Let's embark on this journey together, my curious learner. You've shared a vast landscape of mathematical ideas from the Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics syllabus, and | sense your eagerness to master them by the end of the day. Rather than simply handing you facts like a closed book, I'll guide you as a Socratic teacher—posing questions to spark your thinking, encouraging you to reason step by step, and building your understanding from the ground up. Imagine math not as a foreign language you've never heard, but as a puzzle we're assembling piece by piece, starting from the simplest building blocks like numbers and shapes. We'll assume you've encountered basic ideas like adding or subtracting (even if "math" is new to you), and we'll grow from there. I'll structure our exploration around each section of the syllabus you provided, breaking it into concepts. For each one, I'll pose guiding questions to help you discover the idea yourself, share reasoning prompts with gentle nudges toward examples (which we'll co- create through your reflection), and end with a practice question for you to try. Take your time—pause after each question, jot down your thoughts, and see what insights emerge. If something confuses you, revisit the prior step. You're capable of this; let's foster that deep curiosity! We'll start with the prior knowledge and then dive into Pure Mathematics 1, moving onward. Ready? What do you already know about numbers, like how they can represent quantities or positions? Let's build from there. Prior Knowledge Before we tackle the main topics, the syllabus assumes some foundational ideas. Think of these as the soil for our mathematical garden. 1. Simple Manipulation of Surds What if | told you that some numbers, like the square rootof 2 (written as V2), can't be expressed as simple fractions? These are called "surds." Imagine /12—how might you simplify it by breaking it into smaller square roots? (Hint: 12= 4 x 3, and y4 = 2.) Reasoning: If you factor out perfect squares, 12 = ¥(4%3) = v4 x ¥3 = 2V3. Similarly, for fractions like y(6/2), could you rewrite it as V6 / V2, and then rationalize by multiplying numerator and denominator by 2? Example insight: ¥(6/2) = V3, because (y6 / V2) x (y2/V2) = 12 / 2 = (2V3)/2 = V3. Question to try: How would you simplify y (18/8)? Reflect on factoring and see if it equals (3¥2)/2V2 or something simpler—work it out step by step. 2. Shapes of Graphs of the Form y = kxn Picture a graph as a visual map where the horizontal line (x-axis) shows input values and the vertical (y-axis) shows outputs. For y = kx‘n, where kis a fixed number and nis an integer (positive or negative), what happens to the shape if n=1? It's a straight line through the origin if k=1. Now, if n=2, like y = x42? It forms a U-shaped curve (parabola). If n=-1, y = 1/x? It curves away from the axes, never touching them. What patterns do you notice for positive vs. negative n? Example: For y = 2x3, it starts flat near zero but steepens; for y = 3/x"2 = 3x%{-2}, it drops quickly as x increases. Question to try: Sketch mentally y = 4x“{-1} for x from 1 to 10—what shape does it take, and how does it differ from y = 4x? 3. Scientific Notation for Compound Units Units measure things, like speed as meters per second (m/s or m s”{-1}). Why use exponents? It keeps things tidy. If something moves 5 meters every second, that's 5 m s*{-1}. What if it's acceleration, like 9.8 meters per second per second? That's 9.8 m s*{-2}. Ponder: How does this notation help compare quantities? Example: Force might be in kg m s*{-2} (Newton's). Question to try: If velocity is 10 m s*{-1} and time is 2 s, what's displacement in scientific notation terms? (Hint: Displacement = velocity x time.) Now, let's move to Pure Mathematics 1. 