterisosis in Poultry

 Campylobacteriosis in poultry is caused by Campylobacter jejuni and clinically

characterized by rapid onset of diarrhea in day old chicks to 4 days old.
 Environment contamination is the source of infection.
 It is a food-borne infection of humans derived from poultry

Pharmacological treatment
 Erythromycin thiocynate, 92.5-185 gm/ton of feed for 7 to 14 days;
 Erythromycin base 10 mg/1kg q 24 h for 3days IM.

Control
 Strict biosecurity measures for contaminated housing between successive flocks,
 exclusion of rodents and wild birds,
 Insect eradication.

cxxii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

cxxiii
Session 19: Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Respiratory
Disease in Poultry
Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Chronic Respiratory Disease in
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Poultry
Signs and symptoms of Chronic Respiratory
3 05 minutes Presentation
Disease in Poultry
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Chronic
4 15 minutes
Respiratory Disease in Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention Chronic Respiratory
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Disease in Poultry Goat
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

cxxiv
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) also called airsacculitis is an infection of chicken and
turkeys caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
 It is transmitted in eggs or by indirect contact.
 The disease is characterized by respiratory signs and lesions.
 Once started it follows a prolonged course in a flock.
 Concurrent infections such as infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus,
Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus paragallinarum or increased
level of dust in the environment predispose to CRD.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry

(10 Minutes)
 Signs of CRD in a flock develop slowly and are usually manifested by drop in egg and
meat production.
 They show varying degrees of respiratory distress, with slight to marked rales, difficulty
in breathing, coughing, and/or sneezing.
 The lesions include airsacculitis, fibrinous perihepatitis and adhesive pericarditis.

cxxv
Fig 19:1 Chickens Infected with MG Have Nasal and Eye Discharges

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Chronic Respiratory Disease in

Poultry (10 minutes)

 Tetracyclines 2.5 to 10 mg/kg, PO in drinking water q 24 h for 3-5days.

or
 Tiamulin 10%, 1:300-600 diluted in drinking water for 5 days
or
 Erythromycin 1: 10000 liters of drinking water for 3 days.
or
 Tylosin, 0.5% in drinking water
or
 Enrofloxacin 15 mg/kg, IM, q12h or other fluoroquinolones can be given in the feed or
water for 5-7 days; however, relapses are common.

cxxvi
STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Chronic Respiratory Disease in Poultry
(20 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Chronic Respiratory Disease?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Control and Prophylaxis

 Improve the management, husbandry or nutrition
o reduce dust in the house,
o remove accumulated litter,
o improve ventilation,

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a bacteria-like organism that causes respiratory
disease primarily in chickens and turkeys
 MG usually causes only mild clinical signs and lesions in chickens.
 Symptoms of MG include coughing, sneezing, rales, difficulty breathing, nasal discharge
and foamy eyes
 Birds that are infected with MG remain carriers of the disease throughout their lives,
 Antibiotics such as Tylosin or tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones can reduce clinical
symptoms but will not completely eliminate MG.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Chronic Respiratory Disease?
 What are the common signs and symptoms Chronic Respiratory Disease?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Chronic Respiratory Disease?
 What are the control measures against Chronic Respiratory Disease?

cxxvii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

cxxviii
Session 20: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis and Fowl
Cholera in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 20.1: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Poultry

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Avian Coccidiosis and Fowl
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Cholera in Poultry
Signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis and
3 05 minutes Presentation
Fowl Cholera in Poultry
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis
4 15 minutes
and Fowl Cholera in Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis and
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Fowl Cholera in Poultry Goat
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

cxxix
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Coccidiosis and Fowl Cholera in Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Fowl Cholera?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Fowl cholera, (Avian Pasteurellosis or avian hemorrhagic septicemia) is a contagious

bacterial disease of poultry characterized by septicaemia, sudden onset with high
morbidity and mortality
 Chronic and asymptomatic infections may also occur.
 It is caused by Pasteurella multocida.
 Transmission occurs by secretions from carrier birds, infected droppings, cannibalism of
dead birds, and contaminated water, feed, equipment, or clothing.
 The organism is primarily excreted from mouth, nose, and conjunctiva of diseased birds
that contaminate their environment

Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Poultry;

REFER Students to Handout 20.1: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Poultry

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Fowl Cholera (10 Minutes)

In acute;
There is, fever, depression, anorexia, mucoid discharge from the mouth, ruffled feathers,
diarrhea, bluish discoloration of the head, increased respiratory rate and sudden death in the
flock may occur

cxxx
In chronic:
Swelling of the joints, footpad, wattles, or tendon sheaths over the caudal portion of the hock
joint could be observed.

cxxxi
STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Fowl Cholera (10 minutes)

 Sulphonamides: 0.5-1% (500mg-1gm/kg) in feed or 0.1% (100mg/liter) in drinking water.

First line treatment sulphonamides include Sulphadimethoxazole,Sulphaquinoxalene,
Sulphamethazine and sulphaquinonxalene.
or
 Sulphamerazine 143 mg/kg PO (0.5% in feed) or 0.4% in drinking water;
sulfaquinoxaline sodium, or trimethoprimsulfadiazine 1:5, 15 mg/kg for 5 days in feed or
water
or
 Chlortetracycline 10%, 20-60 mg/kg, daily in feed for 5 to 7 days or should be continued
until signs of the disease are no longer apparent.
or
 Amoxycillin trihydrate water-soluble crystal, 20 mg/kg in drinking water, once per day
for 3-5 days.

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Fowl Cholera (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Fowl Cholera?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Good Sanitation
 Rodent and predator control,
 proper disposal of dead birds
 Vaccination with adjuvant bacterins
 Adjuvant bacterins are widely used and generally effective;
o Autogenous bacterins are recommended when polyvalent bacterins are found to be
ineffective.
o Thus, it is important to know the most prevalent serotypes within an area to choose
the right bacterins.
o Attenuated live vaccines are available for administration in drinking water to turkeys
and by wing-web inoculation to chickens.
o These live vaccines can effectively induce immunity against different serotypes of P
multocida.

cxxxii
 o They are recommended for use in healthy flocks only.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Fowl cholera is an infectious disease in domestic fowl, waterfowl and other avian species.
 It is manifested either in acute septicaemic form with a high morbidity and death rates or
as chronic local forms (independently or secondary to acute ones).
 Commonly observed signs are anorexia, ruffled feathers, oral and nasal mucus discharge,
cyanosis and white or greenish watery mucoid diarrhoea.
 Sulfonamides and antibiotics are commonly used and early treatment with adequate
dosages are important
 Good management practices, including a high level of biosecurity, are essential to
prevention.
 Rodents, wild birds, pets, and other animals that may be carriers of P multocida must be
excluded from poultry houses

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Fowl Cholera?
 What are the common signs and symptoms Fowl Cholera?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Fowl Cholera?
 What are the control measures against Fowl Cholera?

cxxxiii
 Handout 20.1 Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Poultry

Coccidiosis
 Avian coccidiosis is a protozoal disease of poultry and many other birds frequently
characterized by diarrhea and enteritis.
 The disease can occur in all age groups, but it usually occurs in young growing birds.
 It is caused by the species of Eimeria and cross protection does not occur among the
species.
 Coccidial oocysts are present in litter and can be transmitted by feed, water or soil
ingestion.

Signs and Symptoms

 Decreased growth rate, severe diarrhea, and high mortality, feed and water consumption
are depressed followed by weight loss, decreased egg production, and increased mortality.
 The location of the lesions in the intestine depend on the species of Eimeria involved.
o Eimeria acervulina is located in the upper small intestine;
o E. bruneti in the lower part of the intestine;
o E. maxima and E. necatrix in the middle intestine
o E. tenella localizes in the caecum.

Fig 20.2 Coccidiosis in chicken

Pharmacological treatment
 Sulfachlorpyrazine, 300mg/kg (0.03%) in drinking water for 3 days;
o Note: It should not be given to layers that produce eggs for human consumption

cxxxiv
 or

 Trimethoprim-Sulphaquinoxalene sodium (1:5), 30 mg/kg PO in feed or drinking water, q

24 h, for 5 days or until two days after symptoms have subsided, but not exceeding 14
days

or

 Amprolium, 125mg/kg (0.0125%) in feed or 38.4 mg/ml in drinking water for 1-2 weeks
or 1.2g/l/day for 3-5 days by continuous feeding
o Don’t use/mix with other medicinal products or substances having similar effect.
o Do not use for laying birds

Or

 Monensin, 20 mg/kg, premix

o Don’t treat with tiamulin 7 days after or before treatment with monensin because it
may cause growth depression or death to poultry.
o Intoxication occurs in turkeys receiving concomitant treatment with chloramphenicol
and sulphonamide.
Or

 Clopiodol, 125 mg/kg (0.0125%) of feed, by continuous feeding

o Note: Don’t use in Egg-laying chicken
o overdose might cause inappetence;
o Concurrent administration with other anticoccidial drugs is prohibited.

Control & Prophylaxis

 Amprolium HCl (25%) plus Ethopabate (1.6%) combination, 500g/ton of feed, from day-
old to 16-18 weeks of age.

or

 Clopidol

or

 Lasalocid sodium 75-125 mg/kg continuously feeding from day old to adult age.
o It should not be given for layers that produce eggs for human consumption
o Overdose may cause inappetence

cxxxv
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

cxxxvi
Session 21: Pharmacotherapy of FowlPox in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define FowlPox in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of FowlPox in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of FowlPox in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of FowlPox in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of FowlPox in Poultry
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
3 05 minutes Presentation Signs and symptoms of FowlPox in Poultry

Presentation Pharmacological treatment of FowlPox in

4 15 minutes
Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention of FowlPox in
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Poultry Goat
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

cxxxvii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of FowlPox in Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is FowlPox?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Fowlpox is a slow-spreading viral infection of chickens and other poultry characterized

by proliferative skin lesions.
 The disease is transmitted by direct contact between infected and susceptible birds or by
mosquitoes.
 Fowlpox is common in commercial and backyard chicken.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of FowlPox (10 Minutes)

Fowl pox is manifested in two forms:
 The dry form (cutaneous form) characterized by proliferative nodular lesions on
unfeathered areas
o Cutaneous lesions on the eyelids may cause complete closure of one or both eyes
 The wet form (diphtheritic form), where lesions exist in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and
trachea and causing respiratory distress.

cxxxviii
Fig 21.1: Fowlpox in chicken

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of FowlPox (10 minutes)

There is no specific treatment available

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of FowlPox (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Fowl pox?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Vaccinate the remaining flocks with an attenuated fowlpox virus of high immunogenicity
and low pathogenicity
 Control mosquitoes,

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Fowl pox (FP) is a viral disease in hens, turkeys and many other birds, characterized by
cutaneous lesions on the feather-less skin and/or diphtheritic lesions of mucous coats of
the upper alimentary and respiratory tract.
 The cutaneous form of fowlpox is characterized by nodular lesions on various parts of the
unfeathered skin of chickens and on the head and upper neck of turkeys

cxxxix
 Where fowlpox is prevalent, chickens and turkeys should be vaccinated with a live-
embryo or cell-culture-propagated virus vaccine.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is FowlPox?
 What are the common signs and symptoms FowlPox?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of FowlPox?
 What are the control measures against FowlPox?

