Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.

Khalaf
Basrah University
College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department

Second Year
Second Semester

Chapter Two

Simultaneous Material and

Energy Balances

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
- Introduction:
Material and energy balances are very important in the chemical industries. Material
quantities can be described by material balances. Similarly, energy quantities can be
described by energy balances. If there is no accumulation, what goes into a process
must come out. Material and energy balances are fundamental to the control of
processing, particularly in the control of yields of the products. The important thing
in simultaneous material and energy balances is to find the composition, mass
flow rate, and temperature for each stream in the process.

2-General Definitions:
 Conversion:

Generally, syntheses of chemical products do not involve a single reaction but rather
multiple reactions. The purpose, in this case, is to maximize the production of the
desirable product and minimize the production of unwanted by-products. Conversion
is the ratio of the moles that react to themoles that are fed to a reactor. Relative to
species (i), the fractional conversion can be calculated using the following equation:
Fractional conversion of component i

 Yield:

The yield of a reaction is the ratio of the desired product formed (in moles) to the
total amount that could have been produced if conversion of the limiting reactant was
complete (i.e., 100%) and no side reactions occurred.

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
 Selectivity:

The selectivity of a reaction is the ratio of the desired product formed (in moles) to
the undesired product formed (in moles):

 Extent of Reaction (ξ)

The concept of extent of reaction can also be applied to multiple reactions, with each
reaction having its own extent. The extent of reaction is the amount in moles (or
molar flow rate) that is converted in a given reaction. If a set of reactions take place
in a batch or continuous steady-state reactor, we can write

3-Material and Energy Balances:

There are frequently used definitions that should be known when solving material
and energy balance problems involving chemical reactions. As the definitions include
conversion, yield, selectivity, and extent of reaction, these are briefly explained in
subsequent sections. The general material balance equation takes the form.

Accumulation = (in − out) + (generation – consumption)

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
The general energy balance equation for an open system at steady state is as follows:

Example 1: Production of Ethylene

The feed stream contains 85.0 mol% ethane (C2H6), and the balance is inert (I). The
fractional conversion of ethane is 0.5, and the fractional yield of ethylene (C2H4) is
0.40. Calculate the molar composition of the product gas and the selectivity of
ethylene for methane production.The following two multiple reactions take place in a
continuous reactor at steady state:

Solution

Assume the extent of reaction for each reaction, namely, ξ1 for the first reaction and ξ2
for the second reaction. For simplicity, you may assign symbols for the components
involved in the reaction.

Basis: 100 mol of feed.

The primary reaction: C2H6 → C2H4 + H2 ξ1

The secondary reaction: C2H6 + H2 → 2CH4 ξ2
The process flow sheet is

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
Component mole balance equations using the extent of reaction method approach:

The yield of ethylene (C2H4) equals the number of moles of the desired component
produced to the number of moles produced of the same component, if there were no
side reactions and the reactant is completely used up

The number of moles of ethylene in the exit stream is nC2H4=34 mol

Substitute nC2H4 in Equation 5.2 to determine ξ1:

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

Example 2: Methane Oxidization

Methane and oxygen at 25°C are fed to a continuous reactor in stoichiometric

amounts according to the following reaction to produce formaldehyde:

In a side reaction, methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water:

The product gases emerge at 400°C, and the number of moles of CO2 in the effluent
gases is 0.15, and there is no remaining O2 found in the effluent gases stream.
Determine the composition of effluent gas per mole of CH4 fed to the reactor.
Determine the amount of heat removed from the reactor per mole of CH4 fed to the
reactor.

Solution

The process flow sheet is shown below

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

Example 3: Methanol Combustion

Methanol (CH3OH) at 240 mol/min and oxygen (O2) at a rate of 240 mol/min are fed
to an isothermal reactor operating at 25°C. The reactor operates at steady state. Two
reactions take place

The flow rate out of the reactor is520 mol/min. No oxygen was found in the reactor
product stream. Determine the heat that must be withdrawn to keep the reactor at
constant temperature. Determine the fractional conversion of methanol. Determine
the selectivity for the conversion of methanol to formic acid.
Solution
The process flowchart is shown below

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
Example 4:
Methane gas is burned completely with 20% excess air in a furnace operating at one
atmosphere. Both the methane and air enter the furnace at 30ºC saturated with water
vapor.
The flue gas (furnace exhaust) leaves the furnace at 1300ºC. The flue gas then passes
through a heat exchanger and emerges at 50ºC. On the basis of one mole of methane,
how much heat is lost from the furnace, and how much heat is transferred in the heat
exchanger?

