A Study on the Basics of Quantum Computing

Prof. Mrunali Jadhav Prof. Shubhkirti Bodkhe

Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
mrunalijadhav2018@gmail.com shubhkirtibodkhe@gmail.com

Prananjay Shinde
prananjayshinde@gmail.com
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Tulsiramji Gaikwad Patil College of Engineering and Technology,
Nagpur Maharashtra, INDIA

Abstract: Quantum theory is one of the most

Keywords: computation, EPR, quantum
successful theories that have influenced the
mechanics, superposition, unitary
course of scientific progress during the
transformation, decoherence.
twentieth century. It has presented a new line
of scientific thought, predicted entirely 1.0 INTRODUCTION

inconceivable situations and influenced Computers have evolved with advancements in

several domains of modern technologies. science and technology, helping civilization
There are many different ways for expressing progress by utilizing various physical resources
laws of science in general and laws of physics like materials, forces, and energy. The
in particular. Similar to physical laws of foundation of modern computing can be traced
nature, information can also be expressed in back to Charles Babbage’s early ideas, and the
different ways. The fact that information can first programmable computer was created by
be expressed in different ways without losing Konrad Zuse in 1941. Over the decades,
its essential nature, leads for the possibility of computers have transformed from large
the automatic manipulation of information. mechanical systems to compact digital devices,
All ways of expressing information use shifting through different phases—gears,
physical system, spoken words are conveyed relays, vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated
by air pressure fluctuations: “No information
without physical representation”. The fact circuits, and eventually microchips. Despite
that information is insensitive to exactly how these changes, the core function of computers
it is expressed and can be freely translated has remained the same: to process binary bits
from one form to another, makes it an obvious into meaningful computational results.
candidate for fundamentally important role in
physics, like interaction, energy, momentum Since the 1950s, the number of atoms required
and other such abstractors. This is a project to store a single bit of data has decreased
report on the general attributes of Quantum drastically. This trend was observed by Gordon
Computing and Information Processing from Moore in 1965, who predicted that computer
a layman’s point of view. processing power would double every eighteen
months, known as Moore’s Law. If this trend powerful machines will become a reality soon,
continues, computers will soon reach the or if their complexity will keep them out of
subatomic scale, where classical physics may reach for years to come. Let me know if you
no longer be applicable. would like any further refinements.

At extremely small scales, matter follows 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