References

cxl
Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

Session 22: Pharmacotherapy of Fowltyphoid and

Fowlparathyroid in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

cxli
Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 22.1: Pharmacotherapy of Fowlparathyroid

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Fowltyphoid and
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Fowlparathyroid
Signs and symptoms of Fowltyphoid and
3 05 minutes Presentation
Fowlparathyroid
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Fowltyphoid
4 15 minutes
and Fowlparathyroid
Presentation Control and Prevention of Fowltyphoid and
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Fowlparathyroid
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

cxlii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Fowltyphoid and Fowlparathyroid in Poultry (5

minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Fowltyphoid?
ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Fowl typhoid is caused by host-adapted salmonella serotype, Salmonella gallinarum.

 It is an egg-transmitted infection of particularly growing or mature flocks or transmittted
by ingestion.
 Mortality at all ages is high.

Pharmacotherapy of Fowlparathyroid;
REFER Students to Handout 22.1: Pharmacotherapy of Fowlparathyroid

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Fowltyphoid (10 Minutes)

The older bird may be;
 Dehydrated
 swollen, friable, and often bile-stained liver, with or without necrotic foci
 enlarged spleen and kidneys
 anemia
 Enteritis.

cxliii
STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Fowltyphoid (10 minutes)
 Sulfaquinoxalene 0.1% in feed for 2-3 days and 0.05% for an additional 2 days
or
 Furazolidone 0.011% in feed for 2 weeks followed by 0.0055% in feed

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Fowltyphoid (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Fowltyphoid?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Prophylaxis
 Poults should be obtained from free stock and place them in a clean house
 Protect poultry house from birds, rodents, insects etc.
 Disinfection of humans entering the house
 Vaccination with a rough strain of S. Gallinarum (9R) at 9-10 weeks of age.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 The causal agent for fowltyphoid is Salmonella Gallinarum
 Infected birds may be pale, dehydrated, and have diarrhea.
 Lesions in infected birds may include a swollen, friable and often bile-stained liver, with
or without necrotic foci; enlarged spleen and kidneys; anemia; and enteritis.
 Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from
infection.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Fowltyphoid?
 What are the common signs and symptoms Fowltyphoid?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Fowltyphoid?
 What are the control measures against Fowltyphoid?

cxliv
 Handout 22.1 Pharmacotherapy of Fowlpatatyphoid

Fowl Paratyphoid
 Paratyphoid infections are caused by any one of the many non host-adapted salmonellae
seroypes such as Salmonella typhimurium (most common), followed by S. enteritidis and
S.arizonae.
 Infections are often subclinical and mortality is increased due to shipping, delayed
feeding, chilling, or overheating.
 Depression, poor growth, weakness, diarrhea, and dehydration may be seen.

 The clinical signs are not distinctive.

Pharmacological treatment
 Furazolidone 0.011% in feed for 2 weeks followed by 0.0055% in feed.

 Spectinomycin, 100 mg/kg q12h PO for 3-7 days in 1-2 gm/gallon of drinking water;
o Chicks 1-3 days old can receive 2.5 to 5 mg/bird, SC.

Control & Prophylaxis

 Strict sanitation and early fumigation of hatching eggs
 Treat feed and supply with heat to kill the bacterias
 Monitor the environment by culturing from litter, dust, water, hatchery debris, and cull
chicks

cxlv
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

cxlvi
Session 23: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal
parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in
Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in
Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 23.1: Pharmacotherapy of Histomoniasis in Poultry

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Gastrointestinal parasitism and
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Histomoniasis in Poultry
Signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal
3 05 minutes Presentation
parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry
Pharmacological treatment of
Presentation
4 15 minutes Gastrointestinal parasitism and
Histomoniasis in Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention of Gastrointestinal
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming parasitism and Histomoniasis in Poultry
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

cxlvii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Gastrointestinal parasitism and Histomoniasis in

Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Poultry could be infected with nematode and cestode parasites.

 Among the round worms, Heterakis gallinarum and Syngamus trachea, Ascarids and
Capillarids are economically important.
 Raillietina spp Davainea proglottina are important cestodes species of poultry.
 The worm Syngamus trachea inhabits the trachea and lungs of many domestic and
various wild birds.

Pharmacotherapy of Histomoniasis in Poultry;

REFER Students to Handout 23.1: Pharmacotherapy of Histomoniasis in Poultry

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry (10

Minutes)

 Loss of weight
 Anorexia.
 Reduced growth,
 reduced egg production
 reduced fertility
 diarrhea
 blood loss

cxlviii
STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Gastrointestinal parasitism in
Poultry (10 minutes)
 Piperazine, 50-100 mg/bird q 24 h, or 0.2-0.4% in the feed or at 0.1-0.2% in the drinking
water for two consecutive feeds or drinking water for two days and deworm chicken at 4-
6 weeks of age; repeat when necessary or after 2-4 weeks
plus
 Phenothiazine (for cecal worms in chickens) 0.5 g/bird individual treatment or in dry or
wet mash feed, once month to control ascaris.
or

 Phenothiazine 0.5 gm/head or combined with piperazine (o.5-0.51%& 0.11% in drinking

water) as a 1-day treatment, removes both heterakids and ascarids.
or
 Coumaphos, 0.004% in feed for 10-14 days for replacements, or 0.003% in feed for 14
days for layers, is used against capillarids.

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry

(20 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:


What are the prevention and control measures against gastrointestinal parasitism in
Poultry?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Proper and timely deworming programmes of the local and exotic through appropriate
deworming and treatment of infected birds which should be carried out regularly
 In addition, proper and adequate nutrition would also minimize the incidence rate of
helminthosis of domestic birds

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Parasitic diseases are problems wherever poultry are raised, and economic losses caused
by parasites on poultry can be significant
 There is a need for effective control measures which can interrupt the lifecycle of parasite
species and as such, increase the meat and egg production

cxlix
STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)
 What is gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?
 What are the control measures against gastrointestinal parasitism in Poultry?

cl
 Handout 23.1 Pharmacotherapy of Histomoniasis in Poultry

Histomoniasis is a disease of chicken and occasionally other galliform birds caused by the
protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis.
It is transmitted most often in embryonated eggs of the cecal nematode Heterakis gallinarum,
and sometimes directly by ingestion of contaminated feces.

Signs and symptoms

 Listlessness, drooping wings and sulfur-colored droppings which is more acute in young
birds in which birds die within a few days
 Older birds may become emaciated before death.

Pharmacological treatment
 Furazolidone, 0.022% in feed, for 2-3 weeks.
or
 Dimetridazole, 0.06-0.08% in feed, for 7 days.

Control & Prophylaxis

 Furazolidone, 0.011% in feed, for 5 days.
or
 Dimetridazole, 0.015-0.02% in feed, for 5 days.
 Strict sanitation is indicated.

cli
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

clii
Session 24: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Bursal
(Gumboro) Disease in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro)
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Disease in Poultry
Signs and symptoms of Infectious Bursal
3 05 minutes Presentation
(Gumboro) Disease in Poultry
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Infectious
4 15 minutes
Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention of Infectious Bursal
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming (Gumboro) Disease in Poultry Goat
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

cliii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in Poultry (5

minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Infectious bursal disease also known as Gumboro disease, is an acute, contagious, viral
disease of young chickens characterized by;
o diarrhea,
o vent pecking,
o trembling,
o incoordination followed by atrophy of the Bursa of Fabricius and by a variable degree
of immune suppression.
 The virus, belonging to the Birnaviridae family is resistant to most disinfectants and
environmental factors and persists for months in contaminated house, for weeks in water,
feed and droppings.
 It is shed in the feces and transferred by fomites (direct and indirect contact).
 Chickens at 3-6 weeks age are most susceptible and show clinical disease.
 It is subclinical at younger age.

cliv
STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in
Poultry (10 Minutes)
 The clinical signs include blood stained feces and straining.
 Initially necropsy, the bursa may be twice as large as the normal size then it becomes
atrophied and reddened haemorrhages may occur in thigh and pectoral muscles
 Loss of appetite and rapid sudden onset of water consumption may also occurs
 Watery droppings and ruffled feather may be observed.

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro)

Disease in Poultry (10 minutes)

 No specific treatment available

 Drug & to protect from secondary bactiriae invasion may be given such as;
o Chlortetracycline, 3-4 kg/tone of feed, i.e. 20-60 mg/kg 5-7 days.

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease in

Poultry (20 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Fowl pox?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Depopulation and rigorous disinfection of contaminated farms

 Live vaccines of chick-embryo or cell-culture origin and of varying virulence can be
administered by eye drop, drinking water, or SC routes at 1-21 days of age.
 Vaccination of breeding flocks one or more times during the growing period, first with a
live vaccine and again just before egg production with an oil-adjuvanted, inactivated
vaccine.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is seen in domestic chickens worldwide
 IBD is caused by a birnavirus (infectious bursal disease virus; IBDV) that is most readily
isolated from the bursa of Fabricius but may be isolated from other organs

clv
 Chickens are most susceptible to clinical disease at 3–6 wk of age when immature B cells
populate the bursa and maternal immunity has waned
 There is no treatment. Rigorous disinfection of contaminated farms after depopulation has
achieved limited success.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease?
 What are the common signs and symptoms Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease?
 What are the control measures against Infectious Bursal (Gumboro) Disease?

clvi
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

clvii
Session 25: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Coryza and
Infectious Laryngotracheitis in poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in
Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Infectious Coryza and Infectious
Laryngotracheitis in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in
Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 25.1: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Infectious Coryza and
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry
Signs and symptoms of Infectious Coryza
3 05 minutes Presentation
and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry
Pharmacological treatment of Infectious
Presentation
4 15 minutes Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in
Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention of Infectious Coryza
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming and Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

clviii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Infectious Coryza and Infectious Laryngotracheitis

in Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Infectious Coryza in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Infectious coryza is an acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by the bacterium

Haemophilus paragallinarum [gallinarum].
 Chronically ill or healthy carrier birds are the reservoir of infection.
 Transmission is by direct contact, airborne droplets, and by contamination of drinking
water.
 The disease may be complicated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum concurrent infection.

Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Poultry;

REFER Students to Handout 25.1: Pharmacotherapy of Infectious

Laryngotracheitis in Poultry

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Infectious Coryza in Poultry (10 Minutes)

 The symptoms include oculonasal discharge, sneezing, conjunctivitis with some

adherence of the eyelids, and swelling of the face under the eyes extending to the
intermandibular space and wattles.
 Catarrhal inflammation of the nasal passages and sinuses and nasal discharge are
observed at necropsy.

clix
STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Infectious Coryza in Poultry (10
minutes)
 Oxytetracycline (20%), 200g/100 liters of drinking water for 3-5 days.
or
 Enrofloxacin, one liter suspension /1500-4000 liters of water for 3-5 days. page 250.
or
 Sulfamethazine-trimethoprim, 1000 mg/l in drinkingwater or 2000g/ton for 3 days.
o Note: Sulphonamides are contraindicated in layers

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Infectious Coryza in Poultry (20

minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures against Infectious Coryza in Poultry?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Depopulate and clean infected house before repopulating

 Medication combined with vaccination program in which starter pullets are to be reared
or housed on infected premises

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Infectious coryza is an acute respiratory disease of chickens characterized by nasal
discharge, sneezing, and swelling of the face under the eyes
 The causative bacterium is Avibacterium paragallinarum, a gram-negative, pleomorphic,
nonmotile, catalase-negative.
 Prevention is the only sound method of control. “ All-in/all-out” farm programs with
sound management and isolation methods are the best way to avoid infectious coryza.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Infectious Coryza in Poultry?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Infectious Coryza in Poultry?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Infectious Coryza in Poultry?
 What are the control measures against Infectious Coryza in Poultry?

clx
Handout 25.1 Pharmacotherapy of Infectious Laryngotracheitis in
Poultry

Infectious Laryngotracheitis
Infectious laryngotracheitis is an acute, highly contagious, herpesvirus infection of chickens
and pheasants characterized by severe dyspnea, coughing, rattling, extension of the head and
rales.