1.1 Quadratics Quadraties are like upgraded linear equations—think of them as describing curves instead of straight lines. - Completing the Square for ax*2 + bx + c Start with a simple equation like x"2 + 4x +3 =O. What if you rewrite it as a perfect square? (x + 2)42= x2 + 4x + 4, so subtract 1 to match: (x + 2)42 - 1=3, then (x + 2)42 = 4. Why do this? It reveals the vertex (lowest point) of the parabola y = x*2 + 4x + 3 at (-2, -1). For general ax*2 + bx + c, factor a out of the x terms and halve b/a. Example: 2x*2 + 8x + 6 = 2(x*2 + 4x + 3) = 2[(x +2)42-1]= 2(x + 2)92 - 2. Question to try: Complete the square for 3x2 - 6x + 1. What does it tell you about the graph's vertex? + Discriminant of ax*2 + bx + c The discriminant is b*2 - 4ac. Why care? It tells how many real solutions (roots) the equation has: positive = two, zero = one (repeated), negative = none. For x42 - 5x + x42- 4x +2= 0, 16 - 8 = 8 > 0; adjust to x*2 - 4x + 4 = (x-2)2, discriminant 0. Question = 0, discriminant 25 - 24 = 1> 0, two roots. What if it's zero? Like to try: For 4x%2 + 4x +1= 0, compute the discriminant—what does it say about roots? + Solving Quadratic Equations and Inequalities Methods: Factor (x*2 - 5x + 6 = (x-2)(x- 3)=0, roots 2 and 3), complete square, or formula x = [-b + y(b*2-4ac)]/(2a). For inequality x*2 - 5x + 6 > 0, roots divide number line; test intervals. What sign is it outside [2,3]? Positive. Example: Solve x*2 + x - 12 < 0 > (x+4)(x-3) <0, solution -4 O. + Simultaneous Equations: One Linear, One Quadratic Substitute: From y = 2x +1 into x*2 + y42= 25, get x*2 + (2x#1)*2 = 25 > expand, solve quadratic. Why? Finds intersection HX, X42 + (I-x) 92213 > 2x2 -2x -12=0 > points. Example: x + y = 1, x92 + y92=13 > y: x42 -x -6=0, roots 3 and -2. Question to try: Solve x + 2y = 3 and x2 - 4xy = -4 by substitution. + Equations Quadratic in Some Function of x Like x*4 - 5x*2 + 4 = 0; let u=x*2, u%2 -5u +4=0, u=4 or 1, so x=42 or £1. What if tan*2 x = 1+ tan x? Let u=tan x, u*2 - u-150. Example: vx - 6/yx =1, let u=Vx, u -6/u=1 > u2 -u -6=0. Question to try: Solve x*{1/2} + xA{-1/2} = 2. 1.2 Functions Functions are rules mapping inputs to outputs, like machines. - Function, Domain, Range, One-One, Inverse, Composition Domain: Allowed inputs(e.g., for f(x)=1/x, x#0). Range: Outputs. One-one: Each input unique output, no repeats. Inverse: Reverses it, if one-one. Composition: gf(x)=g(f(x)). What makes f(x)=x*2 not one-one? f(2)=1 -2). Example: f(x)=x+1 domain x20, range y>1; inverse g(y)=y-1. Question to try: For f(x}=2x-3 domain real numbers, find range, inverse, and fg where G(X)=x2, + Determining One-One and Finding Inverse Horizontal line test for graphs. Inverse: Swap x/y, solve for y. For h(x)=(x+1)/(x-1), inverse? y=(x+1)/(x-1), x=(y+1)/(y-1), solve to (<+1)/(x-1). Is it one-one? Yes, linear fractional. Question to try: Is k(x)=x*3 + x one-one? Find inverse if yes. + Graphical Relation Between Function and Inverse Inverse graph is reflection over y=x. Why? Swaps coordinates. Example: y=2x reflects to y=x/2. Question to try: If f(x)=e*x, what does its inverse graph look like reflected over y=x? - Transformations of Graphs y=f(x)+a shifts up a. y=f(x+a) left a. y=af(x) vertical stretch lal. y=f(ax) horizontal stretch 1/|al. Combinations: y=2f(x-1)+3. What does each do? Example: From y=sin x, y=3sin(2x) stretches vertically 3, horizontally compresses half. Question to try: Transform y=1/x to y=2/(x+1) -3—describe shifts/stretches. 