Wireless Communication and Networks 1
Assignment CLO3
Cellular Communication Fundamentals
Q No 1:
With reference to cellular communications, differentiate between the following:
i. Cell and Cluster
ii. Co-channel interference and Adjacent channel interference
iii. Sectorization and Cell-splitting
Draw figures to explain the answer.
Q No 2:
Prove the following relations:
i. 𝑑 = √3 𝑅
𝐷
ii. 𝑅
= 𝑞 = √3𝑁
Where d = Distance between centers of two adjacent cells
R = Radius of a Hexagon
D = Distance between centers of two co-channel cells
q = Re-use ratio
N = Cluster size
Q No 3:
Considering the omni-directional antenna arrangement, how received signal-to-interference
𝑆
ratio ( ) at the desired mobile receiver is related to the (i) Re-use ratio (q) (ii) Cluster size (N), given
𝐼
the pathloss exponent 𝛾.
Q No 4:
A TDMA-based system, shown in the Figure: Q4, has a total bandwidth of 12.5MHz and contains 20
control channels with equal channel spacing of 30 kHz. Here, the area of each cell is equal to 8km2,
and cells are required to cover a total area of 3600km2. Calculate the following:
i. Number of traffic channels/cell
ii. Reuse distance
Figure: Q4
(Answers: (i) 44 (ii) 9.12 Km )
Q No 5:
For the cell pattern, given in Figure Q5:
i. Find the reuse distance if the radius of each cell is 2 km.
ii. If each channel is multiplexed among 8 users, how many calls can be simultaneously
processed by each cell if only 10 channels per cell are reserved for control, assuming a total
bandwidth of 30MHz is available and each simplex channel consists of 25 kHz?
Department of Electrical Engineering – FEC, NUML - Islamabad
Wireless Communication and Networks 2
iii. If each user keeps a traffic channel busy for an average of 5% time and an average of 60
requests per hour are generated, what is the Erlang value.
Figure: Q5
(Answers: (i) 12 Km (ii) 40 channels per cell, 320 calls per cell (iii) offered traffic load = 3
Erlangs)
Q No 6:
Consider a cellular system with 395 total allocated voice channel frequencies. If the traffic is uniform
with an average call holding time of 120 seconds and the call blocking during the system busy hour
is 5%, calculate:
i. The number of calls per cell site per hour (i.e., call capacity of cell)
ii. Mean S/I ratio for cell reuse factor equal to 4, 7, and 12
Assume omnidirectional antennas with six interferers in the first tier and a slope for path loss of 𝛾 =
3.5.
Answers:
N=4 N=7 N = 12
(i) No. of calls per hr. per cell 2685 calls/hr/cell 1440 calls/hr/cell 790 calls/hr/cell
(ii) Mean S/I 11.11 dB 15.36 dB 19.45 dB
Q No 7:
Consider a GSM system with a one-way spectrum of 12.5 MHz and channel spacing of 200 kHz. There
are three control channels per cell, and GSM uses eight voice channels per RF channel. The traffic is
uniform with the average call holding time of 120 seconds, and call blocking during the system's busy
hour is 3%.
Calculate:
a. The calls per hour per cell site
b. The mean S/I ratio
c. The spectral efficiency in Erlang/km2/MHz
For a cell reuse factor of N = 4, 7, and 12, respectively, and for omnidirectional 1200 and 600 antenna
systems, calculate the call capacity. Assume that there are 10 mobiles/km2, with each mobile
generating traffic of 0.02 Erlangs. The slope of path loss is 𝜸 = 𝟒𝟎 dB per decade. The mean S/I ratio
is given as:
𝑆
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝛾 10 log (√3𝑁) − 10log (𝑚)
𝐼
Where m = number of interferers in first tier
Answers:
Reuse factor N=4 N=7 N = 12
sectorization Omni 1200 600 Omni 1200 600 Omni 1200 600
(i) No. of calls per hr. 3277 2912 2436 1726 1454 1100 915 694 421
per cell site
(ii) Mean S/I in dB 13.82 18.59 21.6 18.66 23.43 26.44 23.35 28.12 31.13
(iii) spectral efficiency 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016
in Erlang/km2/MHz
Department of Electrical Engineering – FEC, NUML - Islamabad
Wireless Communication and Networks 3
Q No 8:
Consider that you have been hired by a cellular company looking to extend its cellular services in a
new city covering an area of 400 sq.km, such that the length of one side of a cell is 1500m. The one-
sided system bandwidth is 25 MHz with 150 kHz Channel spacing.
a. Find the area of the cell?
b. How many times does the cluster size have to be replicated to cover the entire cellular area?
c. Calculate the total no. of voice channels in one sector if there are 42 control channels per
cluster and each RF channel is to be time shared among 6 users.
𝑆
d. Find the mean ( )𝑑𝐵 , considering pathloss exponent = 3.5
𝐼
e. The traffic is uniform with an average call holding time of 100 sec, and call blocking during
the system busy hour is 2 %. Calculate the calls per hour per cell site and spectral efficiency
Use (i) N = 4, 60o sectorization
(ii) N = 7, 120o sectorization
Answers:
(i) N = 4, 60o sectorization (ii) N = 7, 120o sectorization
a. 5.85 sq. km 5.85 sq. km
b. 17 times 10 times
c. 40 VC per sector 46 VC per sector
d. 18.9dB 20.13dB
e. 6560 calls/hr/cell 3867 calls/hr/cell
1.24 Erlangs/hr/MHz 0.734 Erlangs/hr/MHz
Department of Electrical Engineering – FEC, NUML - Islamabad