Symptoms and Signs

Acute form is characterized by blood, mucus, and yellow caseous exudates or hollow caseous
cast in the trachea are observed.

Subacute form is characterized by punctiform hemorrhagic areas in the trachea and larynx
and conjunctivitis with lacrimation, tracheitis, conjunctivitis, and mild rales.
The mouth and beak may be bloodstained from the tracheal exudates.
Mortality may reach 50% in adults.

Management

No specific treatment

Prophylaxis
Reduce dust level of the house to reduce severity of signs
In endemic areas, give vaccination with modified strains of low virulence virus, by eye drop.

clxi
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

clxii
Session 26: Pharmacotherapy of Newcastle Disease and
Influenza in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 26.1: Pharmacotherapy of Influenza in Poultry

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Newcastle Disease and
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Influenza in Poultry
Signs and symptoms of Newcastle Disease
3 05 minutes Presentation
and Influenza in Poultry
Presentation Treatment, Control and Prevention of
4 30 minutes
Brainstorming Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry
5 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

6 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

clxiii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Newcastle Disease and Influenza in Poultry (5

minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (3 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Newcastle Disease in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Newcastle disease (NCD) is a contagious viral disease of poultry caused by a

Paramyxovirus.
 Three strains exist which are:
o Velogenic strain, which are highly pathogenic and easily transmitted
o Mesogenic strain, which show intermediate pathogenicity
o Lentogenic strain, which show low pathogenicity in chickens.

Pharmacotherapy of Influenza in Poultry;

REFER Students to Handout 26.1: Pharmacotherapy of Influenza in Poultry

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Newcastle Disease in Poultry (10 Minutes)

 The clinical symptoms of NCD may be;
o Neurotropic consisting of drooping wings, dragging legs, twisting of the head and
neck, circling, depression, inappetence, and complete paralysis
or
o Viscerotropic consisting of respiratory signs gasping, coughing, sneezing and rales
with peracute disease watery-greenish diarrhea, and swelling of the tissues of the head
and neck.

clxiv
 Onset is rapid, young chickens are more susceptible and show signs sooner than older
ones
 Laying flocks may have partial or complete cessation of production and not recover.

Fig 26.1 Newcastle Disease in Broiler

.STEP 4: treatment, Prevention and Control of Newcastle Disease in

Poultry (30 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:


What are the prevention and control measures against gastrointestinal parasitism in
Poultry?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Treatment
No specific treatment

Prophylaxis
 Vaccination by Newcastle Vaccine.
 Note: Control mycoplasma and other bacteria that may aggravate the vaccine reaction
after spray administration

clxv
STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes)
 Newcastle disease is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species with virulent
Newcastle disease virus
 Onset is rapid, and signs appear throughout the flock within 2–12 days (average 5) after
aerosol exposure.
 Live lentogenic vaccines, chiefly B1 and LaSota strains, are widely used and typically
administered to poultry by mass application in drinking water or by spray.

STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Newcastle Disease in Poultry?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Newcastle Disease in Poultry?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Newcastle Disease in Poultry?
 What are the control measures against Newcastle Disease in Poultry?

clxvi
 Handout 26.1 Pharmacotherapy of Influenza in Poultry

Influenza
Influenza in chicken is caused by an orthomyxovirus type A influenza viruses.

Symptoms and Signs

Signs range from only a slight decrease in egg production or fertility to a fulminating
infection with CNS involvement, but respiratory signs are most common.
Other common signs in severely affected birds are greenish diarrhea; cyanosis and edema of
the head, comb, and wattle; discoloration of the shanks and feet due to ecchymoses; and
blood-tinged oral and nasal discharges.

Drug treatment
 There is not specific treatment
 Broad-spectrum antibiotics to control secondary bacterial invaders and increasing house
ventilation may help reduce mortality

Prophylaxis
Vaccination with autogenous virus or a virus of the same hemagglutinin type.

clxvii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

clxviii
Session 27: Pharmacotherapy of Mycoplasma Synoviae
Infection and Staphylococcosis in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis
in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and
Staphylococcosis in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and
Staphylococcosis in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 27.1: Pharmacotherapy of Staphylococcosis s in Poultry

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Mycoplasma Synoviae
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Infection and Staphylococcosis in Poultry
Signs and symptoms of Mycoplasma
3 05 minutes Presentation Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in
Poultry
Pharmacological treatment of Mycoplasma
Presentation
4 15 minutes Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in
Poultry
Control and Prevention of Mycoplasma
Presentation
5 20 minutes Synoviae Infection and Staphylococcosis in
Brainstorming
Poultry
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

clxix
clxx
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection and

Staphylococcosis in Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Infectious synovitis is an acute or chronic mycoplasmosis of chicken and turkeys caused

by Mycoplasma synoviae, which is characterized by inflammation of synovial
membranes, and usually, by exudates in the joints and tendon sheaths.
 Most outbreaks occur in young broiler chicken, though adults are also infected.
 Transovarian transmission is the most important route of infection
 Infection also spreads via the respiratory tract.

Pharmacotherapy of Staphylococcosis in Poultry;

REFER Students to Handout 27.1: Pharmacotherapy of Staphylococcosis s in

Poultry

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry

(10 Minutes)
The following are the signs and symptoms;
 Lethargy whereby the affected birds lie on the floor
 Head parts are swollen
 the hocks or food pads are swollen
 At post mortem, the joints contain sticky, viscid, gray to yellow, characteristic exudates.
 Parenchymatous organs become swollen and diarrhea may occur.

clxxi
Fig 27.1: Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Chicken

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in

Poultry (10 minutes)
Several drugs are used; but the most effective are the following.
 Tylosin 100 g per 200 litres (0.05%) of drinking water for the first 3 days of life; repeated
for 1 to 7 days every 5 weeks depending on the severity of the infection.
or
 Erythromycin, 500mg/gallon of water, for 7 days.
or
 Chlortetracycline, 20-60 mg/kg or 300-400 mg/tonne of feed, for 5 days.

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in

Poultry (20 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures against Mycoplasma Synoviae
Infection in Poultry?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

clxxii
 Maintain seronegative stock, because the organism is transmitted via eggs.
 Eradication of this infection is also possible by purchase of uninfected chicks, all-in/all-
out production, and biosecurity.
 In valuable breeding stock, treat eggs with tylosin or heat

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Infectious synovitis is an acute or chronic mycoplasmosis of chicken and turkeys caused
by Mycoplasma synoviae
 The first signs of infectious synovitis include pale-bluish head parts and lameness in
many birds with a tendency to sit.
 The more severely affected birds are depressed and found resting around feeders and
waterers.
 Eradication of this infection is also possible by purshasing uninfected chicks, all-in/all-out
production, and biosecurity.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in
Poultry?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry?
 What are the control measures against Mycoplasma Synoviae Infection in Poultry?

clxxiii
 Handout 27.1 Pharmacotherapy of Staphylococcosis in Poultry

Staphylococcosis
 Staphylococcas infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus is usually characterized by
synovitis & septicaemia.
 The organisms are normal flora of the skin. Most infections occur because of a wound,
either accidental or intentional (eg, debeaking or detoeing).

Symptoms and Signs

Synovititis and lameness due to involvement of the proximal tibiotarsus and proximal femur,
the proximal tarsometatarsus, distal femur, and tibiotarsus.

Drug treatment
 Tetracyclines, 20ppm in the feed.
or
 Erythromycin, 500 mg/gallon of water for 7days.
or
 Sulphadimethoxine, 1892 mg/gallon of water or 0.05% solution for 6 days.

Prophylaxis
 Avoid using sharp objects in poultry houses or during transport.
 Proper sanitation of hatchery
 Competitive gut exclusion using Lactobacillus acidophilus protects germ-free chickens

References

clxxiv
Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

Session 28: Pharmacotherapy of Pullorum (Bacillary

white diarrhea) Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

clxxv
Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in
Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 28.1: Pharmacotherapy of Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Enteritis in Poultry
Signs and symptoms of Pullorum Disease
3 05 minutes Presentation
and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Pullorum
4 15 minutes
Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention of Pullorum Disease
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

clxxvi
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Pullorum Disease and Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

(5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Pullorum Disease in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Pollorum (Bacillary white diarrhea) is a bacterial disease caused by S. pullorum that

usually cause high mortality in young chickens
 Infection is transmitted via egg or in the hatchery usually results in Death occurs during
the first few days of life and up to 2-3 weeks of age.

Pharmacotherapy of Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry;

REFER Students to Handout 28.1: Pharmacotherapy of Necrotic Enteritis in

Poultry

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Pullorum Disease in Poultry (10 Minutes)

 Affected birds huddle near a source of heat,

 Do not eat,
 Appear sleepy
 show whitish fecal matters
 Lesions in young birds usually include unabsorbed yolk sacs; focal necrosis of the liver
and spleen; and grayish nodules in thelungs, heart, and gizzard.
 Firm, cheesy material in the ceca and raised plaques in the mucosa of the lower intestine
are sometimes seen.
 Occasionally, synovitis is prominent.

clxxvii
 Adult carriers usually have pericarditis, peritonitis, or distorted ovarian follicles with
coagulated contents

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Pullorum Disease in Poultry (10

minutes)
 Antibacterial treatment helps to reduce mortality and treated chicken remain carriers.
 Furazolidone 0.022% in feed is effective

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Pullorum Disease in Poultry (20

minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures against Pullorum Disease in Poultry?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Breeding stock should be free from infection.

 Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from
infection.
 In addition, management and biosecurity measures should be taken to reduce the
introduction of S Pullorum from feed, water, wild birds, rodents, insects, or people.
 Birds should be purchased from sources free of S Pullorum
 Incubator and all associated equipment prior to use should be disinfected
 Exposure to environments contaminated by rodent or wild bird feces should be
minimised.
 Good insect control is essential
 Dead animal carcasses should be properly disposed and birds should not be allowed to
come into contact with dead or decaying animals.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Infections with Salmonella Pullorum usually cause very high mortality (potentially
approaching 100%) in young chickens and turkeys within the first 2–3 wk of age
 Affected birds huddle near a heat source, are anorectic, appear weak, and have whitish
fecal pasting around the vent (diarrhea)
 Control is based on routine serologic testing of breeding stock to assure freedom from
infection

clxxviii
STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)
 What is Pullorum Disease in Poultry?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Pullorum Disease in Poultry?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Pullorum Disease in Poultry?
 What are the control measures against Pullorum Disease in Poultry?

clxxix
Handout 28.1 Pharmacotherapy of Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

Necrotic enteritis is an acute enterotoxemia characterized by sudden onset, explosive

mortality, and confluent necrosis of the mucosa of the small intestine associated with
Clostridium perfringens Types A and C.
It occurs most frequently in houses with built-up litter.
Changes in the quality and quantity of feed that would alter the gut microecology predispose
to infection.

Symptoms and Signs

 Diarrhea,
 The breast becomes dehydrated and darkened,
 The liver is usually swollen and congested
 The small intestine is ballooned and friable and contains foul-smelling, brown fluid;
 the mucosa is covered with a brownish, diphtheritic membrane.

Drug treatment
 Erythromycin, 500 mg/gallon of water for 7 days.
or
 Tetracyclines, 20 ppm in feed.

