JEE MAINS - VOL - VI

RAY OPTICS Types of Reflection:

Ø The branch of physics which deals with the nature a) In regular reflection, a parallel beam of
of light, its sources, properties, effects and vision is
incident light is parallel even after reflection. Eg.
called optics. Light is that form of energy which gives
the sensation of vision. Plane mirror.
Ø Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength range from
400 nm to 750 nm is called light.

>
>

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Ø The speed of light in vacuum is the highest speed

>
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attainable in nature. Speed of light in vacuum is

b) In diffused or irregular reflection, the rays
c  2.99792458108 ms1  3108 ms1
that are parallel before reflection will be
Ø Optics is divided into two parts namely geometrical
optics (ray optics) and physical optics. (wave optics) reflected at random directions.
Ø Geometrical optics deal propagation of light in terms
of rays.
Ø Geometrical optics is valid only, if wavelength of light
is much smaller than the size of obstacles. Because of Note: In diffused reflection, light on striking the
its small wavelength (high frequency) it appears to travel rough surfae, gets scattered in all possible directions
in a straight line. and hence visibitly in surroundings increases whereas
Ø CONVERGENT BEAM: In this case diameter glare decreases.
of beam decreases in the direction of ray. Laws of reflection
Ø The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal
to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence, all lie
Convergent beam of light in the same plane.
Ø DIVERGENT BEAM: It is a beam in which \ Ø The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
all the rays meet at a point when produced back reflection i  r
ward and the diameter of beam goes on increasing as Note: 1) In case of reflection of light ,frequency,
the rays proceed forward. wavelength and speed does not change. But intensity
of light decreases.
2) In reflection of light from a denser medium, there is a
Divergent beam of light phase change of  rad.
Ø Parallel beam: it is a beam in which all the rays 3) If ˆI,Nˆ an d Rˆ are vectors of any magnitude along
constituting the beam move parallel to each other and incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray respectively
diameter of the beam remains same. In this case then Rˆ . ˆI  Nˆ   Nˆ .  Iˆ  Rˆ   ˆI.  Nˆ  Rˆ   0
object and image distance both become infinity.
This is because incident ray, reflected ray and the normal
at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
Parallel beam of light 4) The angle between the direction of incident ray and
REFLECTION: reflected light ray is called the angle of deviation (  ).
Ø Whenever a light ray is incident on a surface
separating two media, it undergoes the following
>

i r
>


changes.
a) A part of light comes back into the same medium
from the surface in a definite direction.This is called
reflection. Angle of deviation     2i
b) Another part of light enters into the second medium
at the separation which is called refraction.
 JEE MAINS - VOL - VI
5) If ê1 is unit vector along the incidnet ray ê 2 is Ex. On a plane mirror a ray of light is incident at a
angle of 30 with the horizontal. To make the
the unit vector along the reflected ray n̂ is the unit
reflected ray vertical with what angle with
vector along the normal then, eˆ 2  eˆ1  2eˆ1.nˆ  nˆ horizontal the plane mirror is placed

n̂    30 
ê
ê 1
2

i r

Ex: A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror


along a vector i  j  k . The normal on 
REFLECTIONAT PLANE SURFACE
 
incident point is along i  j . Find the unit a) A plane mirror always form virtual image to a real
vector along the reflected ray. object
Sol. b) The graph between image distance (v) and object
distance (u) for a plane mirror is a straight line.

c) The ratio of image height to the object height is called

lateral magnification (m) and it is equal to one .
d) According to the principle of reversibility, object
and image positions are interchangeble. These points
of object and image are called conjugate points.
The component of incident ray along the normal to e) The image formed by a plane mirror undergoes
the mirror will reverse, while component of ray lateral invertion.
parallel to the mirror remains unchanged. The f) A plane mirror deviates the incident light through
 
component of i  j  k along normal is i  j ,   angle   180  2i ,where ‘i’ is the angle of incidence.
The deviation is maximum for normal incidence.
and parallel to the mirror is  k . Thus the reflected
(angle of deviation)

component normal to the mirror becomes  i  j .   180º

Therefore the vector along reflected ray is

 

 
 1    90º (angle of
R   i  j  k
and R   i jk . incidence)
3
Ø The minimum width of a plane mirror required for  max  1800 .
a person to see the complete width of his face
Grazing Incidence: i  90  r and   0
is  D  d  / 2 , where, D is the width of his face and
d is the distance between his two eyes.
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 JEE MAINS - VOL - VI
g) If a plane mirror is rotated through an angle  Sol. From figure, 1    2 ,  2    2 
about an axis in the plane of mirror then
reflected ray, image and spot are rotated through
an angle 2  in the same sense.

