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Table of Contents
For Microsoft Accounts (Online Recovery)
For Local Accounts (Offline Recovery)
1. Use Another Administrator Account

2. Use a Password Reset Disk (If Created Before)

3. Safe Mode & Hidden Administrator Account

4. Windows Installation Disk (Command Prompt Method)

5. Third-Party Password Reset Tools

Preventive Measures for Future

1. User Management
2. File & Directory Management
3. Disk & Storage Management
4. Process Management
5. Networking
6. Package Management
Debian-based (Ubuntu, Debian)

RHEL-based (CentOS, Fedora)

Universal (Arch, Manjaro)

7. System Monitoring & Logs

8. Service & System Management
9. File Permissions & Ownership
10. SSH & Remote Access
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pasword recovery techniques in window

If you've lost or forgotten your Windows password, there are several techniques you can use to
recover or reset it. The method depends on whether you have a Microsoft account or a local account.

For Microsoft Accounts (Online Recovery)

If you use a Microsoft account to sign in to Windows, follow these steps:

1. Go to the Microsoft Password Reset Page

Visit Microsoft's password reset page.

Choose "I forgot my password" and click Next.

Enter your Microsoft email, phone, or Skype name and verify your identity.

Follow the instructions to reset your password.

2. Use a Recovery Email or Phone Number

If you have a recovery option set up, Microsoft will send a verification code.

Enter the code and create a new password.

For Local Accounts (Offline Recovery)

If you're using a local account (not linked to a Microsoft account), try these methods:

1. Use Another Administrator Account

If another user on your PC has administrator privileges, they can reset your password:

1. Log in to the admin account.

2. OpenControl Panel → User Accounts → Manage another account.

3. Select your account and choose Change the password.

2. Use a Password Reset Disk (If Created Before)

If you created a password reset disk earlier:

1. Insert the disk into the PC.

2. On the login screen, click Reset password.

3. Follow the wizard to reset your password.

3. Safe Mode & Hidden Administrator Account

Boot into Safe Mode with Command Prompt:

1. Restart your PC and press F8 (older versions) or boot from Windows Recovery.

2. Select Advanced Startup Options → Command Prompt.

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3. Type the following:

bash

net user Administrator /active:yes

4. Restart and log into the hidden Administrator account.

5. Open Command Prompt and reset your password:
sql

net user yourusername newpassword

4. Windows Installation Disk (Command Prompt Method)

If you have a Windows installation USB/DVD:

1. Boot from the installation media.

2. Click Repair your computer → Troubleshoot → Command Prompt.

3. Run these commands:

copy c:\windows\system32\utilman.exe c:\

copy c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe c:\windows\system32\utilman.exe

4. Restart and click Ease of Access (bottom-right).

5. In Command Prompt, reset the password:

sql

net user yourusername newpassword

6. Restore the original file:

copy c:\utilman.exe c:\windows\system32\utilman.exe

5. Third-Party Password Reset Tools

Some external tools can help reset Windows passwords:

Hiren's BootCD
Ophcrack (for older versions)
Offline NT Password & Registry Editor

Preventive Measures for Future

Set up a Microsoft account for easy recovery.
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Create apassword reset disk.
Enable Windows Hello (Face/Fingerprint login).

Use a password manager.

Would you like help with a specific method?

linux all management commands

Linux has a vast collection of management commands covering user management, file management,
process control, networking, system monitoring, and more. Below is a categorized list of essential
Linux management commands.

1. User Management
Command Description

whoami Shows the current logged-in user.

who Lists all logged-in users.

id Displays user ID (UID) and group ID (GID).

adduser username Adds a new user.

userdel username Deletes a user.

usermod -aG groupname username Adds a user to a group.

passwd username Changes the password for a user.

groupadd groupname Creates a new group.

groupdel groupname Deletes a group.

2. File & Directory Management

Command Description

ls Lists files in a directory.

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Command Description

cd directory Changes to a specified directory.

pwd Displays the current directory.

mkdir directory Creates a new directory.

rm file Deletes a file.

rm -r directory Deletes a directory and its contents.

cp source destination Copies a file or directory.

mv oldname newname Renames or moves a file.

find /path -name filename Searches for a file by name.

locate filename Quickly searches for a file using a pre-built index.

3. Disk & Storage Management

Command Description

df -h Shows disk usage in human-readable format.

du -sh directory Displays directory size.

mount /dev/sdX /mnt Mounts a device to a directory.

umount /mnt Unmounts a device.

fdisk -l Lists partitions.

mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX Formats a partition as ext4.

blkid Displays information about block devices.

4. Process Management
Command Description

ps aux Displays running processes.

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Command Description

top Shows real-time system stats and processes.

htop Interactive process monitoring tool (install if not available).

kill PID Terminates a process by ID.

killall processname Terminates all processes with the given name.

nice -n priority command Starts a process with a specific priority.

renice priority -p PID Changes priority of an existing process.

5. Networking
Command Description

ip a Shows network interfaces and IP addresses.

ifconfig Displays network configuration (deprecated, use ip a ).

ping domain.com Checks connectivity to a domain/IP.

traceroute domain.com Shows the route packets take to a host.

netstat -tulnp Lists open ports and services.

ss -tulnp Alternative to netstat (modern Linux).

wget url Downloads a file from the internet.

curl -O url Downloads a file using curl .

scp file user@remote:/path Securely copies files over SSH.

6. Package Management
Debian-based (Ubuntu, Debian)
Command Description

apt update Updates package lists.

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Command Description

apt upgrade Upgrades all installed packages.

apt install package Installs a package.

apt remove package Removes a package.

RHEL-based (CentOS, Fedora)

Command Description

yum update Updates all packages.

yum install package Installs a package.

yum remove package Removes a package.

Universal (Arch, Manjaro)

Command Description

pacman -Syu Updates system (Arch).

pacman -S package Installs a package (Arch).

7. System Monitoring & Logs

Command Description

uptime Shows system uptime.

free -h Displays memory usage.

vmstat Shows system performance.

dmesg Displays system boot logs.

journalctl -xe Shows system logs.

cat /var/log/syslog Displays system logs (Debian).

cat /var/log/messages Displays system logs (RHEL).

8. Service & System Management
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Command Description

systemctl status service Checks the status of a service.

systemctl start service Starts a service.

systemctl stop service Stops a service.

systemctl restart service Restarts a service.

systemctl enable service Enables a service to start at boot.

systemctl disable service Disables a service at boot.

shutdown -h now Shuts down the system immediately.

reboot Reboots the system.

9. File Permissions & Ownership

Command Description

ls -l Lists files with permissions.

chmod 755 filename Changes file permissions.

chown user:group filename Changes file ownership.

umask 022 Sets default permissions for new files.

10. SSH & Remote Access

Command Description

ssh user@host Connects to a remote server via SSH.

scp file user@remote:/path Copies files to a remote system.

rsync -avz source destination Synchronizes files between systems.

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These commands cover most essential Linux management tasks. Let me know if you need details on a
specific category! 🚀