Prophylaxis
Bacitracin methlene disalicylate, 50 g/ton (55 ppm) in the feed.

clxxx
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

clxxxi
Session 29: Pharmacotherapy of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Aflatoxicosis in
3 10 minutes Presentation
Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention of Aflatoxicosis in
4 25 minutes
Brainstorming Poultry
5 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

6 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

clxxxii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

Aflatoxicosis
 Aflatoxins are highly toxic, carcinogenic fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus
flavus, A. parasiticus, and others.
 Aflatoxicosis in poultry primarily affects the liver, but immunologic, digestive, and
hematopoietic functions may be involved.
 Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, pigmentation, processing yield, egg
production, male and female fertility, and hatchability may be affected.
 Some effects are a direct result of intoxication, while others are related indirectly to
factors such as reduced feed intake.
 Susceptibility varies, but in general, chickens, ducklings, turkeys, and pheasants are
susceptible

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry (10 Minutes)

 Unthriftiness to high morbidity and mortality,

 the liver may be acutely reddened due to necrosis and congestion or yellow discolouration
due to lipid accumulation;
o it may have hemorrhages of various sizes and patterns.
 In chronic aflatoxicosis, the liver may be discolored yellow to gray and atrophied.
 Although the aflatoxins are carcinogenic, tumor formation is rare with the natural disease,
probably because the birds do not live long enough for this to occur.

clxxxiii
Fig28.1; A more typical gross finding is the yellowish to yellow-earth colour of the liver, the multiple
haemorrhages and a characteristic reticular appearance of the capsular surface in Aflatoxicosis.

STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry (25

minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures against Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 There is no specificpharmacological treatment
 Toxic feed should be removed and replaced with unad ulterated feed.
 Concurrent diseases (parasitic, infectious, and nutritional) should be treated to alleviate
additive or synergistic disease interactions, and substandard management practices
corrected.
 In individual birds, give activated charcoal in the feed.
 Inspect feed mills regularly and clean any feed residues.
 Poultry houses should have sufficient ventilation to avoid high relative humidity
 Antifungal agents such as organic acids (propionic acid 0.5-1.5 g/kg) are effective
inhibitors.

STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Aflatoxins are very toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins, produced by moulds of the
Aspergillus and Penicillium genera.

clxxxiv
 Aflatoxicosis is associated with grains and other feed sources such as maize, soyabeans,
peanuts and millet
 The liver is most affected and toxicity can result in severe liver necrosis
 Good hygiene and the regular cleaning of storage bins, silos and feeding equipment are
extremely important.
 Control is best achieved by the avoidance of contaminated feeds.

STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Aflatoxicosisin Poultry?
 What are the common signs and symptoms Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?
 What are the control measures against Aflatoxicosis in Poultry?

clxxxv
clxxxvi
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

clxxxvii
Session 30: Pharmacotherapy of Ulcerative Enteritis in
Poultry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis
3 05 minutes Presentation
in Poultry
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Ulcerative
4 15 minutes
enteritis in Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention of Ulcerative
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming enteritis in Poultry
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

clxxxviii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Ulcerative enteritis is an acute bacterial infection in young chickens, poults and game
birds characterized by sudden onset and rapidly increasing mortality.
 It is caused by Clostridium colinum.
 Outbreaks of the disease occur following coccidiosis, aplastic anemia, and infectious
bursal disease or stress conditions.
 It is transmitted through droppings and birds are infected by feeding or via drinking
water.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry (10

Minutes)

 Infected birds become listless and humped up, with eyes partly closed, and feathers dull
and ruffled.
 The lesions include hemorrhagic enteritis in duodenum followed by necrosis and
ulcerations.
 The livers vary from light yellow to large, irregular yellow areas along the edges.

clxxxix
STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry (10
minutes)

Streptomycin 60g/ton of feed or 1 g/gal in water

Furazolidone (0.02%) in the feed

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry (20

minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures against Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Streptomycin, 0.006% in feed.

 Remove contaminated droppings and disinfect the house
 Avoid stress
o Earlier treatment is advisable

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Ulcerative enteritis (UE) is an inflammation of the digestive tract, caused by the
Clostridium colinum bacterium.
 Birds that develop chronic ulcerative enteritis or that have recovered from the disease
remain carriers
 Prevention involves prompt removal of sick and dead birds.
 Total cleanup between flocks, pest control in and around the premises, and periodic
treatment of watering systems with innocuous chemicals that dissolve mineral and or
biofilm build-up are good preventive measures.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?
 What are the control measures against Ulcerative enteritis in Poultry?

cxc
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

cxci
Session 31: Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis and
Ectoparasites Infections in Poutry

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry
 Describe signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry
 Describe Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites in Poultry

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Tuberculosis and Ectoparasites
2 05 minutes
Buzzing in Poultry
Signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis and
3 05 minutes Presentation
Ectoparasites in Poultry
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis
4 15 minutes
and Ectoparasites in Poultry
Presentation Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis and
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Ectoparasites in Poultry
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

8 05 Minutes Presentation Take Home Assignment

cxcii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Tuberculosis in Poultry (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Tuberculosis in Poultry?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Tuberculosis is a slowly spreading, chronic, granulomatous bacterial infection,

characterized by gradual weight loss.
 Mycobacterium avium serovars 1 and 2 are the usual causes.
 Infected birds excrete the organism in their feces.
 Cadavers and offal may infect predators and cannibalistic flockmates.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis in Poultry (10 Minutes)

 Signs usually develop late in the infection when birds become thin and sluggish, and
lameness may be seen.
 In chickens, granulomatous nodules of varying size are usually found in the liver, spleen,
bone marrow, and intestine.

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Poultry (10

minutes)

 Antituberculosis drugs are not often used to treat chicken.

 Isoniazid 30 mg/kg plus Ethambutol 30 mg/kg plus rifampin 45 mg/kg, PO, for 18
months are effective for the treatment of exotic birds.

cxciii
STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in Poultry (20 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures against Tuberculosis in Poultry?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Depopulation and good biosecurity practices including rodent control and screening
 Addition of exotic birds to an exhibit should originate from a closed collection with no
history of tuberculosis, ie, tuberculosis has not been reported previously or diagnosed on
necropsy during the past 5 yr.
 If no history is available, the birds should be quarantined or maintained in a separate
exhibit away from the bird aviary.
 Therefore, it is recommended that endangered and valuable species be housed in
individual exhibits to prevent transmission which is through ingestion of food or water
contaminated with M avium ss, ie, feces from contagious birds
 Infected poultry should be destroyed, and housing facilities thoroughly cleaned and
disinfected using cresylic compounds

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Avian tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease characterized by the formation of
granulomatous lesions in viscera, a progressive weight loss and death
 The aetiological agent is Mycobacterium avium, a very resilient and acid-resistant
micro¬organism
 Improved general sanitation has largely eliminated this infection

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Tuberculosis in Poultry?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis in Poultry?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Tuberculosis in Poultry?
 What are the control measures against Tuberculosis in Poultry?

cxciv
STEP 8: Take HomeAssignment (5 minutes)
Activity: Take Home Assignment (5 minutes)

DIVIDE students in groups or individuals

ASK the students to work on the following Assignment

 Prepare a presentation on FOUR groups of Ectoparasites explaining signs, symptoms
and their pharmacological treatment in Poultry
ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignments and submit

REFER students to recommended reference

cxcv
cxcvi
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited

cxcvii
Session 32: Pharmacotherapy of African Swine Fever

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define African Swine Fever
 Describe signs and symptoms of African Swine Fever
 Describe pharmacological treatment of African Swine Fever
 Describe Control and Prevention of African Swine Fever

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of African Swine Fever
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
3 05 minutes Presentation Signs and symptoms of African Swine Fever

Presentation Pharmacological treatment of African Swine

4 15 minutes
Fever
Presentation Control and Prevention of African Swine
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Fever
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

cxcviii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of African Swine Fever (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is African Swine Fever?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 It is a peracute highly contagious and highly fatal disease of pig caused by African swine
fever virus.
 The transmission occurs by Argaside ticks
 Once established, the disease spread rapidly by direct contact or ingestion of
contaminated feed.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of African Swine Fever (10 Minutes)

 Fever that subside after four days
 development of cyanotic skin,
 anorexia,
 huddling together,
 disinclination to move,
 incoordination of hind quarter
 moving using front legs dragging the hind legs,
 naso-occular discharge,
 Dyspnea and cough.

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of African Swine Fever (10 minutes)

cxcix
 No specific treatment but treat with antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection.
 Lincomycin hydrochloride 10-15 mg/kg, IM, q 12 h and with hydrogen peroxide 8.3
mg/kg q 24 h, PO for 3-5 days.
or
 Oxytetracycline 0.5g/kg of feed for 7 days, and 10-20 mg/kg IV or IM q 6 h for 7 days.
or
 Trimethoprim-sulphadiazine, 15 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for 3- 5days. or 48 mg/kg, q 24 h, IM

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of African Swine Fever (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for African Swine Fever?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Prevention:
 Maintain disease free status by restriction of pig movement and serological monitoring
and prevention of contact between domestic pigs and warthogs.
 Prohibition of importation of pigs and pig products
 Currently there is no approved vaccine for ASF.

 Prevention depends on implementation of appropriate import policies and biosecurity

measures, ensuring that neither infected live pigs nor pork products are introduced into
areas free of ASF.
o This includes ensuring proper disposal of waste food from aircraft, ships or vehicles
coming from affected countries and policing illegal imports of live pigs and pork
products from affected countries.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious haemorrhagic viral disease of domestic
and wild pigs, which is responsible for serious economic and production losses.
 It is caused by a large DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family, which also infects ticks of
the genus Ornithodoros.
 Clinical signs and mortality rates can vary according to the virulence of the virus and the
type/species of pig:

cc
 Prevention depends on implementation of appropriate import policies and biosecurity
measures, ensuring that neither infected live pigs nor pork products are introduced into
areas free of ASF

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is African swine fever?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of African swine fever?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of African swine fever?
 What are the control measures against African swine fever?

cci
ccii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

cciii
Session 33: Pharmacotherapy of Swine Dysentery

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Swine Dysentery
 Describe signs and symptoms of Swine Dysentery
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Swine Dysentery
 Describe Control and Prevention of Swine Dysentery

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Swine Dysentery
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
3 05 minutes Presentation Signs and symptoms of Swine Dysentery

Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Swine

4 15 minutes
Dysentery
Presentation Control and Prevention of Swine Dysentery
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

cciv
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Swine Dysentery (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Swine Dysentery?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 A contagious disease of pig caused by Treponema characterized by mucohemorrhagic

diarrhoea affecting the large intestine.
 The transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated food.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Swine Dysentery (10 Minutes)

 The acute form of the disease is characterized by severe and often fatal bloody diarrhea.
 Affected pigs may be wobbly in the hindquarters and show evidence of abdominal pain,
such as stretching and kicking at the belly.
 The feces may be red, resembling tomato ketchup, or may have a black, tarry appearance.
Death usually results from dehydration caused by severe diarrhea

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Swine Dysentery (10 minutes)

 Lincomycin hydrochloride 10-15 mg/kg, IM, q 12 h for 3 days.

