Chapter # 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

Q: Define physics and its types?

PHYSICS:
The word physics comes from my Greek word Physica meaning knowledge of natural
science now it is defined as it is a branch of science which is with the interaction of matter
and energy.

BRACNHES OF PHYSICS:
Main branches of physics are given below:

MECHANICS:
This branch of physics is mainly concerned with the laws of motion and gravitation.

ELECTRICITY:
Electricity is the study of properties of charges in rest and motion.

MAGNETISM:
Magnetism is the study of magnetism properties of materials.

ATOMIC PHYSICS:
Atomic physics deals with the composition structure physical aspects of light and it's
properties with the help of optical instruments.

OPTICS:
Optics studies physical aspects of light and it's properties with the help of optical
instruments.

SOUND:
Sound is the study of production properties and application of sound waves.

NUCLEAR PHYSICS:
Nuclear physics deals with the constituent structure behaviors and instruction of atomic
nuclei.

PARTICAL PHYSICS:
Particle physics studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiations and the
interaction between them

ASTROPHYSICS:
The study of celestial objects with the help of laws of physics is known as astrophysics.

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 Chapter # 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

PLASMA PHYSICS:
The study of ionized state of matter and its properties known as plasma physics.

GEOPHYSICS:
The study of internal structure of earth is known as geophysics physics.

Q: Write three importance of physics in daily life?

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS IN OUR DAILY:
• We use several electrical appliances in our home like electrical fan, electrical bulb,
computers, smart mobile phones, refrigerator, grinder & etc.
• We use versus cars, train, Aeroplan etc. For long stances all of these are run by.
Engines of these vehicle are made or the principal of thermodynamics.
• We use nuclear energy to produce electric power production of nuclear energy is the
area of nuclear physics.

Q: Define measurement and also define physical quantities?

MEASUREMENTS:
Measurement means the comparison of a union quantity with standard to see how many
times is big or small compared to the standard.

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:
All quantities which can be measured by any method is called as physical quantity. The
physical quantities are divided into two groups:
• Fundamental quantity
• Derived quantity

FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITY:
A physical quantity which is independent of any other quantity is called fundamental
quantity and their units are called fundamental units.

No QUANTITY NAME SYMBOL

1. Time Second sec
2. Length Meter m
3. Mass Kilogram Kg

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 Chapter # 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

DERIVED QUANTITIES:
All physical quantities which can be drive from fundamental quantities are known as drive
quantities and their respective units are called drive units.

QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT UNIT

SYMBOL
Speed V Meter/second m/s2
Acceleration a Meter/second m/s2
Volume v Cubic meter m3
Force F Newton N =kgm/s2
Pressure P Pascal Pa(N.m)
Work J Joule J(N.m)
Charge q Coulomb C(A.s)

SYSTEM OF UNITS:
Asset of fundamental and drive unit is known as a system of units there are three systems are
being used if scientific works.

SYSTEM OF UNITS UNIT OF LENGTH UNIT OF MASS UNIT OF TIME

C.G.S Centimeter(cm) Gram(g) Second (sec)
M.K.S Meter (m) Kilogram (kg) Second
(sec)
F P.S/ B.T.U Foot(ft) Pound (Ib) Second (sec)

Q: Define the following:

• Length
• Meter rule
• Vernier caliper
• Micrometer screw gauge

LENGTH:
The length is defined as the minimum distance between 2-point length on same plane.
UNIT:
It is the SI unit is meter (m)

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 Chapter # 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

METER RULE:
It is used to measure length of different objects are meter rule of length 1m is equal to 100
(cm) and each and is further is divided to 10 / which are called millimeters (mm). So, a meter
rule can measure up to 1 mm as smallest reading.

VERNIER CALIPER:
It is an instrument which can measure length depth and inside and outside diameter correct
up 0.1 mm or 0.0 1 cm. In one caliper there are two scale main (fixed scale) and vernier scale
(sliding scale).

READING A VERNIER CALIPER:

Vernier caliper can we read by the following steps:
➢ Place the object between the job of the vernier caliper.
➢ Not the main scale reading by counting lines before the zero line of vernier scale.
➢ count the main scale of vernier scale after zero counting main scale.
➢ At the two reading for total.

MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE

It is an instrument used to measure length and diameter correct up to 0.01 mm or 0.001 CM
in micrometer screw gauge there are two scales main scale (fixed scale) and circular scale
(rotatory scale).

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 Chapter # 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

READING A MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE:

Micrometer screw gauge can be read by the following method
➢ Turn the symbols until and will and the spindle gently grape the object then turn the
retched until it start to click.
➢ Take the main scale reading at the age of the thimble.
➢ Take the symbol scale reading opposite the data line of the main scale multiplied is
reading with least count i.e., 0.01 mm.
➢ Now admin scale reading to symbol reading this will be the diameter of the object.

PHYSICAL BALANCE:
The physical balance is an instrument used for measurement of mass it was on the principle
of moments.

THE ELECTRONIC BALANCE:

The digital mass meter is an electronic instrument configured
with integrated circuits and it works on the principles of
balancing the forces. The device is turn on and set to zero
then object is placed on the plate. The reading on the screen
the mass of object.

THE STANDARD BALANCE:

Before 1960 the standard of time was defined in terms of the mean solar day for the year
1900. But in 1967 the second was due to find as the standard of time. It uses the
characteristics frequency of the cesium 133 atoms as the” reference clock”

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 Chapter # 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

STOP WATCH:
Stop watch is used to measure the time interval between two events. There
are two types of stopwatches. Mechanical stopwatch and digital stopwatch.
Mechanical stopwatch can major a time interval up to 0.1 second while I
stop watch can measure at time interval up to 0.01 second.

HUMAN REACTION OF TIME:

As analogous or digital or watch is operated by human manually i.e. I stopwatch is to be
started or stopped by human manually. This causes a random error A measurement of time
i.e.; call human reaction time for most people human reaction time is about 0.3- 0.5. J4 more
accurate measurement of time intervals light Gates can be used.

UNIT:
Unit it places a vital role in expressing A quantity either base or derived.

PREFIX:
Prefixes are useful for expressing units of physical quantities. It indicates multiples of
fractions of the units.
PREFIX Symbol greater Meaning then 1 Multiplier numerical Multiple exponential
Tera T Trillion 1000000000000 10 2
Giga G Billion 1000000000 10 9
Mega M Million 1000000 10 6
Kilo K Thousand 1000 10 3
Hecta H Hundred 100 10 2
Deca D Ten 10 10 1

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 Chapter # 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

LESS THAN 1:
UNIT Symbol Meaning Multiplier numerical Multiplier
exponential
Deci d Tenth 0.1 10 -1
Centi c Hundredth 0.01 10 -2
Milli m Thousandth 0.001 10-3
Micro π Millionth 0.000001 10-6
Nano n Billionth 0.000000001 10-9
Pico p Trillionth 0.0000000000001 10-12
Fento f Quadrillionths 0.0000000000000001 10-15
Atto a Quintillionths 0.00000000000000001 10-16

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION:
Scientific notation or the standard form is a simple method of writing very large number or
very small numbers. In the power of 10.
For example, 3 ×10 8 or 1.23 or 10 -3

MEASURING THE VOLUME:

Volume of different state of matter measured by using different method.

VOLUME OF LIQUID:
Volume of liquid can be measured using a measuring cylinder.
Cylinder is a class of plastic cylinder with a scale graduated in
cubic centimeters or millimeters. It is used to find the volume of
liquids.

REGULAR SOLID:
Volume of regular shape solid object can be calculated by the following formulas.
Volume of a rectangular block= length× width× height

IRREGULAR SOLID:
Volume of an irregular solid shape can be calculated by lowering the object in a partially
field measuring cylinder. Rise in the level on the volume scale gives the volume of that
object.

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 Chapter # 1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT

DENSITY
The term density of a substance is defined mass of substance (m) per unit volume (v) it is
denoted by Greek letter p (rho).
FORMULA:
P = m/v
UNIT
The SI unit of density is kg/m3 or kgm-3.

RELATIVE DENSITY OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

Relative density of specific gravity of the ratio of density of the substances to the density
water at 4°C.
FORMULA:
Relative density= density of substance/ density of water at 4°C

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