NOTES ON WRITING 2

Các lưu ý:
KHÔNG:
- Văn phong: formal
- Tránh trường hợp giới tính
The doctors masks to keep themselves safe.
The president plays a very important role in his company.
Lấy ví dụ là danh từ số nhiều => his/her/he/she
Police
Chairman
Chair person
- Không viết tắt
don’t = do not
didn’t = did not
can’t = cannot
- Không dùng kinh nghiệm cá nhân/người thân
- Không dùng dấu …, :, etc. để liệt kê
…such as A, B,…
…such as A, B, etc….
…such as: A, B
..such as A, B, and C.
- Không dùng câu hỏi tu từ
- Không câu cảm thán

NHỚ:
- 4 đoạn, mỗi đoạn các nhau 1 dòng trống
- Phải viết outline 2 đoạn thân bài trước khi viết bài
- Mở bài phải trả lời rõ ràng câu hỏi ở đề bài
- 2 đoạn thân bài phải viết đúng bố cục
- Nên viết 280-300 từ
- Kiểm tra lỗi sau khi viết xong: Lỗi viết tắt, hoà hợp chủ ngữ - động từ, chia thì,
danh từ số ít/nhiều, chính tả…
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

*** Các cách phân loại chỉ là tương đối, giúp thuận tiện cho việc học bố cục/từ vựng

DISCUSSION ESSAYS
+ Discuss both views (and give your opinion?)
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE ESSAYS
+ What are the advantages and disadvantages (and give your opinions)?
+ Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
SOLUTION ESSAYS
+ What are the causes? What are the solutions?
+ What are the problems? What are the solutions?
OPINION ESSAYS
+ To what extent do you agree or disagree?
+ Do you agree (or disagree)?
+ What is your opinion?
DIRECT QUESTIONS ESSAYS
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

PARAGRAPH
1. Cấu trúc essay (task 2: >=250 từ, 40 phút)
Intro: 1 đoạn (2-3 câu)
Body: - Body 1: 1 đoạn (5-6 câu)
- Body 2: 1 đoạn (5-6 câu)
Conc.: 1 đoạn (1-2 câu)

2. Cấu trúc paraghaph

Topic sentence: ý chính của đoạn
Các câu supporting ideas: giải thích cho ý chính (giải thích, đưa dữ liệu, ví dụ…)
(1) Topic sentence (nêu P1+ P2)
(2) Point 1
(3) Explanation/Example 1
(4) Point 2
(5) Explanation/Example 2
(6) Link back to Topic (P1 + P2)

3. Các cách diễn đạt mối quan hệ của các câu trong 1 đoạn văn
3.1. Liên kết bằng từ nối
- Thêm thông tin mới: Moreover, Furthermore, In addition,
Additionally,
- Tương phản: However, Nevertheless
- Tương tự: Similarly, Likewise
- Kết quả: In other words, That is to say
- Ví dụ: For example, For instance, Take…as an example
- Dẫn nguồn: According to
3.2. Liên kết bằng đại từ
- This, that, it , they
- Các sắc thái có thể diễn đạt
+ Lý do: That is because..
+ Kết quả: By doing this, For this reason
+ Ý nghĩa: It means that…
4. Các bước viết 1 đoạn văn
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

1 đoạn 1 ý: giải thích, ví dụ

1 đoạn 2 ý: giải thích, ví dụ cho mỗi ý
1 đoạn 3 ý: giải thích, ví dụ ý cuối cùng

Cấu trúc đoạn 2 ý : PEEL (Point – Explanation – Example – Link)

S1: Topic sentence
S2: Idea 1
S3: Expalanation 1
S4: Idea 2
S5: Explanation/ Example 2
S6: Link back to the point: conclusion

5. Các bước luyện tập

Bước 1: Brainstorm (tìm ý tưởng) => 2 main ideas: những ý đơn giản nhất
Bước 2: Write 3 simple sentences (topic, idea 1, idea 2).
Câu topic có thể viết chung chung hoặc cụ thể.
Xác lập cặp từ nối để nối 2 main ideas.