1.3 Coordinate Geometry This is about lines and circles on a plane. + Equation of Straight Line Forms: y=mx+c (slope m, intercept c), point-slope y-y1=m(x-x1). Given points (1,2) (3,6), m=(6-2)/(3-1)=2, y-2=2(x-1), y=2x. Why multiple forms? Flexibility. Example: ax+by+c=0 like 2x-3y+1=0. Question to try: Find equation through (0,4) and (5,0). + Interpreting Forms and Solving Problems Parallel lines same m, perpendicular m*m2=-1, Distance: V[(x2-x1)*2 + (y2-y1)*2]. Midpoint ((x1+x2)/2, (y1+y2)/2). Example: Lines y=2x+1, y=-0.5x+3 intersect? Set equal, solve. Question to try: Are y=3x-2 and 6x- 2y=4 parallel? Find intersection if not. + Circle Equation (x-a)*2 + (y-b)*2 = 2 Center (a,b), radius r. Expanded: x*2 + y*2 + Dx + Ey + F=0, Why? Completes to circle form. Example: x42 + y*2 -4x +6y -3=0 > (x-2)42 + (y+3)42 =16, center (2,-3), r=4. Question to try: Write equation for center (1,-1), r=v5. + Algebraic Methods for Lines and Circles Intersection: Substitute line into circle, solve quadratic. Tangent if discriminant 0. Example: y=x+k into x*2+y"2=25, 2x2 +2kx +k*2- 25=0, discriminant for touches. Question to try: Does y=2x+1 intersect x*2+y*2=10? - Relationship Between Graphs and Equations Intersections = solutions. For y=x*2 and y=2x, set equal, x*2-2x=0, x(x-2}=0. What does it mean geometrically? Points (0,0) (2,4). Question to try: Find intersections of y=x+1 and y"2 =4x. 1.4 Circular Measure Angles in radians, like degrees but based on circle arc. + Radian Definition and Conversion 180° = mt radians (n=3.14). Why radians? Natural for calculus. Convert 90° = n/2 rad. Example: 30° = 1/6. Question to try: Convert 45° to radians; what fraction of n? + Arc Length s = r®, Sector Area A = (1/2)r*2 0 0 in radians. For r=5, 0=n/3, s=51/3=5.24, Area (1/2)25(n/3)=13.09. In triangles? Use for non-right. Example: Triangle with sides 5,5, angle 1/3, area (1/2)55*sin(n/3). Question to try: Circle r=10, central angle 2 rad, find arc and sector area. 1.5 Trigonometry Trig for triangles and waves. + Graphs of sin, cos, tan Sin: Wave from -1 to 1, period 2m. Cos: Shifted sin. Tan:Asymptotes at n/2 + kn. Degrees or radians? Both, but radians common. Example: y=3sin x amplitudes 3. Question to try: Sketch y=cos(2x) for 0 to 2n—what's period? + Exact Values for 30°,45°,60° Sin30=1/2, cos30=//3/2, tan30=1/y3. 45: sin=cos=2/2, tan=1. 60: sin=/3/2, cos=1/2, tan=//3. Related angles? 150=180-30, sin positive. Example: tan150=-1//3. Question to try: Find exact cos120° (hint: 180-60). + Inverse Trig Notations Sin*{-1}x = angle whose sin is x, principal -n/2 to w/2. Example: sin*{-1}(0.5)=n/6. Why principal? Unique value. Question to try: What is tan*{-1)(1)? + Identities sin@/cos@ = tan®, sin*2 + cos*2 =1 Prove? From Pythagoras in unit circle. Example: Simplify sin8 / cosO = tan®. Use for solving. Question to try: If cos8=3/5, find sin and tan8. + Solving Trig Equations in Interval Sin x =0.5, x=1/6 +2kn or 51/6 +2kn. But general not, needed. Example: Tan x = -1/2 for 0° to 360°. =1/4 +kn in [0,2n]: 1/4, 51/4. Question to try: Solve cos x = 1.6 Series Sequences and sums. + Binomial Expansion (a+b)“n