or
 Tylosin 8.8 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 3 days

ccv
STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Swine Dysentery (20 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Swine Dysentery?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Optimizing sanitation by maintaining pigs on concrete floors that are washed down daily.
 Adhering to a rodent control program using a professional exterminator.
 Segregating affected pigs in a sick pen, away from healthy pigs, and culling poor-doers
 Medicating water and/or feed with antimicrobials
 Stringent sanitation of the premises,
 Vaccination for prevention of swine dysentery may represent a viable alternative;
however, the effectiveness of commercially available vaccines appears to be less than
optimal.
 Develop an all-in all-out housing system with disinfection. Slurry channels should be
separate.
 Where solid dung passages are used it may be necessary to depopulate the whole house,
clean and disinfect and bring in new pigs at weaning time that have not been
contaminated.
 Control flies, they can transmit the organism from one group of pigs to another
 Reduce the movement and handling of pigs to as little as possible particularly at weighing
time when transfer of faeces is likely to take place and stress is likely to cause clinical
flare ups.
 Do not overcrowd pigs and endeavour to keep a dry environment; the organism will die
out quickly on drying. Poor sanitation and wet pens enhance the disease.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Swine dysentery (SD), which is caused by a small snake-like bacteria called Brachyspira
hyodysenteriae can be one of the most expensive diseases of the growing pig
 The early symptom is a sloppy diarrhoea, which stains the skin of the perineum under the
anus, and a rapid hollowing of the flanks.
 In infected herds control is aimed at preventing the movement of the organism between
groups of pigs.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

ccvi
 What is Swine Dysentery?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Swine Dysentery?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Swine Dysentery?
 What are the control measures against Swine Dysentery?

ccvii
ccviii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

ccix
Session 34: Pharmacotherapy of Swine Influenza

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Swine Influenza
 Describe signs and symptoms of Swine Influenza
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Swine Influenza
 Describe Control and Prevention of Swine Influenza

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Swine Influenza
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
3 05 minutes Presentation Signs and symptoms of Swine Influenza

Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Swine

4 15 minutes
Influenza
Presentation Control and Prevention of Swine Influenza
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

ccx
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Swine Influenza (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Swine Influenza?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Swine influenza is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that
regularly cause outbreaks of influenza in pigs.
 Influenza viruses that commonly circulate in swine are called “swine influenza viruses”
or “swine flu viruses.”
 Like human influenza viruses, there are different subtypes and strains of swine influenza
viruses.
 The main swine influenza viruses are;
o swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1 influenza virus
o trH3N2 virus
o trH1N2 virus

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Swine Influenza (10 Minutes)

Signs of swine flu in pigs can include
 fever,
 depression,
 coughing (barking),
 discharge from the nose or eyes,
 sneezing,
 breathing difficulties,
 eye redness or inflammation, and going off feed.
 Some pigs infected with influenza, however, may show no signs of illness at all.

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STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Swine Influenza (10 minutes)

There is no specific treatment, although antimicrobials may reduce secondary bacterial

infections.

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Swine Influenza (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Swine dysentery?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Prevention and control

 Vaccination and strict import controls are the only specific preventive and control
measures
 Good management practices and freedom from stress, particularly due to crowding and
dust, help to reduce losses.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Swine influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of pigs
 Swine influenza is caused by influenza A viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae
 It is characterised by fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, nasal discharge, laboured
breathing, coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge.
 An effective immunisation programme will likely need to induce protection against both
H1 and H3 subtypes.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Swine Influenza?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Swine Influenza?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Swine Influenza?
 What are the control measures against Swine Influenza?

ccxii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

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Session 35: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis,
Campylobacteriosis, andAmebiasis in Dogs

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis and Amebiasis in Dogs
 Describe signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis and Amebiasis in
Dogs
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis and Amebiasis
in Dogs
 Describe Control and Prevention of Aspergillosis, Campylobacteriosis andAmebiasis in
Dogs

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector
 Handout 35.1: Pharmacotherapy of Campylobacteriosis in dog

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Aspergillosis,
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Campylobacteriosis and Amebiasis in Dogs
Signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis,
3 05 minutes Presentation
Campylobacteriosis and Amebiasis in Dogs
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis,
4 15 minutes
Campylobacteriosis and Amebiasis in Dogs
Presentation Control and Prevention of Aspergillosis,
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Campylobacteriosis and Amebiasis in Dogs
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

8 05 minutes Presentation Take Home Assignment

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SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Aspergillosis and Campylobacteriosis in Dogs (5

minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Aspergillosis in Dog?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Aspergillosis is caused by a number of Aspergillus spp, especially A. fumigatus.

 It is primarily a respiratory infection that may become generalized.
 Nasal and paranasal tissues of dogs are most commonly infected.

Pharmacotherapy of Campylobacteriosis in dog;

REFER Students to Handout 35.1: Pharmacotherapy of Campylobacteriosis in

dog

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Aspergillosis in Dog (10 Minutes)

 Lethargy
 Nasal pain
 Ulceration of the nares, sneezing, unilateral or bilateral sanguinopurulent nasal discharge,
frontal sinus osteomyelitis, and epistaxis.
 Lesions may involve the eyes.
 A layer of gray-black necrotic material and fungal growth may cover the mucosa of the
nasal and paranasal sinuses

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in Dog (10 minutes)

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 Griseofulvin 15-20 mg/kg, PO with fatty food, q 24 h for 7-14 days
or
 Ketoconazole 15 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h for dogs and 10 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h to cats for 6-8
wk.

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Aspergillosis in Dog (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Aspergillosis in Dog?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 General good health will help ensure a strong healthy immune system to ward off this
opportunistic disease.
 Keeping dogs indoors may be helpful, as it will limit access to grass clippings, hay, straw,
and other substances where the Aspergillus fungus can be found.
 Dogs with the nasal version should be monitored for reduced nasal discharge, while those
with disseminated disease need to be monitored with urine analysis and via X-ray every
one to two months.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Aspergillosis is an infection, growth, or allergic response caused by the Aspergillus
fungus.
 This fungus grows on dead leaves, stored grain, compost piles, or other decaying
vegetation
 Treatment varies depending on whether the disease is nasal or disseminated.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Aspergillosis in Dog?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Aspergillosis in Dog?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Aspergillosis in Dog?
 What are the control measures against Aspergillosis in Dog?

STEP 8: Take HomeAssignment (5 minutes)

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 Activity: Take Home Assignment (5 minutes)

DIVIDE students in groups or individuals

ASK the students to work on the following Assignment

 Prepare a presentation on Amebiasis in dog explaining signs, symptoms and their
pharmacological treatment

ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignments and submit

REFER students to recommended reference

ccxvii
Handout 35.1 Pharmacotherapy of Campylobacteriosis in Dog

Campylobacteriosis
 Gastrointestinal campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter jejuni or C. coli, is a
common cause of diarrhea in dogs and cats.
 Transmission occurs via fecal-oral in food or water. Uncooked or undercooked poultry,
other raw meat products and asymptomatic carriers are sources of infection.

Signs and Symptoms

 Diarrhea is common and most severe in kitten and puppies, which is mucus-laden,
watery, and/or bile-streaked diarrhea or with blood that lasts 3-7 days; reduced appetite;
and occasional vomiting.
 Fever and leukocytosis may also be present.
 In certain cases, intermittent diarrhea may persist for >2 weeks.
 Diarrhea with mucus and blood has also been seen in cats.

Pharmacological treatment
 Erythromycin 10-20 mg/kg, q 8 h, PO for dogs cats for 3-5 d
or
 Gentamicin 2-4 mg/kg or 1 ml/40kg, q 12 h, IM, SC, IV for dogs and cats for 3-5 days.
or
 Doxycycline hydrochloride, 5 mg/kg loading dose PO; then 2.5 mg/kg, then 2.5 mg/kg q
24 h for both dogs and cats.
or
 Chloramphenicol 30-50 mg/kg, q 8 h, PO, IV, IM, SC for both dogs and cats.

Control and prophylaxis

 Do not feed animals with raw or undercooked meat.
 Infected animals that shows signs of the disease should be isolated
 Food and water bowls should be clean to avoid contamination.

ccxviii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

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Session 36: Pharmacotherapy of Cryptococcosis in Dog

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Cryptococcosis in dog
 Describe signs and symptoms of Cryptococcosis in dog
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Cryptococcosis in dog
 Describe Control and Prevention of Cryptococcosis in dog

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Cryptococcosis in dog
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Cryptococcosis in
3 05 minutes Presentation
dog
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Cryptococcosis
4 15 minutes
in dog
Presentation Control and Prevention of Cryptococcosis in
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming dog
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

ccxx
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Cryptococcosis in dog (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Cryptococcosis in dog?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease of dogs and cats caused by Cryptococcus neoformans.

 It may be systemic affecting the respiratory tract, central nervous system (CNS), eyes,
and skin particularly the face and neck of cats).
 Transmission occurs by inhalation or wound contamination from the environment.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Cryptococcosis in dog (10 Minutes)

 Symptoms will vary and depend greatly on the organ systems affected by the fungus
 More severe is disseminated disease and most have CNS or ocular involvement.
 Clinical signs are usually related to meningoencephalitis, optic neuritis, and
granulomatous chorioretinitis.
 About 50% of dogs have lesions in the respiratory tract, usually the lungs, and most have
granulomas throughout the body.
 Structures often involved in order of decreasing frequency are kidneys, lymph nodes,
spleen, liver, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, bone, GI tract, muscle, myocardium, prostate,
heart valves, and tonsils.

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Cryptococcosis in dog (10 minutes)

 Amphotericin B 0.25-0.5 mg/kg , IV with 5-20ml of 5% dextrose solution 3 times a week

until a cumulative dose of 4-10 mg/kg is reached.
or

ccxxi
 Ketoconazole 10-20, mg/kg, q 24 h, PO has been used to successfully treat cats for a
week.
or
 Itraconazole 11-27 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO a week

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Cryptococcosis in dog (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Cryptococcosis in dog?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Proper sanitation including keeping dogs away from areas with large volumes of pigeon
droppings

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Cryptococcosis is a localized or systemic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus
neoformans
 Transmission occurs by inhalation or wound contamination from the environment.
 Clinical signs are usually related to meningoencephalitis, optic neuritis, and
granulomatous chorioretinitis.
 Fluconazole or itraconazole are considered the treatments of choice for this disease.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Cryptococcosis in dog?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Cryptococcosis in dog?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Cryptococcosis in dog?
 What are the control measures against Cryptococcosis in dog?

ccxxii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

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Session 37: Pharmacotherapy of Tracheobronchitis in dogs
Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Tracheobronchitis in dogs
 Describe signs and symptoms of Tracheobronchitis in dogs
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Tracheobronchitis in dogs
 Describe Control and Prevention of Tracheobronchitis in dogs

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Tracheobronchitis in dogs
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Tracheobronchitis in
3 05 minutes Presentation
dogs
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of
4 15 minutes
Tracheobronchitis in dogs
Presentation Control and Prevention of Tracheobronchitis
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming in dogs
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

ccxxiv
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Tracheobronchitis in dogs (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Tracheobronchitis in dogs?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Infectious tracheobronchitis (Kernel cough) is a self-limiting mild disease of dogs that

results from inflammation of the upper airways.
 The disease may progress to fatal bronchopneumonia in puppies or to chronic bronchitis
in debilitated adult or aged dogs.
 The illness spreads rapidly among susceptible dogs housed in close confinement.
 Infections involved include Canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2), or
 canine distemper virus, can be the primary or sole pathogen involved;
 Secondary infection may be caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica especially in dogs of
less than 6 months old
 Other bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae
may also cause secondary infections after viral injury to the respiratory tract.
 Stress and extremes of ventilation, temperature, and humidity apparently increase
susceptibility to, and severity of, the disease.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Tracheobronchitis in dogs (10 Minutes)

 Paroxysms of a harsh dry and easily induced cough, followed by retching and gagging to
more severe signs such as fever, purulent nasal discharge, depression, anorexia, and a
productive cough, especially in puppies,indicates a complicating systemic infection such
as distemper or bronchopneumonia.
 Disease relapses after stress, particularly due to adverse environmental conditions and
improper nutrition.
 Severity diminishes during the first 5 days, but the disease persists for 10-20 days.