quantum mechanics instead of classical rules. Quantum computing is an emerging field that
This means future computers may need leverages the principles of quantum mechanics
quantum technology to continue advancing. to perform complex computations. Unlike
Quantum computing is not just about making classical computers, which process data using
computers smaller and faster, it introduces a binary bits (0s and 1s), quantum computers
completely new way of performing utilize quantum bits (qubits), which can exist in
calculations. Unlike classical computers, which multiple states simultaneously due to
process tasks step by step, quantum computers superposition and entanglement. This unique
can handle multiple possibilities approach enables quantum computers to solve
simultaneously, making them vastly more problems much faster than classical
efficient in solving complex problems. counterparts, making them valuable for areas
such as cryptography, optimization, and
As classical computing approaches its physical artificial intelligence.
limitations, quantum computers hold the Early Foundations
potential to perform tasks that would be The theoretical groundwork for quantum
impossible or too slow for current machines. computing was laid by Richard Feynman in the
They store and manipulate information using 1980s, who proposed that quantum systems
quantum principles, operating in a unique could be simulated more efficiently using
mathematical realm called Hilbert Space or quantum computers. The concept was further
even more advanced spaces like Grassmann developed by David Deutsch, who introduced
Space. The challenge lies in controlling these the idea of a universal quantum computer,
quantum properties effectively to build a capable of performing any computation a
working quantum computer. classical computer could, but more efficiently.
These foundational ideas provided the basis for
While quantum computers are still in the quantum algorithms and quantum information
research phase, their potential is immense. If theory.
successfully developed, they could Key Principles of Quantum Computing
revolutionize computing, impacting fields such Quantum computing relies on several
as cryptography, medicine, artificial fundamental principles:-
intelligence, and scientific simulations. The
biggest question that remains is whether these
Superposition: Unlike classical bits, qubits can Breakthroughs in error correction, quantum
exist in multiple states at the same time, hardware, and hybrid quantum-classical models
allowing parallel computation. have brought quantum computing closer to
Entanglement: A property where two or more practical implementation.
qubits become linked and affect each other's Challenges such as quantum decoherence (loss
state, enabling faster information processing. of quantum state due to external interference)
Quantum Gates: Analogous to classical logic and hardware scalability remain areas of active
gates, quantum gates manipulate qubits using research. Scientists are exploring different
quantum operations. approaches, such as superconducting qubits,
Quantum Parallelism: Quantum computers trapped ions, and topological qubits, to create
can process multiple possibilities at once, more stable quantum systems.
improving computational efficiency.
Quantum Algorithms and Their Impact 3.0 METHODOLOGY
Several quantum algorithms have been Detailed Methodology for Experimental
developed to showcase the advantages of Realization of Quantum Computers
quantum computing. The most significant ones 1. Choosing the Quantum Computing Model
include: The first step in the experimental realization of
Shor’s Algorithm (1994) – Demonstrates how quantum computers is selecting a suitable
quantum computers can factorize large quantum computing model. Different physical
numbers exponentially faster than classical implementations exist, such as:
computers, posing a threat to traditional • Superconducting Qubits: Used by
encryption methods. companies like IBM and Google, these
Grover’s Algorithm (1996) – Provides a qubits are based on electrical circuits
speedup for searching unsorted databases, cooled to near absolute zero to create
reducing the number of steps required from N quantum effects.
to √N. • Trapped Ions: These use ions trapped
These algorithms illustrate the superior by electromagnetic fields to store and
computational capabilities of quantum process quantum information.
computers and their potential applications in • Topological Qubits: A more advanced
security, data analysis, and simulation. approach aiming to improve error
Current Developments and Research resistance by encoding information in
In recent years, significant progress has been particle interactions.
made in building functional quantum • Photonic Quantum Computing: Uses
computers. Leading companies and research light-based particles (photons) instead
institutions, such as IBM, Google, and of matter-based qubits to transmit
Microsoft, have developed quantum processors information efficiently.
with increasing numbers of qubits.
The choice depends on factors such as Quantum circuits need to be designed to
scalability, error rates, and coherence time, as execute computations efficiently. Researchers
each model has strengths and weaknesses. create algorithms such as:
2. Initialization and Control of Qubits • Shor’s Algorithm (for factoring large
Once the model is selected, qubits need to be numbers, impacting encryption).
prepared in their initial quantum state. This • Grover’s Algorithm (for fast searching
involves: in databases).
• Cooling quantum circuits to cryogenic • Quantum Machine Learning (applying
temperatures. quantum principles to AI).
• Using laser pulses or microwave These circuits are optimized for processing
signals to manipulate qubit states. quantum information in parallel, leveraging
• Ensuring that qubits maintain quantum principles for efficiency.
coherence for a sufficient period to 5. Error Correction and Stability Improvement
complete computations. Quantum error correction is essential because
The biggest challenge at this stage is qubits are highly fragile. Researchers use:
maintaining quantum coherence, as external • Surface codes, which distribute errors
disturbances can cause qubits to lose their across multiple qubits to detect and
quantum properties. correct mistakes.
3. Implementation of Quantum Logic Gates • Quantum entanglement, which enables
Quantum computers operate using quantum fault-tolerant calculations.
gates, similar to classical logic gates but based • Topological qubits, which aim to
on quantum operations. Key quantum gates reduce error rates by encoding quantum