M

M Incident ray O
Incident ray
>
O 
< >
M1
>
reflected ray
M1 reflected ray

h) If mirror is rotated about an axis perpendicular to

plane of mirror then reflected image do not rotate.
Ex. A man is standing at distance x from plane Also ray is rotated in same sense i.e.,
mirror in front of him. He wants to see the entire anticlockwise
wall in mirror. which is at distance y behind the man.
  net = Total deviation = 1   2
Find the size of mirror ?
Sol:
A’
= 2  2    
A

M1
Now in  OBC, OBC  BCO  COB  180

 90      90       180

h
y
O
x x O’ or
M2
or     Hence,  net  2  2
B
B’
Ex. Two plane mirrors are inclined to each other such
that a ray of light incident on the first mirror and
From O ' M1M2 and  O ' AB
parallel to the second is reflected from the second
M1M2 x mirror parallel to the first mirror. Determine the

h 2x  y angle between the two mirror. Also determine
hx the total deviation produced in the incident ray
Size of mirror, M1M2  (2x  y) due to the two reflections

h
Note : If x  y, M1M2 
3
Combination of Plane Mirrors
To find net deviation produced by combination
of plane mirrors and add the deviations produced by
each mirror. While adding the deviation ensure that they
must be in same direction either clockwise or
anticlockwise.
Ex. Two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at an
angle  . A ray of light is reflected first at one
mirror and then at the other. Find the total Sol. From figure 3  180
deviation of the ray
 JEE MAINS - VOL - VI
  60 Ex : Two plane mirrors are inclined at 30º as shown
in figure. A light ray is incident at angle 45º. Find
1  180  2  30  120 total deviation produced by combination of mirror
after two successive reflection.
 2  180  2  30  120

 Total deviation = 1   2  240 (or) 120

Alternatively : From figure,   180    240 45º
30º
anticlockwise or 120 clockwise M1
Ex: Calculate deviation suffered by incident ray in Sol. Deviation at the mirror
situation as shown in figure after three successive M 1,  1  180   2  45   90   (clockwise)
reflections
Deviation at mirror M2 ,2  180º - 2 × 15º = 150º ¯
(anti clockwise)
Total deviation    2  1  150º - 90º = 60º
(anti clockwise)
Ex. A point source of light S is placed at a distance
L in front of the centre of a mirror of width d, hangs
vertically on a wall. A man walks in front of the
Sol. From figure mirror along a line parallel to the mirror at a distance
2L from it as shown in figure. Find the distance over
1  180  2  50  100 which he can see the image.
Sol. Suppose O is the object and I is its virtual
 2  180  2  20  140 image. The rays after reflecting from the mirror
diverges as shown in figure. A man at a distance 2L
from the mirror can see the image from A ' to B ' . In
the similar traiangles IAB and IA ' B ' , we have

 3  180  2  10  160

  = Total deviation 100  140  160
d L
= 100 (or) 260  Or A' B '  3d .
A' B ' 3L
Ex: The minimum size of a plane mirror required to IMAGES FORMED BY TWO MIRRORS
see the full image of an observer is half the size of that a) Number of images formed by two parallel plane
observer. mirrors is infinity.
Note : The height of the mirror is half the height of eye. b) A thick plane mirror shows a number of images

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JEE MAINS - VOL - VI
 4  a  b   2  2  a  b  
Incident light
90% 100% Separation between nth order images
90% First image
10%  n  2  a  b    2n  a  b  .
10% 2.If n is number of images, n then
10% 80% Second brightest 360
10% image (A) n   1 If

9% Third image  360
 ( i )  is even.