Furnace:
The reaction occurring in the furnace is:
CH4 + 2 O2 →CO2 + 2 H2O
On the basis of 1 mole per unit time of methane in the feed stream, we calculate the
molar flow rate of the components in the feed stream (stream 1) : n11 = 1 mole

The stoichiometric amount of O2 is 2 mole. We use 20% excess. Therefore,

n21 = 2 * (1+0.2) = 2.4 mole
The ratio of N2 to O2 in air is 79:21. Therefore,
n31 = 2.4 * 79 / 21 = 9.03 mol
The feed stream is saturated with water vapor. Therefore, the partial pressure of water
in the feed stream equals the vapor (saturated) pressure of water.
p4 = p4sat
We can get the saturation pressure of water from the steam tables at 30 °C
p4sat = 4.241 kPa = p4
We know that the partial pressure equals the mole fraction multiplied by the total
pressure. p4 = x41 P
Assuming that the furnace operates at 1 bar, we get
x41 = 4.241 / 100 = 0.04241
Now, can calculate the amount of water in stream 1.

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

Subtracting the numerator from the denominator on both sides (math trick), we get

Therefore,
n41 = 0.04241 * (1 + 2.4 + 9.03) / (1 – 0.04241) = 0.551 mole
N1 total=1+2.4+9.03+0.551=12.981 mole

Now, we calculate the molar flow rates of the product stream. Since the reaction goes
to completion ξ = 1 mole:

n12 = n11 + n1 ξ = 1 + (-1) 1 = 0 mole

n22 = 2.4 + (-2) 1 = 0.4 mole
n32 = 9.03 mole
n42 = 0.551 + (2) 1 = 2.551 mole
n52 = 0 + (1) 1 = 1 mole
-------------------------------------------
N2 total = 0.4 + 9.03 + 2.551 + 1 = 12.981 mole

With the usual assumptions that the kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible and the fact that there is no shaft work, the overall energy balance for the
process reduces to ∆H = Q (Q is heat transferred to the system). Since H is a state
function, we use a path that simplifies the calculations as shown.

The heat of reaction can be calculated from the heats of formation. Heats of
formations at standard conditions and 298 K
CH4 : -74,520 J/mol
CO2 : -393,509 J/mol
H2O (g): -241,818 J/mol

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

Therefore, ∆Hr (298) = -393,509 + (2) (-241,818) – (-74,520) = -802,625 J/mol

Reference temperature: 25°C

Energy balance (Heat of reaction method)

Heat Capacity Coefficients for the Expansion: Cp, = a + b T + c T2+ d T3 from

300 to 1800 K.

Therefore

Q = ∆H = -222,640 J (negative because heat is transferred from the system)

Heat Exchanger:

Since there is no reaction occurring in the heat exchanger, we know that the molar
flow rates in stream 2 equals those in stream 3. However, it is important to realize
that at 50 °C some of the water might condense.
To check for that, we refer to the vapor pressure of water at 50 °C from the stream
tables

p4sat = 12.34 kPa

The mole fraction of water vapor is:

Y43=(p4sat/pt) = (12.34/100) = 0.1234
The total dry molar flow rate is
(12.981 – 2.551 = 10.43 mole). To get the amount of water vapor, we use the
following ratio
nv43 / N3dry = xv43 / (1 - xv43)
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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
Therefore,
nv43 = 0.1234 * 10.43 / (1 – 0.1234) = 1.468 mole
The amount of water condensed
nl43 = 2.551 – 1.468 = 1.083 mole

To get the enthalpy change, we follow the following path.