For n positive integer, (a+b)*3 = a3 +3a*2b +3ab*2 +b3. Coefficients from C(n,r) = nl / (ri(n-r)!). Example: (2+x)*4 =16 +32x +24x%2 +8x"3 +4, Question to try: Expand (1-2x)*3. + Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions AP: Common difference, e.g. 2,5,8 d=3. nth =a+ (n-1)d, sum n/2 [2a+(n-1)d]. GP: Ratio, 2,4,8 r=2. nth=ar{n-1}, sum a(1-rn)/(1-r). When AP? 2b=atc. GP b*2=ac. Example: AP sum to 10 terms a=1 d=2: 10/2*(2+18)=100. Question to try: GP a=3 r=1/2, sum first 5 terms. - Convergence of GP, Sum to Infinity [r/<1 converges to a/(1-r). Example: .5, sum 1/(1- 0.5)=2. If [r|21? Diverges. Question to try: Sum infinite 4 +2+1+0.5 +... 1.7 Differentiation Rates of change, slopes. + Gradient as Limit of Chords Curve y=x*2 at x=2, chord to (2+h, (2+h)*2), slope[(4+4h+h42)-4]/h =4+h, limit h>0 =4. Derivative f'(x). Second f"(x). Example: y=3x"2, f'=6x. Question to try: Approximate derivative y=x"3 at x=1 using h=0.1. + Derivative of x4n, Chains, Sums d/dx x*n = n x*{n-1}. Constant multiples: d(5x*2)=10x. Chain: d sin(2x)=2cos(2x). Example: d( (3x+1) 94 )=4(3x+1)*3 *3=12(3x+1)43. Question to try: Differentiate 2x3 - 4/x + Vx. + Applications: Tangents, Increasing Functions, Rates Tangent slope = derivative. Increasing if f'>0. Rate: da/dt if a=nr*2, da/dr=2nr, chain da/dt=(da/dr) (dr/dt). Example: r , area rate 2n52=20n. Question to try: For y=x*2 -2x, find tangent increases 2 cm/s at r: at x=1. + Stationary Points, Nature f'=0 for stationary. f">0 min, 0 min. Question to try: Find stationary points 1.8 Integration Reverse differentiation, areas. + Integrate (ax+b)*n, Sums J x*n dx = x{n+1}/(n+1) +C (n#-1). | (2x#1)°3 dx? Let U=2x+1, du=2dx, (1/2)f u*3 du=(1/2)(u*4/4)=u*4/8=(2x+1)*4/8 +C. Example: (3x%2 -2) dx =x*3 -2x +C. Question to try: Integrate 4x{-1/2} + 3. + Constant of Integration From conditions. Example: dy/dx=2x+1, through (0,3) +3. Question to try: dy/dx=6x-2, through (1,0)—find y. + Definite Integrals [F(b)-F(a)]. Example: {142 x dx = [x"2/2]_1*2=2-0.5=1.5. Improper like [01 xA{-1/2} dx=[2x4{1/2}]_01=2 (limit as lower 20+). Question to try: Evaluate _0%4 (2x+1) dx. + Areas Under Curves { y dx for area. Between curves { (upper-lower). Example: Area under y=x*2 from 0 to 1=1/3. Between y=x and y=x"2: [_OM (x-x2)dx=1/2 -1/3=1/6. Question to try: Area between y=4-x"2 and x-axis. + Volumes of Revolution About x-axis tf y*2 dx. Example: y=Vx from 0 to 4, vol mJ_0"4 x dx=n| x*2/2 |_0*4=8n. Not bounded by axis? Like y=9-x"2 to y=5, vol mf ( (9-x"2)*2 -25 ) dx. Question to try: Volume revolve y=2x from 0 to 1 about x-axis. Now, onto Pure Mathematics 2, building on 1.2.1 Algebra + Absolute Value |x|, Graphs, Equations |x| = x if x20, -x if 3. Polynomial Division, Quotient, Remainder Divide like long division. x3 +2x2 -x -2 by x-1: Quotient x*2 +3x +2, rem 0. Degree <4. Example: By x*2+1, x"4 /x%2 =x2, ete. Question to try: Divide x"3 -3x +2 by x#1. + Factor and Remainder Theorems Factor: If f(a)=0, (x-a) factor. Remainder f(a) when divided by x-a. Example: f(x}=x%3-6x%2+11x-6, f(1)=0, factor (x-1). Question to try: Factor x*3 +3x42 -4 using theorem. 