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STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Tracheobronchitis in dogs (10
minutes)

 Codeine phosphate 0.25 mg/kg, q 6-12 h, PO to control persistent nonproductive

coughing.

In severe chronic cases:

 Tetracycline 10-22 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h for 5 days.
or
 Sulfamethazine -Trimethoprim (200:40mg) 5- 30 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h, for 3-5days.
or
 Chloramphenicol, 30-50 mg/kg, IM, IV or PO q 8 hr for 3-5 days.

In more severe cases:

 Gentamicin sulfate (50 mg) diluted in 3 mL of saline may be administered by
aerosolization q 12 h for 3 days.
plus
 Phenylbutazone 20gm in 100ml, 1ml/15kg IM, q 24 h for 1-4 days

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Tracheobronchitis in dogs (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Tracheobronchitis in Dog?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Immunization with modified live virus vaccines against distempe

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Infectious tracheobronchitis is a self-limiting mild disease of dogs that results from
inflammation of the upper airways
 Symptoms and signs include paroxysms of a harsh dry and easily induced cough,
followed by retching and gagging

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Tracheobronchitis in dogs?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Tracheobronchitis in dogs?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Tracheobronchitis in dogs?
 What are the control measures against Tracheobronchitis in dogs?

ccxxvi
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

ccxxvii
Session 38: Pharmacotherapy of Feline Respiratory
Disease Complex

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Feline Respiratory Disease Complex
 Describe signs and symptoms of Feline Respiratory Disease Complex
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Feline Respiratory Disease Complex
 Describe Control and Prevention of Feline Respiratory Disease Complex

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Feline Respiratory Disease
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Complex
Signs and symptoms of Feline Respiratory
3 05 minutes Presentation
Disease Complex
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Feline
4 15 minutes
Respiratory Disease Complex
Presentation Control and Prevention of Feline Respiratory
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Disease Complex
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

ccxxviii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Feline Respiratory Disease Complex (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Feline Respiratory Disease Complex?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Feline respiratory disease complex is characterized by rhinitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimation,

salivation, and oral ulcerations.
 The principal diseases, feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) and feline calicivirus infections
(FCV), affect exotic as well as domestic species.
 Transmission occurs via aerosol droplets and fomites; convalescent cats may continue to
harbor virus for many months.
 Calicivirus is shed continuously, while infectious FVR virus is released intermittently.
 Stress may precipitate a secondary course of illness.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Feline Respiratory Disease Complex (10

Minutes)
Feline Rhinotracheitis:
 Fever (40.5°C),
 frequent sneezing,
 conjunctivitis,
 rhinitis,
 Serous to mucoupurulent nasal discharage and often salivation which may be induced by
excitement or movement.
 Severely debilitated cats may develop ulcerative stomatitis, and ulcerative keratitis.
 Signs may persist for 5-10 days in milder cases and up to 6 wk in severe cases.

Calicivirus:

ccxxix
 An acute febrile response, inappetence, and depression are common signs.
 Serous rhinitis and conjunctivitis also can occur.
 Chlamydia psittaci infections characteristically produce conjunctivitis and cats sneeze
occasionally.
 Fever, serous lacrimal discharge to mucopurulent conjunctivitis, lymphoid infiltration,
and epithelial hyperplasia may occur.
 Convalescent cats may undergo relapses.

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Feline Respiratory Disease

Complex (10 minutes)

 Chloramphenicol 40mg, q 8 h, PO for 3-5days.

or
 Tetracycline 1% eye drops, 5 to 6 times daily against C. psittaci.
plus
 Nebulization or saline nose drops to remove tenacious secretions.
plus
 Vasoconstrictor (eg, two drops of ephedrine sulfate [0.25% solution] in each nostril, q 12
h
plus
 Lysine 250 mg, PO, q 12 h to q 8 h interferes with herpetic viral replication and may help
reduce the severity of FVR infection.
plus
 Oxygen supply (if dyspnea is severe). Fluids may be indicated to correct dehydration, and
force-feeding may benecessary. Esophagostomy may be indicated in severe cases.
Plus
 Antihistamines eg, chlorpheniramine maleate, 8 mg for adults,4 mg for kittens, PO, q 12
h, early in the course of the disease may be used.

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Feline Respiratory Disease Complex

(20 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:


What are the prevention and control measures for Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in
Cattle and Goat?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

ccxxx
CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Vaccination against calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Feline respiratory disease complex is characterized by rhinitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimation,
salivation, and oral ulcerations.
 Transmission occurs via aerosol droplets and fomites; convalescent cats may continue to
harbor virus for many months
 Prevention is through vaccination

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Feline Respiratory Disease Complex?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Feline Respiratory Disease Complex?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Feline Respiratory Disease Complex?
 What are the control measures against Feline Respiratory Disease Complex?

ccxxxi
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

ccxxxii
Session 39: Pharmacotherapy of Pneumonia in Dog and
Cat

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Pneumonia in Dog and Cat
 Describe signs and symptoms of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat
 Describe Control and Prevention of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Pneumonia in Dog
3 05 minutes Presentation
and Cat
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Pneumonia in
4 15 minutes
Dog and Cat
Presentation Control and Prevention of Pneumonia in Dog
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming and Cat
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

ccxxxiii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs and bronchi characterized by

disturbance in respiration and hypoxemia and complicated by the systemic effects of
associated toxins.
 The primary aetiologic agents include canine distemper virus, adenovirus types 1 and 2,
parainfluenza virus, and feline calicivirus that predispose to secondary bacterial
invasion of the lungs.
 Others are parasites such as Filaroides, Aelurostrongylus, or Paragonimus spp., protozoa
e.g. Toxoplasma gondii, tuberculosis or mycotic pneumonia.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat (10 Minutes)
 Lethargy and anorexia are common with deep cough.
 Progressive dyspnea and cyanosis may be evident, especially on exercise.
 Body temperature is increased moderately, and there may be leukocytosis.
 Auscultation usually reveals consolidation, which may be patchy but more commonly is
diffuse.
 In the later stages of pneumonia, the increased lung density and peribronchial
consolidation caused by the inflammatory process can be visualized radiographically.
 Complications such as pleuritis, mediastinitis, or invasion by opportunistic organisms
may occur.

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat (10

minutes)

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For Bacterial Pneumonia
 Benzathine Benzylpenicillin or Procaine Benzylpenicillin, by Intramuscular Injection, 1
ml/10 kg bodyweight, repeat after 3–4 days if required
Or
 Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid by mouth, 10–20 mg/kg twice daily, or
o by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 7 mg/kg oncedaily
or

 Combination of;
o Ampicillin and a fluoroquinolone
o Ampicillin and an aminoglycoside
o Clindamycin and a third generation cephalosporin

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat (20

minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Provide well-ventilated facilities.

 Keep dogs dry and well-bedded.
 Provide good nutrition

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs and bronchi characterized by
disturbance in respiration and hypoxemia and complicated by the systemic effects of
associated toxins
 Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia include cough, fever, difficulty breathing, lack of
appetite and consequent weight loss, sluggishness, nasal discharge, dehydration, and rapid
breathing
 Medication is necessary in cases of bacterial pneumonia; the proper antimicrobial can be
selected based on results of bacterial cultures taken
STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)
 What is Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?

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 What is the pharmacological treatment of Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?
 What are the control measures against Pneumonia in Dog and Cat?

References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

ccxxxvi
Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel
Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

Session 40: Pharmacotherapy of Monogenean Trematodes

in Freshwater fish

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

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Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish
 Describe signs and symptoms of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish
 Describe Control and Prevention of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish
Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Monogenean Trematodes in
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Freshwater fish
Signs and symptoms of Monogenean
3 05 minutes Presentation
Trematodes in Freshwater fish
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Monogenean
4 15 minutes
Trematodes in Freshwater fish
Presentation Control and Prevention of Monogenean
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Trematodes in Freshwater fish
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

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SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish (5

minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Monogenean trematodes, also called flatworms or flukes, commonly invade the gills,
skin, and fins of fish.
 They have a direct life cycle and are host and site-specific.
 Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus are the two most common genera of monogeneans that
infect freshwater fish.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater

fish (10 Minutes)
 Freshwater fish infested with skin-inhabiting flukes become lethargic, swim near the
surface, seek the sides of the pool or pond, and their appetite dwindles.
 Areas of attachment show scale loss and may ooze a pinkish fluid, swollen and pale gills,
 Respiration rate may be increased, and fish will be less tolerant of low oxygen conditions
with piping and gulping air at the water surface.
 High mortality may occur if large numbers (>10 organisms per low power field) of
monogeneans infest the skin or gills.
 Secondary infection by bacteria and fungus is common on tissue with monogenean
damage.

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STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Monogenean Trematodes in
Freshwater fish (10 minutes)
 Bath or dip of organophosphorus compounds like ‘Dipterex’, ‘Trichlorofon’ are used
o In permanent bath 0.25 – 0.5 ppm (0.1 ppm in coldwater ponds) Dip 1%, 2- 3
minutes
For Gyrodactylus
 Benzalkonium chloride, 2 ppm for an hour, q 24 h for 3 days.
o Use 0.5 ppm at temperatures over 270C (rapid breakdown in warm water).
Alternative
 Formalin.
 Potassium permanganate,

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Monogenean Trematodes in

Freshwater fish (20 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:


What are the prevention and control measures for Monogenean Trematodes in
Freshwater fish?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Proper sanitation
 A control method include emptying , drying, and disinfecting tanks or ponds before
restocking the fishes
STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)
 There are four types of drug receptors
 Prolonged use of drugs can result into up or down regulation of receptors
 Drug receptor- interaction exhibit specific properties

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater
fish?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish?
 What are the control measures against Monogenean Trematodes in Freshwater fish

References

ccxl
Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

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Session 41: Pharmacotherapy of Enteric Septicaemia of
Catfish
Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish
 Describe signs and symptoms of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish
 Describe Control and Prevention of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Enteric Septicaemia
3 05 minutes Presentation
of Catfish
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Enteric
4 15 minutes
Septicaemia of Catfish
Presentation Control and Prevention of Enteric
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Septicaemia of Catfish
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

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SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 It is caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri primarily Channel Catfish but has also been seen in
carp, bass and others.
 The bacteria enter via the gut or snares.
 The bacteria can survive for long periods outside the host but is commonly found within
the gut of apparently normal fish.
 It is highly contagious and pathogenic and causes losses of up to 50%.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish (10

Minutes)
 Usually the condition has the appearance of typical haemorrhagic septicaemia.
 However, acutely affected fish can be seen standing vertically in the water and spinning.
 Chronically affected fish may suffer from the open lesion on the head that earned the
name “hole in the head disease”.

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish (10

minutes)

 Trimethoprim / Sulfonamide, 30 mg/kg fish/day in feed.

Or
 Oxytetracycline, 100 mg/kg fish
STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish (20
minutes)

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Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:


What are the prevention and control measures for Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in
Cattle and Goat?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Routine hygiene precautions are very important to control the disease.