Cp for gas mixture = 1709.41(J/mol.K)

Therefore,
∆H1 = 1709.41(J/mol.K) *12.981 mol (323 – 1573) K= -571949 J
∆H2 = nl43 {Hl(323 K, 1 bar) – Hv(323 K, 1 bar)}

If we make the assumptions that the enthalpy of liquid is not a function of pressure (a
good assumption) and that water vapor at 1 bar behaves as an ideal gas (i.e. its
enthalpy is not a function of pressure either), we can use the heat of vaporization at
323 K and any pressure.
Therefore, we use the saturated steam tables to get the heat of vaporization at 323 K =
2592.2 kJ/kg. Therefore,
∆H2 = 1.083 mole * 18 g /1 mole * (-2592.2 J/g) = -50532 J
Therefore,
Q2 = -571949 – 50532 = -622481 J

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
Example 5:
Hydrogen can be produced by steam-methane reforming. The feed to this process is
heated to a temperature of 450 °C before entering the reaction chamber. What is the
required flow rate of each gas if the heater consumes 2.5 kW of power to bring the
reaction gases to the operation conditions? The feed to the reaction chamber contains
a steam/methane molar ratio of 3.

Solution
The energy equation is given by:

The changes in the kinetic and potential energies will be negligible since there is no
significant differences in the velocity and the height between the inlet and outlet
streams.
Since there are no mechanical parts moving in the heater, the shaft work will be also
neglected. Thus, the equation is reduced to:
Q = ∆H
The change in enthalpy for this process will be given by:

Substituting this equation into the energy balance equation yields:

For the steam-methane reforming process, the ratio of the number of moles of steam
to the number of moles of methane is equal to 3. This can be described by the
following equation:

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
This equation can be used to determine the molar flow rate of the mixed gases exiting
the heater:

Substituting the last two equations in the general energy equation applied for this
problem gives:

Q = 4nCH4,inHˆmix − (3nCH4,in HˆH2O,in + nCH4,in HˆCH4,in )

Another quantity that remains unknown in this equation is the enthalpy of the mixture
exiting the heater Hmix , which can be calculated as follows:

Solving for the molar fraction of methane yCH4, we get:

yCH4 =0.25
and the molar fraction of water can be obtained by substituting the molar fraction into
the equation for the sum of the molar fractions:

yH20 =0.75

Now the enthalpy of the mixture can be calculated by substituting the molar fractions
and enthalpies of methane and water to yield:

=0.25*26.393+0.75*60.587= 52.038 kJ /mol

Substituting the known enthalpies and the consumed power into the energy balance
equation allows us to solve for the molar flow rate of methane being fed to the heater:

2.5 kW=4nCH4,in*52.038-(3nCH4,in *40.571+nCH4,in*14.551)

nCH4,in= 0.0347 mol/sec =125.194 mol/hr

Recalling the molar ratio of the components in the process:

nCH4,in = 3*125.194 = 375.584 mol/hr

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
Example 6:
Synthesis gas is produced in a central-scale coal gasification process at a pressure of
27 bar and a temperature of 260 °F. This syngas stream will be mixed with steam
before entering a shift reactor to further produce hydrogen. A diagram of this process
is shown in the figure:
Determine the unknown flow rates for the mixer operating at adiabatic conditions.

We can start by writing an overall material balance on the system:

Input = Output

There is no information given in the problem statement about the composition of the
stream but the enthalpies given in the process diagram can be used to perform an
energy balance on the system:

The following assumptions can be done for the process described in the problem
statement:
Q = 0 (adiabatic system)
WS = 0 (the streams are just being added but there are no mechanical parts moving)
∆EP = 0 _ (there are no significant height differences)
∆EK = 0 _ (the velocity gradients between the input and output streams is negligible)
Thus, the energy equation will be given by:
∆H = 0
The change in the enthalpy for this system will be given by:

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

Writing this equation in terms of the variables in this problem yields:

∆H=n3 H3 –(n1H1+n2H2)

Now we have both the energy and material balance equations, which can be solved
simultaneously to determine the flow rates n2 and n3. Solving for n2 from the overall
material balance, we get:
n2=n3-n1
Substituting this equation into the energy balance equation gives:

n3H3-[n1H1+(n3-n1) H2] =0

We can enter the quantities for all known variables in this equation to get:

n3*41.698- [8.3 106*63.501+(n3-8.3 106) *18.344] =0

n3= mol/hr

Now the value of the flow rate n3 can be substituted into the material balance
equation to yield:

n2=n3-8.3 106= mol/hr

Also see example 7.6-3

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
Example 7:

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
Homework Problems:
1- A quantity of 100 mol/h acetylene (C2H2) is mixed with 2000 mol/hair (79 mol%
N2, 21 mol% O2) and the mixture (at 298 K and 1 atm) fed to a reactor, where
complete combustion takes place. The reactor is equipped with cooling tubes. The
combustion mixture leaving the reactor is at 1000 K and 1 atm. Draw and label the
process flowchart. How much heat (kJ/h) was removed in the reactor? (−82,370 kJ/h)
Suppose the coolant supply was suddenly shut off. What reactor outlet temperature
would be reached?