2.2 Logarithmic and Exponential Functions + Logs and Indices Relationship, Laws Log_b a = c means b*c=a. Laws: log(ab)=log a + log b, log(a/b)=I0g a - log b, log an =n log a. No change base. Example: Log 8 + log 2 = log 16=4 (base 2). Question to try: Simplify log( x*2/y ) + log y. + e*x and In x, Inverses, Graphs e=2.718, e*x grows fast, In x inverse (In(e*x)=x). Graph 4x exponential curve, In x slow increase for x>0. Example: e*{In 5}=5. Question to try: Solve In x =2. + Logs for Equations with Indices 2*x =8, log2 both x=3. Inequality 3*{2x}>9, 2x>2 log3 3=2, x>1. Example: 5“{x+1}=25, log5: x+1=2. Question to try: Solve 4*x = 2™{x+1}. + Logs to Linear Form y=k x*n, In y = In k +n Inx, plot In y vs In x, slope n. Example: y=2*3%x, In y= In2 + x In3, intercept In2. Question to try: Transform y=a b*x to linear in x, Iny. 2.3 Trigonometry + Sec, Csc, Cot and Graphs Sec=1/cos, csc=1/sin, cot=1/tan. Graphs: Sec has asymptoteswhere cos= . Example: Sec x at x=! Question to try: Sketch cot x for 0 to T. + Identities: Sec*2=1+tan“2, etc., Expansions Prove sec’2 - tan*2=1 from divide by cos*2. Sin(A+B)=sin A cos B + cos A sin B. Double: sin2A=2sinA cosA. R form: a sin@ + b cosO = R sin(6+a), R=/(a*2+b*2). Example: 3sin8 +4cos=5 sin(® + tan*{-1}(4/3)). Question to try: Simplify cos*2 @ - sin*2 6 using double angle. + Solving Using Identities Tan® - cot6=4, use cot=1/tan, let u=tan, u-1/u=4. Example: Seo*2 x - tan x =5, sec*2=1+tan*2, tan*2 - tan +1-5=0. Question to try: Solve sin2x = cos x for 0 to T. 2.4 Differentiation + Derivatives of e*x, In x, Trig d e*x = ex, d In x=1/x, d sin x=cos x, d cos=-sin, d tan=sec*2. Composites: d e*{3x}=3e"{3x}. Example: d (x In x)= In x +1. Question to try: Differentiate sin(In x). + Product and Quotient Rules uv' = u'v + uv’, (u/v)'=(u'v - uv')/v%2. Example: x sin x = sin x +x cos x. (sin x / x)= (x cos x - sin x)/x*2. Question to try: Differentiate (ex tan x). + Parametric or Implicit Differentiation Parametric: x=t"2, y=t*3, dy/dx=(dy/dt)/(dx/dt)= (3t*2)/(2t)= (3/2)t. Implicit: x*2 + y*2=1, 2x +2y y'=0, y'=-x/y. Example: e*{x+y} + y=0, (e*{x+y}(1+y')) + y'=0. Question to try: For x=cos t, y=sin t, find dy/dx. 2.5 Integration + Integrate e*{ax+b}, 1/(ax+b), Trig { e{ax+b} = (1/a) e“ax+b}. § 1/(ax+b)=(1/a) Inlax+bl.. §sin(ax+b)= -(1/a) cos(ax+b). Example: J cos(3x+1) dx= (1/3) sin(3x+1). Question to try: Integrate sec*2(2x). + Trig Relationships for Integration { sin”2 x = f (1-cos2x)/2 = x/2 - (1/4)sin2x. Example: cos*2(3x) dx using (1+cos6x)/2. Question to try: Integrate sin*2 x cos x (hint: let u=sin x). : Trapezium Rule Approximate J y dx = (h/2)(yO +2y1 +... +2y_{n-1} + yn), h interval Over/under? Depends on coneavity. Example: J_01x*2 dx, n=2, h=0.5, (0.5/2)(0 +2*0.25 +1)=0.375 (actual 1/3=0.333, over). Question to try: Approximate J_0*2 yx dx with n=2—is it over or under? 2.6 Numerical Solution of Equations + Locate Root Graphically or Sign Change f(x)=x*3 -2x -1=0, f(1)=-2<0, f(2)=3>0, root in (1,2). Example: Sketch or test. Question to try: Find interval for root of e*x -3x=0. + Sequence of Approximations Converges to root. Example: Iterative. Question to try: Describe convergence for x_{n+1}= (2 + x_n*{1/3})/2 or something—wait, reflect on idea. + Iterative Formulas x_{n+1}=F(x_n) For x*3 -2x-1=0, rearrange x=(x3-1)/2, iterate from guess. Converge if |F'|<1 near root. Example: Start x0=1, x1=(1-1)/2=0, ete.—may not. Better rearrange. Question to try: Use iteration x_{n+1}= y(2x_n +1) from x=1 for x42 -2x -150, 3 steps to 0.001 accuracy. Finally, Mechanics (Paper 4). 