Ý chính 1 Ý chính 2
On the one hand,… On the other hand,…
First, … Second, …
Firstly, … Secondly, …
For one thing, … For another thing, …
In terms of…., …. With regard(s) to…,…
One… Another…

Bước 3: Add 2 more sentences: Dùng mối quan hệ giữa các câu như kết quả, giải thích, ví
dụ, trích nguồn
Thêm luận điểm Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, Additionally, Besides
Tương phản However, Nevertheless, That said
Tương tự Similarly, Likewise
Therefore, As a result, Consequently, By doing this, That
Kết quả
way
Giải thích In other words, It means that
Ví dụ For example, For instance, Take…as an example
Trích nguồn According to

Bước 4: Expand the sentences: mở rộng câu thành câu phức như because, if, when, who,
which, and…
Bước 5: Upgrade vocabulary/grammar
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

DISCUSS BOTH VIEWS (AND GIVE YOUR OPINION)

Introduction:
- BOTH VIEWS: It is true that whether to … or … remains a controversial topic in
the field of .../ People have different views on ...
- BOTH VIEWS & YOUR OPINION: While it can be argued that …, I would
maintain that …/ While there are some benefits to…, I believe ... should …
Body 1:
- On the one hand, there are several reasons to support the idea of ... (nói được ý
chung của đoạn, định hướng người đọc)
- The first one is that ...
- The second reason is that ...
- Mini conc.
Body 2:
- Despite the above arguments, I maintain that ...
- Firstly, ...
- In addition, ...
- Mini conc.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, although both views certainly have some validity, it seems to me
that it is
better to …
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

DISCUSS THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES (AND GIVE YOUR

OPINIONS)

+ What are the advantages and disadvantages?

Introduction: Background – Paraphrase lại đề - Trả lời bài này làm gì
Body 1: Cụm dẫn, Topic sentence (Point 1+ Point 2 ngắn gọn) – Point 1 – Giải thích/Ví dụ - P2
-Ex/ex – Mini conc.
Body 2: Cụm dẫn, Topic sentence (Point 1+ Point 2 ngắn gọn) – Point 1 – Giải thích/Ví dụ - P2
-Ex/ex – Mini conc.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, it seems to me that there are many benefits/disadvantages to …,
although it has some notable disadvantages/ benefits.

+ What are the advantages and disadvantages and give your opinions?
Introduction:
Body 1:
Body 2:
Conclusion:
In conclusion, it seems to me that there are many benefits/disadvantages to …,
although it has some notable disadvantages/ benefits.

+ Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Introduction:
Body 1:
Body 2:
Conclusion:
In conclusion, it seems to me that there are many benefits/disadvantages to …,
although it has some notable disadvantages/ benefits.
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