 Managing water quality,
 Practicing biosecurity in the hatchery,
 Using proper nutrition and feeding practices,
 Administering drugs and chemicals appropriately
 Vaccination with immersion vaccines

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Enteric septicaemia of catfish, or Hole-in-the-Head disease, is caused by the bacterium
Edwardsiella ictaluri, which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae.
 Infected fish often show lethargic swimming, abnormal behaviouralternating listlessness
and chaotic swimming, disorientation and swimming in spirals.
 Antibiotics should be administered under the guidance of a fish health professional or
veterinarian.

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish?
 What are the control measures against Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish?

References

ccxliv
Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

Session 42: Pharmacotherapy of Saprolegnia Infection of

Fishes

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

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Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes
 Describe signs and symptoms of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes
 Describe pharmacological treatment of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes
 Describe Control and Prevention of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes
2 05 minutes
Buzzing
Signs and symptoms of Saprolegnia
3 05 minutes Presentation
Infection of Fishes
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of Saprolegnia
4 15 minutes
Infection of Fishes
Presentation Control and Prevention of Saprolegnia
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming Infection of Fishes
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

ccxlvi
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 It is a myocotic disease known to potentially may affect all fish species in fresh water like
Tilapia, Clarias, Mugil and rainbow trout etc.
 It is also infective to eggs.
 The fungi of the genus saprolegnia are considered as secondary invaders of fish skin
already damaged by abrasions and scale loss due to handling, netting, transfer and also
skin lesions caused by ectoparasites notably by argulids.
 Infections frequently occur on incubated eggs and newborn fry of rainbow trout in
hatcheries.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes (10

Minutes)

The fungal mycelium will also penetrate into the muscle beneath the dermis resulting in;
 extensive necrosis of invaded tissues
 oedema
 extensive haemmorrhages

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STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes (10
minutes)

 Malachite green oxalate (Zinc-free),

o Dip, bath or flowing, applied to ponds at 0.15 ppm at holding tanks at a dose of 0.10 –
0.20 ppm for 1 h.
o Bath treatment, 0.1 ppm ‘Permanent’
o Local (swab), 1%
o Precautions: Highly toxic to juveniles of some fish species and some eggs very
sensitive, especially at early stage.

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes (20

minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the prevention and control measures for Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 Removing dead infected fish from the ponds

 Proper sanitation of the ponds,
 Don’t feed pets with raw fish

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 The Saprolegnia fungus infects fish (or its eggs), affecting its internal organs and deeper
tissues.
 Symptoms include light gray, cottony growths on the skin, fins, gills, and eyes.
 The Saprolegnia fungal infection is caused by having an unclean environment containing
dead and decaying organic matter.
 Treatment of the Saprolegnia infection is accomplished by medicating the water with
potassium permanganate, after removing skin pathogens

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes?

ccxlviii
 What are the control measures against Saprolegnia Infection of Fishes?

References

ccxlix
Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

Session 43: Pharmacotherapy of Cyanide Poisoning in

Cow and Goat

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Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat
 Describe signs and symptoms of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat
 Describe pharmacological treatment of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat
 Describe Control and Prevention of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Presentation/ Definition of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and
2 05 minutes
Buzzing Goat
Signs and symptoms of cyanide Poisoning in
3 05 minutes Presentation
Cow and Goat
Presentation Pharmacological treatment of cyanide
4 15 minutes
Poisoning in Cow and Goat
Presentation Control and Prevention of cyanide Poisoning
5 20 minutes
Brainstorming in Cow and Goat
6 05 Minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 Minutes Presentation Evaluation

8 05 minutes Presentation Take Home Assignment

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

ccli
STEP 2: Definition of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat (5 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (2 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

 What is Aspergillosis in Dog?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

 Cyanogenic glycosides accumulate in some plants (e.g. Johnson grass, Sudan grass,
Sorghum etc.,) whenever their cycle of vegetation is interrupted which happen when they
wither after a sudden removal of water, after application of herbicides or under special
climatic influences.
 Cyanide interferes with oxygen transport to tissues.

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat (10
Minutes)
There is excitement followed by;
 Staggering,
 Dyspnoea with tachycardia,
 Cattle stand with their mouths wide open
 Salivation and frothy foam,
 Nystagmus,
 Lacrimation,
 Muscle tremors and finally tonic-clonic convulsions and vomiting and death.

STEP 4: Pharmacological treatment of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat

(10 minutes)

Initial
 Sodium nitrite 10% (in distilled water or saline), 20 mg/kg, IV

cclii
Maintenance
 Sodium thiosulfate 20%, ≥500 mg/kg, IV.

 Sodium nitrite therapy may be carefully repeated at 10 mg/kg, q2-4 h or as needed.

or
 Sodium thiosulfate ≥500 mg/kg, IV plus 30 g/cow, PO, to detoxify any remaining HCN
in the rumen;

STEP 5: Prevention and Control of cyanide Poisoning in Cow and Goat (20
minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:


What are the prevention and control measures for cyanide Poisoning in Cow and
Goat?
ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

 The best preventive step is to test suspect feed and/or pastures before allowing
consumption.
 Pasture and forage sorghums (eg, Sudan grass and sorghum-Sudan grass hybrids) should
not be grazed until they are >60 cm tall or have been proved by testing to have acceptable
cyanide levels, to reduce danger from prussic acid poisoning.

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

 In acute cyanide poisoning, cyanide ions (CN–) bind to, and inhibit, the ferric (Fe3+)
heme moeity form of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase.
 This blocks the fourth step in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (reduction of O2
to H2O), resulting in the arrest of aerobic metabolism and death from histotoxic anoxia.
 The goal of treatment is to break the cyanide-cytochrome c oxidase bond and reestablish
the mitochondrial electron transport chain

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat?
 What are the common signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat?
 What is the pharmacological treatment of cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat?
 What are the control measures against cyanide poisoning in Cow and Goat?

ccliii
ccliv
cclv
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

cclvi
Session 44: Introduction to Vaccination in Veterinary
Medicines

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Define common terms in Veterinary Vaccination
 Describe types of Vaterinary Vaccines
 Describe Route of Vaccination
 Describe Vaccination Schemes
 Describe Contraindications Veterinary Vaccines

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks
Definition of Common terms in Veterinary
2 15 minutes Presentation
Vaccination
3 20 minutes Presentation Types of Veterinary Vaccines
Presentation/
4 25 minutes Routes of Vaccination
brainstorming
5 25 Minutes Presentation Vaccination Schemes
Presentation
4 20 minutes Small Group Contraindications of Veterinary Vaccines
Discussion
6 05 minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation

cclvii
SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Common Terms in Veterinary Vaccination (15

minutes)
Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes
 What is veterinary Vaccines?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

Veterinary vaccines
These are preparations containing antigenic substances which are administered for the
purpose of inducing a specific and active immunity against disease provoked by bacteria,
viruses, or other microorganisms, by parasites, or antigenic fractions or substances produced
by these organisms and rendered harmless whilst retaining all or part of their antigenic
properties.

Vaccination
 It is the introduction of a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease.
 The vaccine may be administered by subcutaneous, intradermal, or intramuscular
injection, by mouth, by inhalation or by scarification

STEP 3: Types of Veterinary Vaccines (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the types of Veterinary Vaccines?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

cclviii
CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Killed vaccines
 Killed vaccines are produced by inactivating the infectious agent (so that it can’t replicate
in the host) without altering the immunogenicity of the protective protein(s).
 They induce predominantly humoral type of immunity, i.e. antibodymediated.
 Generally they require two doses with an appropriate interval.
 These vaccines contain adjuvants that enhance the immune reaction.
 Booster doses of inactivated vaccines are often administered annually e.g. black leg,
pasteurellosis.

Live vaccines
 This type of vaccine could be prepared either by using less virulent or by attenuating
highly virulent strain/type of an infectious organism.
 Attenuation is usually made by growing of an infectious organism under abnormal culture
condition.
 These types of vaccines induce complete type of immune response (both humoral and
cellular) and confer higher level and longer period of protection than killed vaccines.
 Live vaccine especially attenuated ones may revert to full virulence after inoculation into
an animal and elicit disease e.g PPR, rinder pest, lumpy skin disease.

Toxoid Vaccines
 They are vaccines prepared from toxins obtained from microorganisms and has been
treated by heat or chemical agents to destroy its deleterious properties without destroying
its abilities to stimulate the formation of antibody e.g. tetanus vaccine.

Autogenous Vaccine
 It is a vaccine prepared from cultures of material derived from a disease lesion of the
animal to be vaccinated e.g bovine papiloma.

Serovaccine
 It is a combination of antisera with a vaccine to produce passive and active immunity e.g.
rabies.

STEP 4: Routes of Vaccination (25 minutes)

Subcutaneous injection (S/C)
 Subcutaneous injection is particularly convenient in small companion animals where the
loose skin at the back of the neck is a commonly used route.
 Potential disadvantages are slower uptake of antigen as compared to a more vascular site
such as muscle.
 Lower antibody response has been obtained with the S/C route as compared to
intramuscular injection.

cclix
Intramuscular injection (I/M)
 This route delivers vaccine into location of high vascularity and provides efficient
exposure of antigen to the immune system.
 Attention must be paid to the anatomical choice of vaccination site to ensure adequate
delivery and exposure to responsive cells.

Intradermal injection (I/D)

 Intradermal injection is very efficient immunizing route due to antigen capture and
lymphatic drainage to regional lymph nodes.
 Smaller doses of antigen are required to achieve responses equivalent to I/M injection.

Oral route
 This route offers a convenient, powerful route for stimulating local immunity.
 Mass oral vaccination via drinking water has been used primarily in poultry.

Intranasal vaccination
Intranasal inoculation is an alternate mucosal route and has been advocated as a means of
avoiding interference from maternal antibody.

Intraperitoneal vaccination (I/P)

Intraperitoneal vaccination represents a serosal delivery and a method intermediate between
mucosal and intramuscular/subcutaneous vaccination.

In ovo vaccination
Chickens develop immunological responsiveness well before hatching, and early protection
against infection, such as Marek’s disease, Infectious bronchitis, Infectious bursal and
Newcastle disease has been demonstrated.

Aquatic immersion
Mass vaccination of small fish could be accomplished by immersion in vaccine baths.

STEP 5: Vaccination Schemes (25 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

cclx
Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

 What are the contraindications of Antiarrythmic Drugs?

ALLOW few students to respond?

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

Primary and Secondary Immune Response

 Initial immunization with a specific antigen induces ‘primary immune response’ with low
levels of both Ig M and Ig G production evident by 7 days.
 When antigen is given again after 2 or more weeks, a more rapid and higher ‘secondary
immune response’ is generated, with a rising Ig G antibody beginning 2-3 days.

Booster vaccination
 Booster vaccination needs to be given at intervals to ensure immunological memory for a
rapid immune response to pathogens.
 The time may vary, depending on whether the vaccine is inactivated or living.
 Therefore for most killed vaccines yearly revaccination is recommended.
 There are some exceptions including some diseases which have seasonal incidence
whereby vaccination should be planned for a time prior to the expected disease outbreak

Group vaccination
Vaccinating a high percentage of a population is desirable whether dealing with the control of
disease in individual animal or herds or flocks.

Curative and/or preventive vaccination

Vaccination is primarly given pre-exposure; however, postexposure vaccine is also
administered for diseases with very long incubation period e.g. Rabies.

