2ND SEMESTER 2024-2025

Presented by RAYMUND KIM D. DELA CRUZ

 Class Rules
CLASS DURING CLASS RESPECT E-MAILS
SCHEDULE OTHERS
Turn off /mute your cell Check always your
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for your scheduled is prohibited during messages & comments announcements
class. discussion. in our (GC) google
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 Class Rules
AT T E N D A N C E BE HONEST P A R T I C I PAT E S TAY F O C U S E D

Always sign the “Whoever is careless with Don't hesitate to ask Don’t chat or make
attendance sheet during the truth in small matters questions on thing's you noises during
our class schedule. cannot be trusted with don't understand discussion
Without a signature will important ma ers” ―
be marked (A=Absent Albert Einstein
or L=Late).
 Grading System
LECTURE 60 %
Written Tasks/Requirements
30
Quizzes and Long quiz
Performance Tasks
40
 Report/Term Paper (30%), Attendance (10%)
Term Assessments
 Examinations administered at the end of the term; the coverage of the exam are topics 30
discussed within the term
100%
LABORATORY 40 %
Performance Tasks
 Quizzes (20%)
60
 Lab outputs (20%)
 Lab exercises (20%)
Term Assessment 40
Term Grade 100%
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. Introduction
- Course Overview
- Definition of Terms
- Concept of Insect Physiology & Toxicology
- Insecticide use Patterns
2. Insect Physiology
- Organization of the insect body
- Fundamental activities of insects
- The metabolic systems
The digestive system
The circulatory system
The respiratory system
The excretory system
- The integument
- Insect growth, development & reproduction
- Insect coordination & integration
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
3) Insecticide Research & Development & Bioassay
- Research & development
- Data generation & their value of safety
- Economic & legal aspects of insecticide use
- Types of bioassay & the factors to consider
- Probit analysis

4) Insecticide Formulations 5) Movement of Insecticides in the Environment

- Chlorinated hydrocarbons - Penetration of insecticides through the
- Organophosphorus insecticides insect cuticle
- Carbamates - Residues of insecticides
- Pyrethroids - Environmental alteration of insecticide
- Neonicotinoids residues
- Developmental insecticides - Hazards of insecticides to non-target
- Microbial insecticides organisms
- Other groups of insecticides
 INTRODUCTION
Physiology
• Study of the functions and fundamental activities of plants and animals
• Study of the normal and specific contributions (role) of a bodily part to the economy
(mode of operation and management) of a living organism
• Study of the functions of organisms and their parts
Insect Physiology
• Study of the physical and chemical processes that make it possible for the various insect
species to live or simply the study of the normal functions of body systems of insects
Insect Toxicology
• refers to the effects of chemicals that retard insect development, growth &
metamorphosis &/or reproduction, as well as cause of death in insects
• refers to the abnormal functioning of the body systems being brought about by insecticide
poisoning
 INTRODUCTION
Definition of Terms
• Insecticide– any substance or product or mixture thereof including active
ingredients adjuvants, and pesticide formulations, intended to control, prevent or
repel or mitigate, directly or indirectly insects.
• Insecticide Toxicology – study of the toxicity or effectiveness of certain group of
chemicals on insects
• Toxicity - capacity of a substance to produce injury
• Hazard - probability that injury will result from a chemical under specific conditions
• Risk- probability of exposure to a hazard
• Safety - practical certainty that injury will not result from the use of a substance
under specific condition of quantity and manner of use

If risk is lower than benefit then there’s safety in the use of chemical
 THE CONCEPT OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AND
INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY

Concept of Insect Physiology

-know and understand the physical and chemical processes that take place in
living organisms during the performance of life functions.
-concerned with basic activities such as reproduction, growth, metabolism,
excitation, and contraction
-discover certain weak and strong spots (points) of insects to understand better
the possible control measures that could be developed in the management of
insect pests.
 THE CONCEPT OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY AND
INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY
The concept of insecticide toxicology

-insecticides are poisons that affect the health or even cause death of humans,
domesticated animals, and wildlife
-However, insecticides or pesticides are necessary in increasing agricultural
productivity especially, against ravages of pests or insect pests on agricultural crops.
-minimize the ill effects of insecticides by understanding their uses, mode of entry
and action, improving their manufacture and formulations, proper handling, reducing
their dosages and consequently their residues in crops and the environment, and
finally, banning of highly toxic compounds for agricultural use. (RYBG)
 INSECTICIDE USE PATTERNS

- the use of insecticides can be traced back to approximately 4,500 BC

- in 200 BC arsenic was used as insecticide in China, up to 1950, the
dominant insecticide used was arsenic-based.
- in 1690, tobacco was used (infusion or extracts) in Europe against aphids
& plum curculio
- Discovery of other natural insecticides occurred in the 17th century like
rotenone or pyrethrum (derived from Derris roots or yam bean of genus Derris)
- the discovery of DDT as a potent insecticide after World War II, organo-
chlorines were mainly used for insect control until they were replaced by
organophosphates & carbamates in 1975
 INSECTICIDE USE PATTERNS
- the most important innovation in the field of insecticides was the discovery &
introduction of the synthetic pyrethroids in the 1970's & 1980s
- with the widespread use of organochlorines, ops & carbamates & pyrethroids,
insecticide resistance developed in many species of insect pests.
- Insecticide resistance renders many insecticides ineffective as a control
measure
- The use of beneficial insects together with insecticides or miticides or other new
applications methods (e.g. seed treatments against insects like aphids as vectors
for virus diseases was intensified with the intervention of higher selective
compounds.
- Bacillus thuringiensis toxins are the basis of transgenic crops protected by Bt
genes against damage from biting insects.
HISTORY OF INSECTICIDE USAGE & INSECT CONTROL METHODS

• Approx 4,500 years ago - Sulfur dusting was used in ancient Mesopotamia
• 15th century - Toxic inorganic chemicals, (eg. arsenic, lead & mercury were
applied on crops.
• 17th century - Nicotine sulfate extracted from tobacco was used as an
insecticide
• 1940-41 - Methyl bromide was used as a fumigant against stored product
pests
• Mid-1940s - DDT & other organochlorines with a wide spectrum of toxicity,
that were inexpensive & gad a persistent residual effect,
eventually gave rise to serious environmental problems.
- Organophosphates (Ops) w/ high toxicity acting on the
nervous system were introduced in 1944
HISTORY OF INSECTICIDE USAGE & INSECT CONTROL METHODS

• 1950s - Carbamates were first introduced in 1956. They had high insecticidal
toxicity to humans, & had relatively faster breakdown.
• 1960s - Pyrethrins (botanical insecticides) & male annihilation (combining a
lure/attractant & an insecticide - usually Organophosphates
• 1970s - Juvenile hormone analogs/mimics (insect growth regulator, IGR & insect
pheromones/semiochemicals (attract and kill)
• 1980s - Synthetic pyrethroids, insect growth regulators (inhibitors of chitin
synthesis), biological control, & integrated pest management (IPM)
• 1900s - Neonicotinoids, area-wide male annihilation, sterile insect technique
• 2000s - Phenyl pyrazoles, IPM
 INSECT
PHYSIOLOGY FUNDAMENTAL
ACTIVITIES OF INSECTS

a)Maintenance
b)Movement
c)Survival & Reproduction
d)Secretion
Fundamental activities of insects