NOW MAKE YOUR OWN TEMPLATE FOR THIS QUESTION TYPE

USEFUL LANGUAGE
Vocab:
Advantages: advantage = benefit, merit, positive aspect, strong point
Disadvantages: disadvantage = drawback, negative aspect, weak point
Intro
Background sentence:
- Opinions regarding ...[sth]... seem to vary from one to another.
- ...[specific issue]... is causing growing concern / increasing controversy.
- ...[specific issue]... has become a topic of broad interest.
- When the issue of ...[specific issue]... is considered, opinions are divided.
- When the issue of ...[specific issue]... is brought into view, opinions are divided.
- There is ongoing debate that ...[specific issue]...
- Increasing concern is expressed over the issue as to whether or not ...[do sth]...
- In recent years, a heated debate arose when ...[specific issue]...*
- One of the matters raising certain concern among society members is ...[general topic]...
.To make it clearer, the problem is ...[specific issue]...
- These days people are becoming more concerned with ...[specific issue]...
- ...[specific issue]... has long been an issue of concern to ...[s.o.]...
- Many people feel that ...[specific issue]...
- Some people are of the opinion that ...[specific issue]...
Paraphrasing & Thesis statement
- Although this idea may bring in some (minuses/pluses), it actually calls for more
serious consideration. My arguments are as follows. *
- This essay will discuss the pros and cons of this trend.
- In this essay, the advantages and disadvantages of this trend will be examined.
- This essay will analyze the benefits and drawbacks of this trend.
- While ...[specific issue]... has its own advantages, there are also some drawbacks
associated with it.
Body
Mở đầu đoạn body 1
- On the one hand, ...[view 1]... has more (advantages/disadvantages) as follows.
- Admittedly, there are several benefits associated with ...[view 1]...
- The discussion can be started with a look into the (favourable/unfavourable) factors of
the issue.
- The advantages/benefits of ...[view 1]... are numerous.
- ...[view 1]... has more drawbacks than favourable points.
- On the (upside/downside), it can be seen that ...
Chuyển ý từ body 1 sang body 2
- Despite these attractions, however, some drawbacks do exist...
- Although ... has many advantages, there still exist some noteworthy disadvantages.
- However, ... is not completely beneficial; there are some negative aspects that should
be taken into consideration.
Nối các câu trong từng body lại với nhau
Advantages: advantage = benefit, merit, positive aspect, strong point
– The first/main/greatest/most important advantage of .... is ....
– One/another/an additional advantage of .... is ....
– What makes ... stand out/important/... is ...
– One/Another point in favor of .... is ....
Disadvantages: disadvantage = drawback, negative aspect, weak point
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

– The first/main/greatest/ most serious disadvantage of .... is ....

– One/another/an additional disadvantage of .... is ....
– Another negative aspect of .... is ....
Conclusion
- As can be seen from the above, there are more (pluses/ advantages/ benefits/
minuses/ disadvantages/drawbacks) to ...[issue]... . No matter how this issue is
(coped/dealt) with, caution should be taken due to the two opposite aspects like
what has been discussed.
- In conclusion, my preferable view tends to fall more on (negative/positive points) of
...[issue]... as mentioned above. As a matter of fact, ...[your opinion]...
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

. TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE?

1.1 Partly Agree/ Disagree
Introduction:
- Theme/background
- Many people argue that .... / It is true that many people prefer .../ It is
sometimes argued that ...
- While I agree that there are some benefits to…, there are also good reasons to…
- Many people believe that …, whereas I believe …

Body 1: Của đối phương

- On the one hand, the option to … is attractive for several reasons/… is beneficial
to some extent.
- Firstly, ....Lí do 1 => VD
- Secondly, ... Lí do 2 => VD
- Conc.

Body 2: Của mình

- Nevertheless, I believe that ....On the other hand, there are a variety of reasons
why ...
- The main one is ...
The first reason relates to ...
- Furthermore, ...
The second reason relates to ...
Conc.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, while some maintain that ..., I believe it is better to ...
In conclusion, it seems evident that both … and … have its own unique advantages.
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

1.2 Completely Agree/ Disagree

Introduction:
- Theme
- Many people argue that .... / It is true that many people prefer .../ It is
sometimes argued that ...
- Personally, I completely agree with this view.
- While it cannot be denied that ..., I completely agree that ...
- In my opinion, it would be wrong/ reasonable to ...
Body 1: Của đối phương
- There are several reasons why ....
- First and foremost, .... lí do 1
- In addition, ... lí do 2
- Conc.

Body 2: Của mình (đoạn này phải dài hơn đoạn trên 1-2)
- Apart from the practical benefits/ disadvantages expressed above, I strongly
believe that ...
- Firstly, ...
- Secondly, ...
- Conc.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, it seems to me that ...
In conclusion, for the reasons I have mentioned above, I maintain that ...
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

CAUSES & SOLUTIONS

Introduction:
- Background/Theme
- It is true that .... (paraphrase đề). There are a number of reasons behind this
phenomenon/tendency/trend/view and several solutions should be adopted (by
governments and individuals) to improve the situation.
Body 1:
- There are two primary reasons why the …
- One reason is that … LÝ DO 1+ GT/VD
- Furthermore … LÝ DO 2 + GT/VD
- Mini conc.