c) Mirrors inclined at angle   (ii) 360 is odd and object is kept sym m etrically
 
All the images formed by two mirrors lie on
circle having centre C. Here if angle between mirror  360 
(B) If n     = fractional number then only
is  , then image will formed on circle at angle  
(2  ) . If angle  is less number of image formed integral part is taken.
will be more. Ex: Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of
700 to each other. Find the number of images formed
and so on I21() M1
I1()
when object is placed as shown in figure.
360
P(object) Total image n   5.14  5 Images
 70
2- M2
 I2() Ø If the objects is placed in between two parallel
C
I12(2) mirrors   00 , the number of images formed is infinite
and so on
but of decreasing intensity in according with I  r2 .
Ex. An object O is placed in between two
parallel mirrors as shown in figrue. Find the Ø If ‘  ’ is given n is unique but if ‘n’ is given  is
not unique. Since same number of images can be formed
separation between nth order images.
for different  .
Sol. The ray diagram of the images is shown in
Ex: Find the number f images formed by three
figure.
mirrors AB, BC and AC in situation as shown in
figure. The object is at the centre of triangle
A

60°

O
60° 60°
B C

Sol . Number of images formed by the two plane

Separation between I order images
360
 2a  2b  2  a  b  mirrors AB and BC = 5. n   1 = 6 -1 = 5

Separation between II order images
  a  2b    b  2a    a  b 
 JEE MAINS - VOL - VI
images from the two mirrors considering reflection
3
2
on mirror first.
4
A M1 M2
1 5
1 1
2 2
O 2cm
O
8 cm
B C 3
3 5 5
4 4

Three images Sol : since given that reflection on mirror first than
(i) 5 and 1 , (ii) 5' and 5'' (iii) 1 and 1''
''
M1 M2
Will coincide hence the number f images formed by
the three mirror AB, BC and AC = 12 2cm
O
IMAGES FORMED BY THE TWO PLANE 8 cm
MIRRORS d = 10 cm

M1 M2
x + 2d y + 2d

O
x+d 2 O
x x y y
I121 I1 I12 I212
I2
I21 2 + 10 = 12
y+d
d

12 + 10 = 22
Image formed by Mirror Image formed by Mirror
(Distance of images measured from (Distance of images measured
22 + 10 = 32
the mirror M1 ) from the mirror M2 ) Ex. The plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel
x y to each other, as shown in figure. A light ray is incident
at an angle of 30 at a point just inside one end of A.
y+d x+d The plane of incidence coincidences with the plane of
the figure. The maximum number of times the ray
undergoes reflections (including the first one) before it
x + 2d y + 2d emerges out is

y + 3d x + 3d

and so on.
I1 = Image formed
I 21  I 2 of object P formed by the mirror .
I1  Image of P formed by the mirror .
x x
I 2 = Image of object P formed by the mirror . Sol. tan 30  
d 0.2
I 21  I 2 will act as an object for mirror l
I12  I1 will act as an object for mirror . Number of reflections =
x
and so on
Ex:Figure shows a point O i.e. the object placed
between two parallel mirrors. Its distance from M is 2 1

cm and that from M is 8 cm. find the distance of

2

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 JEE MAINS - VOL - VI
Velocity of image formed by a plane mirror : the mirror moves with 1 m/s towards the left as
shown. Find the velocity of image
Sol: Take  as + direction. vi  vm  vm  v0
(x oM,o) (o, o) (x IM,o) vi  (1)  (1)  5 = 7 m/s

x OM  x - co-ordinate of object relative to mirror

object
xIM  x - co-ordinate of image relative to mirror 5 m/s
1 m/s
Here, xIM   x OM
dxIM dx
Differentiating,   OM  vIM   v OM mirror
dt dt
 velocity of image relative to mirror = – Ø When the object moves infront of stationary mirror,
velocity of object relative to mirror. the relative speed between object and its image
Ex. Find velocity of image with respect to along the plane of the mirror is zero and in perpendicular
ground when object and mirror both are moving to plane of mirror relative speed is twice that of the
towards each other with velocity 2 m/s and 3 ms-1.
object speed. VIO y  0 and VIO x  2v x
How they are moving ?
Sol: Here v OM  vIM M
v 0  vM  (vI  vM ) v y
v
v y
v
 ( 2ms1 )  ( 3ms1 )  vI  ( 3)  
1 v v I
 vI  8ms O x
x