STEP 6: Precautions and Contraindications of Vaccines (20 minutes)

 Sick animals shouldn’t be vaccinated
 Animals under immunosuppressive drug treatment should not be vaccinated within three
to four weeks
 Care should be taken in the use of antibiotics when a vaccine containing live bacteria is
administered.
 During mass vaccination of multi-age group with live vaccines, the transmission of
infection due to the organisms in the vaccine to susceptible young animals should be
considered.
 The full vaccination course as recommended by manufacturer should always be
administered

cclxi
 Stressing of animals to be vaccinated should be avoided.
 Don’t vaccinate through dirty, wet skin.
 Repeated use of needles and syringes within herd/flock is undesirable.
 Containers that have held live vaccines can be potentially hazardous and should be
kept/disposed safe.
 Injectable vaccines should be stored and reconstituted as recommended by the
manufacturer.
 Liquid preparations should always be adequately shaken before use to ensure uniformity
of the material to be injected.
 Accidental self-injection with oil-based vaccines can cause intense vascular spasm, which
may result in loss of limbs.

STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes)

 Vaccines are available for managing several livestock
 Potential benefits of vaccines include improved animal welfare and public health.
 There are different types of vaccines: live vaccines give long immunity after a single
dose, while; inactivated vaccines need booster doses to maintain immunity

STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is veterinary Vaccine?
 What are the types of veterinary vaccination?
 What are the routes of veterinary vaccination?
 What are contraindications of vaccines in veterinary medicine?

References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

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Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser
Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

Session 45: Common Veterinary Vaccines

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Prerequisites
 None

Learning Tasks

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By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
 Describe Anthrax Vaccine
 Describe Bovine pasteurellosis vaccine
 Describe Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine
 Describe Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine
 Describe Newcastle Disease Vaccine
 Describe Avian Coccidiosis Vaccine
 Describe Fowlpox Vaccine
 Describe Fowltyphoid Vaccine

Resources Needed:
 Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape
 Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers
 Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning tasks

2 15 minutes Presentation Anthrax Vaccine

3 10 minutes Presentation Bovine pasteurellosis vaccine

Presentation/ Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
4 15 minutes
brainstorming (CCPP) Vaccine
5 15 Minutes Presentation Foot and Mouth disease Vaccine
Presentation
6 20 minutes Small Group Newcastle DiseaseVaccine
Discussion
7 05 minutes Presentation Avian coccidiosis vaccine

8 10 minutes Presentation Fowlpox Vaccine

9 10 Minutes Presentation Fowltyphoid Vaccine

6 05 minutes Presentation Key Points

7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation

05 minutes Presentation Take Home Assignment

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SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Anthrax Vaccine (15 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes
 What is veterinary Vaccines?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

Description
 Freeze-dried live bacterial vaccine produced by using Sterne 34 F2 strain of Bacillus
anthracis adjuvated with saponin 4% skimmed milkstabilizer is produced at NVI, Debre
Zeit.
 Each field dose contains 107 viable spores.
Indication
For prevention or control of anthrax in domestic animals
Presentation
The freeze-dried vaccine is available in 20 ml vials of 100 doses.
Dosage and administration
 Reconstitute the product in 100 ml of sterile saline water.
o Cattle & equines: 1 ml SC in the loose skin of the neck just in front of the shoulder.
o Sheep & goats: 0.5 ml SC in the loose skin or in the inner face of the thigh.
Booster
 Vaccination should be carried out every year before the anthrax season.
 Immunity Develops in 10 days and lasts for one year
Side-effect
Swelling at the injection site. It normallydisappears in 2-3 days
Precautions
 Inject SC only & animals above 3 months ofage.
 Pregnant animals should not be vaccinated.
 Antibiotic should not be given shortly before and 14 days after vaccination.
 Destroy empty bottles or if unsuable by incineations.
Withdrawal period

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Meat- for six weeks after vaccination
Storage Store in refrigerator at 4˚C.

STEP 3: Bovine pasteurellosis vaccine (hemorrhagic septicemia) (10

minutes)
Description
Prepared from a whole broth culture of Pasteurella multocida type B and
Mannheimia haemolytica & P. trehalosi (208 germs/ml), killed by 0.3% formalin and
precipitated by 1% aluminium potassium sulphate (both final concentration).

Dosage and administration

 For best results vaccinate animals at least 21 days before the hemorrhagic septicemia
season.
 Shake the product vigorously before use; inject adult and calves with 2 ml SC.

Immunity
 Immunity appears in 10 days after vaccination and lasts for 6 to 8 months.
 Revaccination is advised after 6 months.

Side-effects
 Anaphylactic reactions may appear occasionally after vaccination of Zebus; serious in
and very often on cattle breeds, particularly on animals, which have been vaccinated
many times against foot-and-mouth disease, Blackleg or Anthrax.
 Thus sensitiveness should be checked in these breeds before use.
 In case of reaction, immediate injectioin of antihistamine is recommended.

STEP 4: Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine (15

minutes)
Description
 It is an inactivated bacterial vaccine produced using F-38 Kenyan strain of Mycoplasma
capricolum capripneumoniae (MccP).
 Wellgrown Mycoplasma culture is inactivated by saponin, which has also an adjuvant
effect.
 The minimum protein content in each field dose is 0.15 mg/ml.

Indication
To control or prevent CCPP in goat

Dosage and administration

Shake the vaccine before use and vaccinate 1 ml/goat subcutaneously (thoracic area is

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advisable).

Immunity
 CCPP vaccine confers immunity for 1 year.
 Revaccination should be made after a year.

Side-effect
Slight edematous reaction is induced by the adjuvant, saponin, which disappears in 48
hours.

Storage The vaccine should be stored at +4˚C at least for one year

STEP 5: Foot and mouth disease vaccine (15 minutes)

Description
 A bivalent vaccine manufactured from locally isolated from A and O serotypes are
produced by the NVI.
 The virus is propaged from cell culture. It is absorbed into aluminium hydroxide gel and
inactivated with 0.3% formaldehyde and adjuved with saponin.

Indication
Control or prevention of Foot and Mouth Disease in cattle.

Dosage and administration

 Shake the bottle before use and inject 4 ml/head of cattle SC, preferably in dewlap region.
 The first vaccination requires two injections at 6 months of interval.

Booster
 Annually and consider the outbreak season
 Immunity 2-3 weeks after vaccination and may last for one year.

Side-effects Swelling may occur at the site of inoculation and persist for few weeks.
Precaution
 After puncture of the stopper the whole bottle of the vaccine must be used within
24 hours.
 Don’t vaccinate the cattle under 6 months of age. It is better not to associate other
vaccination with FMD and not to make another vaccination one month before and after
FMD vaccination.

Storage Store the vaccine at +4˚C.

STEP 6: Newcastle vaccine (20 minutes)

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Description
 It is a live viral vaccine produced in an embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs
using the relatively heat stable variant strain.
 Each field dose contains at least log 107 ELD50 viral particles
Indication
To control or prevent Newcastle disease in poultry.

Presentation
The vaccine is available in vials of 250, 100 and 50 doses.

Dosage and administration

Ocular route
 Use an eyedropper.
 To calculate the volume of water required to dilute the vaccine into the recommended
dose per vial, follow the instructions below.
 Measure 1 ml of water to the dropper.
 Count the number ofdrops in this 1 ml of water.
 Calculate the volume of diluents required to dilute the number of doses of the vaccine per
vial with the eyedropper in use.
Volume of diluents (ml) = No. of doses of vaccine per vial
No. of drops formed per ml
Example, how much diluents should be added to a vial containing 250 doses of NCD vaccine
given that 1 ml of water in the eyedropper yielded 50 drops.

Volume of diluents (ml) = 250 doses per vial

50 drops per ml

= 5 ml per vial

Oral drench
 Dissolve the 200 doses in 200 ml, the 100 doses in 100 ml and the 50 doses in 50 ml.
 Administer by oral drench 1 ml of dissolved vaccine squirting into the beak of each bird
using a clean plastic syringe.

Drinking water
The quantity of water generally required per bird for the drinking water vaccination is as
follows:
 For 10-14 day-old birds 10-15 ml
 For 3-8 week-old birds 20-30 ml
 For other birds 40 ml

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 To calculate the volume of water required to dilute the vaccine, multiply the number of
doses of the vaccine per vial by the amount of ml required per bird according to the above
table.

o Example, to dilute 500 doses of vaccine for 8 week-old birds, multiply 500 by 30
that means one needs 15 liters of water to dilute the 500 doses of vaccine e per
vial.

Vaccination program
 First vaccination: day old and above (preferably up to 10 days)
 Second vaccination: at 4 weeks of age
 Third vaccination: at 3-4 months of age; repeat every 3-4 months

Storage
Since thermo-stable minority populations present in the relatively heat stable strain 12, the
vaccine can be stored at +4˚C.

STEP 7: Avian coccidiosis vaccine (5 minutes)

Indication
To avoid problems related to drug resistance and the continuous use of medication to control
Eimeria species in domestic birds.

Dosage and administration

 The vaccine is given in the drinking water as a single dose at between 5 and 9 days of
age.
 A single dose is sufficient to protect broilers and replacement layer pullets.

STEP 8: Fowl pox vaccine (10 minutes)

Description
 It is a live freeze-dried vaccine produced on the chicken fibroblast, cells of embryonated
specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using modified fowl pox virus.
 Each vaccine dose contains103.5 EID50/dose.

Indication
To control or prevent fowl-pox infection in poultry.

Dosage and administration

 Reconstitute the 100 doses with 2 ml of sterile cold-buffered solvent and vaccinate by
transfixation of inner side of the wing membrane of each bird dip the stylet before
vaccination into the viral suspension so that the groove is filled.
o Take care to touch the needle against the inside of the vial in order to remove
adhering drops.

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 The stylet is inserted from beneath through the wing web and care should be taken to
push the feathers side so as to avoid damaging the blood vessels.
 The wing web should be slightly stretched.

Vaccination program
 Free environment: Vaccinate from the 8th week of life with an annual booster vacciantion.
 Contaminated environment: Vaccinate from the 3rd week of life; booster 3 months later
and then annual buster vaccinations.

STEP 9: Fowl tyhoid vaccine (live vaccine) (10 minutes)

Description
It is a live, freeze-dried vaccine against fowl typhoid in chicken. Each vial contains 5x107
CFU of Salmonella gallinarum strain.

Indication
To control or prevent fowl typhoid in poultry.

Dosage and administration

 Reconstitute the vaccine in 50 ml cool sterile distilled or saline water. Inject 0.2 ml of the
reconstituted vaccine by subcutaneous injection into the lower part of the neck.
 A single dose vaccine should be given at 6 weeks of age followed by a booster dose at 12
weeks of age.
Immunity
 It appears in about 10 days.
 The vaccine confers protection for 6-8 months after two injections

STEP 10: Key Points (5 minutes)

 The rationale of preventing disease through appropriate and timed vaccination programs
is very important
 Vaccination strategies need to be well thought out and continually reviewed
 Practice of promoting proper care and welfare of animals make effective vaccination
against common diseases be essential.

STEP 11: Evaluation (5 minutes)

 What is anthrax vaccine?
 What is foot and mouth vaccine?
 What is fowltyphoid vaccine?
 What is Newcastle Vaccine?
STEP 12: Take HomeAssignment (5 minutes)
Activity: Take Home Assignment (5 minutes)

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DIVIDE students in groups or individuals

ASK the students to work on the following Assignment

 Prepare a presentation on Vaccines used in dogs and cats

ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignments and submit

REFER students to recommended reference

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cclxxii
References

Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa,
Wiley-Blackwel Publishers

Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley-Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals, (2nd ed).Berlin, Birkhäuser

Verlag Press.

Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed),

New York, Forgotten Books Press.

Maddison. J. (ed) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology, (2nd ed). Philadelphia,
Saunders Elsevier Limited.

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