Body 2:
- Fortunately, several measures could be taken to prevent/solve this problem.
- The first solution would be … GIẢI PHÁP CHO LÝ DO 1 + GT/VD
- A second measure would be … GIẢI PHÁP CHO LÝ DO 2 + GT/VD
- Mini conc.
Giải pháp:
- Chính phủ: …
- Cá nhân:…
Conclusion:
In conclusion, it is clear that there are various reasons for/causes of …vấn đề , and
appropriate steps need to be taken to tackle this problem (not only by the government
but also by individuals).
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
Thesis statement:
- This essay will analyze the causes of this issue and outline some possible solutions.
- This problem can be best explained by ...[cause 1]... and ...[cause 2]..., but can be
alleviated/minimized by the following suggested measures.
- This essay will discuss the causes and suggest some solutions to solve this issue.
- This essay will pinpoint the main causes and suggest some measures which can be
implemented to address the problem(s).
- ...[issue]... and its causes will be discussed hereafter, with some solutions being
presented in order to combat/tackle the issue/problem.
1st cause:
- As regards the causes, one of the primary factors giving rise to this issue is that ...
- The greatest factor contributing to ...[issue]... is ...
- The greatest cause of ...[issue]... comes as a result of ...
2nd cause:
- Equally noteworthy is the explanation that...
- The problem may also find its roots in the fact that...
- From a different angle, the second cause of this question is...
- This problem is also brought about by ...[cause]..., which means...
1st solution:
- There may be various ways to address this situation, but the following suggestions can
be substantially effective. Firstly, ...
- To alleviate this problem, certain measures should be taken into account. Firstly, ...
- To successfully address the problem, there are some feasible solutions. Firstly, ...
- There are several actions that ...[sth or so]... could take to solve the problems described
above. Firstly, ...
2nd /3rd solution:
- This approach is productive to some extent, but some other measures should be given
equal consideration.
- Besides ...[sth]..., other endeavours, such as ...[solution 2 and 3]... are equally
important.
Conclusion:
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

- In conclusion, it is clear that there are various reasons for/causes of …, and

appropriate steps need to be taken to tackle this problem (not only by the government
but also by individuals).
- In conclusion, the discussion above has pinpointed the main causes of this pressing
problem. I believe that ...[ not only the government but also individuals]... should take
actions to alleviate this situation before it is aggravated and the suggested solutions can
be of great help.
 NOTES ON WRITING 2

PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS

Nhận biết:
- What issues does this cause and how can they be addressed?
- What are some resulting social problems and how can we deal with them?
- What problems arise from this and how can they be tackled?
- Why is this? How might it be remedied?
- What are the reasons for this, and how can the situation be improved?
- Why is this happening, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem?

Introduction:
- Background/Theme
- It is true that .... (paraphrase đề). Several problems have resulted from this
tendency and they should be tackled by a number of effective solutions.
Body 1: nêu các problems
- As …, several related problems can be anticipated.
- The main issue is that … (nêu vấn đề + hệ quả của vấn đề, có thể gồm giải thích
& ví dụ)
- Another problem is that … (nêu vấn đề + hệ quả của vấn đề, có thể gồm giải
thích & ví dụ)
- Mini conc.
Body 2: nêu các solutions (1 viết tương ứng theo problems, 2 viết theo cá nhân vs chính phủ)
- Since such issues are serious, the government and individuals should take steps
immediately to address these problems.
- The first solution would be …
- A second measure would be …
- Mini conc.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, there are various negative consequences of … and appropriate
steps need to be taken to tackle these problems (not only by the government but also by
individuals).