4.1 Forces and Equilibrium + Identify Forces Gravity, normal, friction, tension. Diagram key. Example: Book on table:Weignt down, normal up. Question to try: Forces on a ball thrown up’? - Vector Nature, Components, Resultants Force as arrow: Magnitude, direction. Component Fx=F cos®, Fy=F sin@. Resultant sum vectors. Example: Two forces 3N east, 4N north: Resultant 5N NE. Question to try: Resolve 10N at 30° to x. + Equilibrium: Sum Forces Zero ZF=0. Example: Lamp hangin Components any direction=0. Question to try: Three forces in equilibrium: Find unknown. - Contact Forces: Normal, Frictional Normal perpendicular, friction parallel. Smooth: No friction. Question to try: On incline, what are components? + Limiting Friction FSyN, Coefficient Static us, kinetic y_k. F=N at limit. Example: Box on floor =0.5, N=100N, max F=50N. Question to try: When does block slide if u=0.4, incline 30°? + Newton's Third Law Action-reaction equal opposite. Example: Earth pulls apple, apple pulls Earth. Question to try: Forces between car and trailer? 4.2 Kinematics in Straight Line - Distance/Speed Scalar, Displacement/Velocity/Accel Vector Scalar magnitude, vector direction. Decel negative accel. Example: Car east 10m/s velocity +10, west -10. Question displacement -5m, velocity negative? - Graphs: Displacement-Time, Velocity-Time Area under v-t = displacement. Gradient s- . Example: Constant a, v-t line, area triangle. Question to try: From v-t graph linear 0 to 10m/s in 5s, find displacement. + Differentiation/Integration for Motion v=ds/dt, a=dv/dt. Ja dt=v, etc. Example: a=2t, , V=3t+5, find s. v=t*2 +c. Question to try: a=; + Constant Acceleration Formulas v=utat, s=ut + (1/2)at*2, v*2=u%2+2as. Example: -2, $=20. Question to try: Ball dropped, g=10, time to fall 20m? 4.3 Momentum + Linear Momentum p=mv, Vector One dimension. Example: 2kg at 3m/s=6kg m/s.(Wuestion to try: Unange in p it v couples. « Conservation in Collisions Total p before=after. Inelastic coalesce. Example: 2kg 3m/s hits 3kg rest, stick: (2*3)/(5)=1.2m/s. Question to try: 1kg 4m/s hits 1kg -2m/s, coalesce velocity? 4.4 Newton's Laws of Motion + Apply to Linear Motion F=ma. Include friction, tension. Example: Mass 5kg, F=10N, a=2m/s*2. Question to try: Net F=20N, m=4kg, a=? « Mass and Weight W=mg g=10. Weight down force. Example: 2kg weight 20N. Question to try: Acceleration if weight 50N, m=0kg. - Vertical or Inclined Motion On incline: mg sin@ down, friction oppose. Example: No friction, a=g sin@. Question to try: Block on 30° incline, g=10, a=? « Connected Particles Pulley: T same, a same if masses differ. Example: 5kg and 3kg, a= (5-3)g/(5+3)=2.5g/8. Question to try: Car 1000kg tows 500kg, accel 2m/s“2, tension? 4.5 Energy, Work, Power + Work W=F d cos@ If parallel cos0=1. Example: 10N push 5m, W=50J. Question to try: F=5N at 60° to displacement 4m, W=? + KE= (1/2)mv’2, PE=mgh Kinetic motion, potential height. Example: 2kg at 3m/s KE=9J. Question to try: PE gain climb 10m, m=50kg g=10. - Conservation of Energy Work by external = Aenergy. Total conserved if no non- conservative. Example: Fall from h, mgh=(1/2)mv42, v=y(2gh). Question to try: Ball drops 5m, speed at bottom g=10. + Power P= dW/dt = F v If constant. Example: 100N at 2m/s=200W. Average W/t. Question to try: Car 5000W, v=10m/s, force=? + Problems with Acceleration, Resistance Example: Hill, net F= ma, power=Fv. Question to try: Car up hill against 200N resist, m=800kg a=1m/s*2, power at v=5m/s? Whew, we've covered a lot! How do these concepts connect in your mind now? Which oneSparkeg tne most curosity ¢ Iry tne quesuons, reriect on your answers, ana iT you a 11Ke, share your thoughts for further guidance. You're making great progress—keep questioning!