Ø If an object moves towards (or away from) a

plane mirror at speed v, the image will also approach
(or recede) at the same speed v, and the relative velocity Ex. If a plane mirror lies on x-z plane, a light vector
of image with respect to object will be 2v as shown in 2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ on reflection becomes 2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ .
figure (a). If the mirror moved towards (or away from)
EX : A point source of light S, placed at a distance L
the stationary object with speed v, the image will also
in front of the centre of a mirror of width d, hangs
move towards (or away from) the object with a speed
vertically on a wall. A man walks in front of the mirror
2v, as shown figure (b).
along a line parallel to the mirror at a distance 2L from
M it as shown in figure. Find the greatest distance over
M which he can see the image of the light source in the
mirror.
Vv I Rest 2v I
O O
S
v d

b) A person standing at the centre of room looking L

towards a plane mirror hung on a wall, can see the 2L
whole height of the wall behind him if the length of the
mirror is equal to one-third the height of the wall. Sol: The ray diagram will be as shown in figure.

Ex.An Object moves with 5 m/s towards right while

 JEE MAINS - VOL - VI
Ex: A plane mirror is placed at origin parallel to y-axis,
facing the positive x-axis. An object starts from

 
G
C (2m, 0, 0) with a velocity of 2iˆ  2ˆj m/s. Find the
 relative velocity of image with respect to object.
A H
 D
M
S  2iˆ  2jˆ  2iˆ  2jˆ
B E
I
F J Sol:
 2,0,0 I O  2,0,0
HI = AB =d, DS = CD = d/2
d
Since, AH = 2AD,  GH = 2CD = 2 d The relative velocity of image with respect to
2 object along normal  4iˆ The relative velocity
Similarly IJ = d
image with respect to object along plane of mirror
GJ = GH + HJ +IJ =d +d + d =3d
= 0. Hence the relative velocity of image with
Ex: A ray of light travelling in the direction
respect to object  4iˆ
1 ˆ
2
 
i  3jˆ is incident on a plane mirror. After Ex. : Figure shows a plane mirror and an object
that are moving towards each other. Find the ve
locity of image.
reflection, it travels along the direction
2

1 ˆ
i  3jˆ . 
The angle of incidence is
Sol: Let angle between the directions of incident ray
and reflected ray be  ,

cos 
1 ˆ
2
 1
 
i  3jˆ . ˆi  3jˆ
2

1
cos     1200 Sol. Along x-direction, applying (relative velocity of
2 image w.r.t. mirror) = (relative velocity of object w.r.t.
mirror)
v i  vm =  (vo  vm) Or
 vi  (  5 cos 30o) =  (10 cos 60o  (  5 cos 30o))
 vi = 5(1  3) ms 1
In the direction parallel to the surface of mirror ;
Along y-direction, vo = vi
 vi = 10 sin 60o = 5 ms  1.
 Velocity of the image = 5(1  3) i + 5jms 1 .

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 JEE MAINS - VOL - VI
Ex. Two blocks each of mass 'm' lie on a smooth aI  ao
 aM   a I  2 aM
\table. They are attached to two other masses as shown 2
in figure. The pulleys and strings are light. A object O is
3g
to kept at rest on the table. The sides AB and CD of   aI  A  (left side)
two blocks are made reflecting. What is the acceleration
2
of the two images formed on the two reflecting surfaces Block C : T  maB  (3)
with respect to each other.
2mg  T  2maB  (4)
Adding (2) and (4)

 2mg  3maB

2g 2 g aI  0
 aB   
3 3 2

4g
  a I c  (right side)
3

ao  0 a AC  a A  aC

Block A : T  ma A  (1) 3 g  4 g  3g 4 g
=  = 
2  3  2 3
 3mg  T   3m  a A  (2)
Adding (1) and (2) 17 g
 a AC 
6

3g
 3mg   4m  a A  aA 
4