Assume these values to be constant and independent of temperature

2- Ethanol (C2H5OH) is dehydrogenated in a catalytic reactor to

acetaldehyde(CH3CHO), with hydrogen (H2) as a by-product. In an existingprocess,
100 mol/min liquid ethanol at 25°C and 1 atm pressure is firstheated to 300°C in a
heat exchanger, and then fed to the reactor. Onehundred percent of the ethanol is
converted to products, and the productstream leaves the reactor at 300°C and 1 atm
(760 mmHg). The productstream leaving the reactor is cooled to −15°C, and sent to a
flash drum, where vapor and liquid streams are separated.
-How much heat must be supplied to the first heat exchanger? (6400 kJ/min)
- How much heat must be supplied to or removed from (state whichone) the reactor in
order to maintain a constant temperature of 300°C? (7100 kJ/min)
What are the flow rates of the vapor and liquid streams leaving the flash drum? (126
mol/min, 74 mol/min)

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

3- Cumene (C9H12) is synthesized from propylene (C3H6) and benzene(C6H6).

Unfortunately, a side reaction also occurs, in which diisopropylbenzene(C12H18) is
generated by reaction of propylene withcumene. The two balanced reactions are

A block flow diagram for the cumene manufacturing process is shownin Problem
Figure. A quantity of 100 kmol/h of a gas containing95 mol% Propylene and 5 mol%
Inert is mixed with 80 kmol/hbenzene plus a recycle stream. The mixer outlet is fed
to a reactor.

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf
The fractional conversions achieved in the reactor based on the reactorfeed stream
are: the fractional conversion of benzene is 0.9 and thefractional conversion of
propylene is 0.7. The reactor outlet is sent to aseparator, where all of the propylene,
all of the Inert, and 10% of thebenzene are recovered in stream 6, and the remaining
benzene andall of the cumene and di-isopropyl benzene are recovered as
bottomproduct. Stream 6 is sent to a splitter. Eighty-five percent of the splitterfeed is
recycled to the mixer and the remainder is purged. Calculatethe following:
(a) Flow rates of propylene and benzene (kmol/h) in stream 3. (80.7 kmol/h)
(b) Mol% Inert in purge stream. (46%)
(c) Selectivity for converting benzene to cumene achieved by theoverall process.
(0.77)

4-A fresh feed stream contains 5% inert (propane) and 95% propylene. The fresh feed
of propylene and inert (propane) is mixed with210 mol/h carbon dioxide and same
amount of hydrogen. At your reactor conditions, propane (I) is an inert, and it is too
expensive to separate propane from propylene, so you decide to install a purge
stream. The single-pass conversion of propylene in the reactor is 0.3. The production
rate of butanol is 180 kmol/h. An overall conversion of 0.90 can be achieved. The
purge stream is necessary to avoid inert accumulation in the process.
Calculate the flow rate of the contaminated propylene stream to the process.
(210.5 kmol/h)

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Chemical Engineering Principles - Second Year Dr. Ali.N.Khalaf

5-Steam flowing at a mass flow rate of 1500 kg/h, a pressure of 20 bar, and 350°C is
fed to a turbine that operates adiabatically and at steady state. The steam leaves the
turbine at 1.0 bar and 150°C and is cooled in a heat exchanger to a saturated liquid.
Draw and label the process flow diagram.
How much work (kJ/h) is extracted in the turbine? (541,650 kW)
How much heat (kJ/h) is removed in the heat exchanger? (−3.54 × 106 kJ/h)