include: states in specific structures.
• Hadamard Gate: Enables superposition Without proper error correction, quantum
by allowing qubits to hold multiple computers would not be reliable for large-scale
states. computations.
• CNOT Gate: Introduces entanglement, 6. Measurement and Readout of Quantum
ensuring qubits influence each other’s States
states. After computation, qubits need to be measured
• Pauli Gates (X, Y, Z): Perform rotations to retrieve results. Since qubits exist in multiple
on quantum states, modifying their states until measured, researchers use:
properties. • High-precision sensors to detect
These gates manipulate quantum information quantum states.
and allow quantum algorithms to function • Optical measurements for photonic
properly. quantum systems.
4. Building Quantum Circuits and Algorithms
 • Quantum state tomography to analyze field. Quantum computing differs from
quantum behavior. classical computing as it relies on quantum
Measurement collapses qubits into classical mechanics concepts such as superposition and
bits, ensuring useful output for real-world entanglement which allow for highly efficient
applications. information processing. The results of the study
7. Scaling Quantum Systems and Optimization show that quantum bits or qubits can exist in
Once small-scale experiments are successful, multiple states simultaneously enabling parallel
quantum systems must be scaled for higher computation. Quantum gates function
computing power. This includes: differently from classical gates allowing unique
• Increasing qubit numbers while operations such as quantum interference and
maintaining coherence. entanglement. Quantum speedup is achieved
• Developing hybrid quantum-classical through algorithms like Shor’s Algorithm for
computing models for more practical factoring large numbers and Grover’s
applications. Algorithm for searching databases. Despite
• Improving quantum hardware, such as rapid advancements quantum computers still
better cooling techniques and more face challenges in hardware stability coherence
stable materials. time and error correction. Quantum computing
8. Real-World Testing and Validation has the potential to revolutionize fields such as
The final phase involves testing quantum cryptography material science and artificial
computers in practical scenarios, including: intelligence by solving complex problems more
• Cryptography (breaking classical efficiently. The discussion confirms that
encryption or creating new secure quantum computing offers immense potential
systems). compared to classical computing. While
• Material Science (simulating molecular classical computers rely on sequential
structures for drug discovery). processing quantum computers leverage
• Artificial Intelligence (optimizing quantum parallelism to solve problems more
machine learning models using quickly. However several obstacles remain such
quantum speedups). as scalability issues which limit the number of
Successful implementation in these fields stable qubits in quantum processors.
proves the viability of quantum computing for Researchers are exploring methods like
future advancements. superconducting circuits and trapped ions to
improve scalability. Quantum systems are
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION highly sensitive to external disturbances
The study on the basics of quantum computing leading to decoherence requiring advanced
highlights the fundamental principles, quantum error correction techniques for
advantages, and challenges of this emerging reliability. Practical implementation remains a
challenge with governments and companies
investing heavily in quantum research. Despite
these difficulties the future of quantum 7.0 REFERENCE
computing remains promising. With ongoing 1. K.Brading, and E.Castellani (2003),
research advancements in hardware and Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical
improvements in quantum algorithms quantum Reflections, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
computers are expected to play a significant 2. Sanjeev Kumar (2002), Reformulation of
role in various scientific and technological Classical Electrodynamics, Jiwaji University,
fields. Gwalior, INDIA.
3. Michael Nielsen, and Isaac Chuang,
5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Quantum Computation, Cambridge University
First of all let me take this opportunity to thank Press.
God for with out Him nothing can happen in 4. Nielsen, M., & Chuang, I. (2010). Quantum
this mortal world. I also pay my gratitude to Computation and Quantum Information.
Prof. Prabha Mandayam, Prof. Anupama Cambridge University Press.
Ray, Prof. Sheshashayee Raghunathan who 5. Preskill, J. (1998). Quantum Information and
is a person from whom I learned so much on so Computation. California Institute of
many aspects of life. His self-less preaching Technology.
influenced almost every aspect of my thought. 6. Shor, P. W. (1994). Algorithms for Quantum
On the research front, almost all of my works Computation: Discrete Logarithms and
originated from his insightful notes. He always Factoring. Proceedings of the 35th Annual
supported and motivated me to do hard work Symposium on Foundations of Computer
during my B. Tech and especially for this Science.
dissertation by guiding me through the right 7. Grover, L. K. (1996). A Fast Quantum
path. Mechanical Algorithm for Database Search.
Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM
6.0 CONCLUSION Symposium on Theory of Computing.
Quantum computing is a transformative 8. Benioff, P. (1980). The Computer as a
technology that leverages quantum mechanics Physical System: A Microscopic Quantum
for faster and more efficient problem-solving. Mechanical Hamiltonian Model of Computers
While challenges such as scalability and error as Represented by Turing Machines. Journal of
correction remain, ongoing research and Statistical Physics.
advancements are bringing quantum computers 9. Feynman, R. P. (1982). Simulating Physics
closer to practical applications. With immense with Computers. International Journal of
potential in fields like cryptography and Theoretical Physics.
artificial intelligence, quantum computing is 10. Deutsch, D. (1985). Quantum Theory, the
poised to redefine computational capabilities Church-Turing Principle and the Universal
and drive innovation across industries.
Quantum Computer. Proceedings of the Royal
Society A.
11. Lloyd, S. (1996). Universal Quantum
Simulators. Science.
12. DiVincenzo, D. P. (2000). The Physical
Implementation of Quantum Computation.
Fortschritte der Physik.
13. Steane, A. M. (1996). Error Correcting
Codes in Quantum Theory. Physical Review
Letters.