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 Materials and Energy Balance on Distillation Column
A mixture that contains 65 mol% benzene and rest toluene is separated in a continuous distillation
column at 1 atmospheric pressure. A flow chart of the operation is given below. The feed enters
the distillation column at 25oC and at 1000 mol/h. The column overhead is a mixture of benzene
at 1250 mol/h and toluene at 80 mol/h. Half of the condensate is withdrawn as the overhead
product, and the remainder is refluxed back to the column. The liquid leaving the bottom of
the column goes into a steam-heated reboiler, in which it is partially vaporized. The vapor is
returned to the column at 100oC, and the residual liquid, also at 100oC, constitutes the bottoms
product. All the physical properties of the components can be found in the Tables link,

Calculate the followings:

(a) The flow rates and compositions of the product streams;
(b) The net heat requirement for the process (neglect heat of mixing) in kW;
(c) The heat removal from the condenser, Qc in kW; and
(d) The required heat input to the reboiler, Qr in kW

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 Solution Steps:
1. Do the material balance first, answer question (a) and complete the flow chart with the
flow rates of the components for the product streams.
2. Gather all thermodynamic data from Tables B1 and B2 from your textbook or from the
Tables link.
3. Construct an energy balance table with an appropriate reference temperature for parts (b)
and (c).
4. Fill up all the unknowns in the above table.
5. Calculate parts (b), (c) and (d)

Part (a): Material Balance

V top= 1250 mol/hr of B+80 mol/h of T=1330 mol/h
Y B= 1250/1330=0.94 YT= 80/1330=0.06
For total condenser the liquid condensate has the same composition for overhead vapor:
Xd= Yvapor
The liquid condensate stream flow rate = 1330 mol/hr
XD benzene= 0.94
XD toluene = 0.06

Since half of the condensate is withdrawn as the overhead product, and the remainder is
refluxed back to the column

The overhead product D= 0.5*1330=665 mol/hr

B = 0.94*665= 625.1 mol/h

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 T = 0.06*665= 39.9 mol/h

The inlet stream to the distillation column has a flow rate of 1000 mol/h with 65 mol% benzene,
i.e., 650 mol/h of benzene.
Therefore, toluene flow rate in the inlet stream is 1000-650 = 350 mol/h.

Now, when we do an overall material balance on the distillation column, we find the flow rate of
the bottoms: B = 650-625.1= 24.9 mol/h and T = 350-39.9=310.1mol/h

Answers to Part (a):

Component Feed Feed Top product Bottoms
Rate Comp. Rate Comp. Rate Comp.
mol/h mol% mol/h mol% mol/h mol%
Benzene 650 0.65 625.1 0.94 24.9 0.074
Toluene 350 0.35 39.9 0.06 310.1 0.926
Total 1000 1 665 1 335 1

Table 1: Thermodynamic Data required for Calculations

Component State of Boiling ΔHv, Heat capacities [Units]

aggregation Point, Tb, kJ/mol
o
C
Benzene Liquid 80 45.63 133 J/mol.k

Vapor 80 45.63 -33.917+0.0474 T J/mol.k

Toluene Liquid 110.6 33.8 181.6 J/mol.k

Vapor 110.6 33.8 -24.3 +0.0512 T J/mol.k

Part (b): Overall Heat Requirement

Table 2: Energy Balance Table for Part (b)

Reference: Benzene and Toluene liquids at 250C

Component nin, mol/h Hin, kJ/mol nout, mol/h Hout, kJ/mol
o
Benzene (l, 25 C)
Toluene (l, 25oC)
Benzene (l, 75oC)
Toluene (l, 75oC)
Benzene (l, 100oC)
Toluene (l, 100oC) - - 310 12.7

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𝑯 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 = ∑ 𝒏𝒊 ∗ 𝑯𝒊 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝑯 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒆 ∗ ∫ 𝑪𝑷𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒆 𝒅𝑻 + 𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒆 ∫ 𝑪𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒏𝒆 𝒅𝑻
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓

𝑯 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝟎 + 𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒉
𝟕𝟓 𝟕𝟓
𝑯 𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = 𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒆 ∗ ∫ 𝑪𝑷𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒆.𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒅𝑻 + 𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒆 ∫ 𝑪𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒏𝒆.𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒅𝑻
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝟕𝟓
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑱 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟕𝟓 𝑱
𝑯 𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓. 𝟏 ∗ ∫ 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝑻 + 𝟑𝟗. 𝟗 ∫ 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟔 𝒅𝑻
𝒉𝒓 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 . 𝑲 𝒉𝒓 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍. 𝑲
𝑯 𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟑𝟑 ∗ (𝟑𝟒𝟖 − 𝟐𝟗𝟖 + 𝟑𝟗. 𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟖𝟏 ∗ (𝟑𝟒𝟖 − 𝟐𝟗𝟖)
𝑱 𝑱 𝑱
𝑯 𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟓 + 𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓 = 𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟎
𝒉 𝒉 𝒉
𝒌𝑱
𝑯 𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = 𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏
𝒉
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑯 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = 𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒆 ∗ ∫ 𝑪𝑷𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒆.𝒃𝒐𝒕 𝒅𝑻 + 𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒆 ∫ 𝑪𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒏𝒆.𝒃𝒐𝒕 𝒅𝑻
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑱 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑱
𝑯 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟗 ∗ ∫ 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝑻 + 𝟑𝟏𝟎. 𝟏 ∫ 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟔 𝒅𝑻
𝒉𝒓 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 . 𝑲 𝒉𝒓 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍. 𝑲

𝒌𝑱
𝑯 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = 𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟏. 𝟗𝟒
𝒉
The open-system energy balance equation is given as follows:
H + Ek + Ep = Q + Ws

4
Heat in = heat out
H feed +Q reboiler=H top+H bottom+Q condenser
H top+H bottom – H feed = Q reboiler – Q condenser = Q NET
Since kinetic energy, potential energy and the work done are negligible,
QNET = H =  ni H i −  ni H i
out in

Q reboiler – Q condenser = Q NET = 𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟏 + 𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟏. 𝟗𝟒 − 𝟎

Qnet = 8989.95 kJ/hr

Part (c): Heat Removal for the Condenser
Energy balance on total condenser
Q=ΔH
ΔH=Hout –H in= H condensate – H overhead vapor
Condensate(Liquid) at T= 75 C
Overhead vapor at T=80 C
Mixture Boiling Point = ∑ 𝒙𝒊 ∗ 𝑻𝒃𝒐𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒 ∗ 𝟖𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟔 =
𝟖𝟏. 𝟖𝟑𝟔 𝑪
Mixture Latent heat of vaporization=∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∗ ΔH𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝑖 = 0.94 ∗ 45.63 + 0.06 ∗ 33.8

5
Mixture Latent heat of vaporization=44.92 J/mol.K
Liquid condensate heat capacity =∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝐶𝑃𝑖
= 0.94*133+0.06*181.6
= 135.91 J/mol.K
Vapor mixture heat capacity = ∑ 𝑦𝑖 ∗ 𝐶𝑃𝑖
= 0.94*(-33.917+0.0474 T ) + 0.06*( -24.3 +0.0512 T)
=-31.875+0.0445T -1.458+0.00307 T
= -33.333+0.0475 T J/mol.K
𝑻𝒃𝒎𝒊𝒙 𝟖𝟓
𝑯𝒊𝒏 = 𝑯 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 = 𝒏 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 (∫𝟐𝟓 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒎𝒊𝒙 + 𝚫𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑.𝒎𝒊𝒙 + ∫𝑻𝒃 𝒎𝒊𝒙 𝑪𝒑𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒊𝒙 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐽 𝐽
𝐻𝑖𝑛 = 1333 ℎ
(135.91 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 ∗ (356.836 − 298) + 44.92 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 +
0.0475 𝐽
(358 2 2)
− 354.836 − 33.33 ∗ (385 − 354.36) 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 )
2
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐽
𝐻𝑖𝑛 = 1333 (7996.4 + 44.92 + 53.566 − 1021.23)
ℎ 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽
𝐻𝑖𝑛 = 9429181
ℎ
𝟕𝟓
𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑯 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 = 𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 ∫ 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑑𝑇
𝟐𝟓
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐽
= 1330 ∗ 135.91 ∗ (348 − 298)
ℎ 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽
𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 4519007
ℎ
Q = 4519007-9429181 = - 4910173 J/mol
Q=Qc = - 4910 kJ/hr
Part (d): Heat Input to the Reboiler
Q reboiler – Q condenser = Q NET
Qnet = 8989.95 kJ/hr

Q Reboiler = 8989.95-4910=4079.95 kJ/hr