Introduction

Mathematics started with natural numbers

then extended to integers rationals reals
but there were a problem
Some equations like
x 1 0
have noreal solution because no real number
squared equals to 1
To solve such equations mathematicians introduced
a new unit
i 51 1
Any number of the form
a at bi
where a be R is called a complex number
a real part Re 12
b Im 2
imaginary part

Signal Processing

Control System Impedance Reactance

Power Calculations AC Circuit Analysis

Electromagnetic fields Rotating Machines

Communication System
Equality
Complex numbers a a ib and 22 astiba
are equal
if real and imaginary parts are equal
2 22 7 An Az and bi be

N½Z½Q½R½C

Zero The complex number whose real part is 0

and imaginary part is 0
0 0 0
The zero is the additive identity in the complex
number system

2 0 at bi 0 0
ato i b 0
a bi
2

Unity The complex number whose real part is

1 and imaginary part is 0
The unity is the multiplicative identity of the
complex system
2 1 a bi 1 0 2

Conjugate If z is a complex number the number

obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary
part is called the complex conjugate or simply
conjugate of 2
It is denoted by Z or 2T

If z a bi then I a bi

If z is a real then I 2

Further he 22 IT 22 Ti 22 In La
2.22 Tize 2
Et 21
In general
2 I at bi a bi a be

Someone can
prove two useful formulas
Relz and Imla
227 III
Division If 2 and 22 are two complex numbers
their

EE
with real and imaginary parts we can write
let 2 a bi and 22 c di
50
a bi e dil
EI e d

We don't leave i in the denominator not because

it's mathematically but because it's non
wrong
standard inconvenient for further operations

EX
By using the definition of equality of
1.1
complex numbers solve equation for a a bi

37 22 i 2 91
let z a bi then
2 a bi 2 9i
 2A 2b 21 9
29 9 2b 2
a b 1
92
Thus z i
92

43 Eliminate one complex variable

1 2 10 izz 1 i 2 3 5 Z

By equating both equations above

2 10 izz 22 222 3 5
i
2 102 ith 22 22 31 5
2 10 31 5 2

2 7 132
Now
z 1 1 7 932 3 58
In 7 131 72 13 3 55
Z 17 11
Complex Plane The complex plane is a way to
visualize complex numbers as points for vectors
on a flat 2D coordinate system

Horizontal axis x axis represents the real part

Vertical axis y axis represents the imaginary part

A complex number z x
iy is uniquely determined

by an ordered pair of real numbers x y

Modulus
It is the length of the
vector from the origin 10,0
to the point x
y in the
complex plane

Alaways a non negative

Works just like a distance formula from the

coordinate geometry

The modulus also called absolute value and

represented by

121 x
y
some properties
1712 ZEE and 121 LEE
 171 21 12111221 and
1211 12
also
1221 1212

The distance between two points in a complex

plane is the same as the distance between
the origin and the point x2 x1 y yr and
be represented
can
by
122 2,1 122 no y y

Example Express the quantity in terms of x and y

12 1 3112
then
let I x
iy
3i 3 i
2 1 3i x
iy 1 x 1 ly
50
12 1 3i1 x 1
y 3
Example Find the modulus of complex number
1 2i 2 i
1 2 9 i

We can find modulus if the given complex

member is in standard form

1 i 2 2
12 92 3
32

similarly
2 32
Now
t 12 3 3
1 i

11 it 1mF
12
1957 For each pair compare squared distances

90 81 vs 99 Gi

To Origin

110 8il 102 82 964

191 611 199 1 61 157 closer to the origin

To 1 i
1 10 81 1 i 1 19 7112 81 49 730
1191 Gi 9 i 12 110 7i1 100 49 149
Thus
90 81 is closer to 1 i

let z x
iy then I x
iy
iz i x
iy in i ytix
y
Im iz a
5
Im iz 2 x 2 2 1 2
 Since the equality is true for arbitrary y
2 12 is an equation
of two vertical lines
Therefore the complex number satisfying
Im ix̅ 2 can then written as

2 12 yi or 2 52 yi
Polar Form of Complex Numbers

The relation between my r and I are

related
by rose rsinD
y
These equations enable us to express a nonzero
complex number
2 x
iy as reoso i rsiero
or
2 r cost isino
we see that r can be
interpreted
as the distance from the origin

r 121 0

The angle 0 of inclination of the

vector 2 which will always be
measured in radians from the positive real axis

D is the when
measured counterclockwise
D is ve when measured clockwise

The angle 0 is called and

an
argument of a
is denoted by
0 arg a

To find the argeal we use tano

As tand is it periodic some care must be

exercised

A calculator will give only angles satisfying

11
2 2 tan Y x 11 2

that is angles in the first and fourth

quadrants
NOTE We have to choose 0 consistent with
the quadrant in which a is located

Principal Argument
The principal argument of a is unique and
is represented the symbol Arg Cal that is
by
IT C L IT
Arg z

Multiplication and Division

The polar form of a complex number is
convenient when multiplying or dividing
especially
two complex numbers

Suppose
E cos D isino and

72 82 cos02 isin 02
where 0 and Oz are the arguments of
Z and 2 respectively
Then

Zizz ride cosDicos02 Sino sino

i sino cos 02 cos 0 sin 02

E 2 8182 cos 0 02 isin 0 02

similarly
cos 0 02 isin 70 02
21

Further
arg z 22
arg targ Zz

org Zi arg
arg EI
2
 Powers of Z
Integer
z 82 cos 0 0 isin 0 0
8 cos 20 isin 20

73 Z
23 83 cos 30 is in 30

so continue in this manner

7 r cosno isin no

de Moivre's Formula

coso isino cosno isierno

The complex number z can also written as

Z rlcos0 isino reise

Ex 1.3 P Write each complex number in

21

polar form Finally write the polar form in

the form of atib

3 3 5 5 51

let z 3 3 and 72 5 5132

 r 13 372 19T 312

82 1512 155312 25751 10

Or tan 33 tan 1
513

0 is
3
02 tain 53

02
13

Z 312 cis and 22 10 cis

I II
312 cis 1 10 cis
I
2

z z2 3 2 10 cis
13

E Zz 3012 cis
12
Fits 3012 cos isin
E 12
 305 i 12
7,72
5211 5
15 1 13 1151 1 13

General Formula for n th Roots

If z r Coso isino then nth roots of are

F s 0 isin
Ek
2 1 0121

k 0 1,2 n 1

There are exactly n distinct roots of a

complex number
They are spaced equally around a circle in
the complex plane each separated by an
angle of
21
3
Example Solve 1

We write 1 in polar form

1 1 cos 0 i sin 0
so the roots can be written as
 Ek cos
21231 isin 21 1 12 0 1,2

Theis
Zo 1

21 1132

72 i 3
21
These are placed on the unit circle
an
forming equilateral triangle
Example Use de Moivre's formula with n 2
to
find trigonometric identities for cos20 and sin20
Solution For any DER we can write

cost isino cosno isunno

For n 2 we have

cost isino cos20 isier 20

cos 0 2isinocoso is into cos 20 isin20
050 Lisino cost sin'D cos 20 isin 20
By comparing real and imaginary parts

20520 costel sin'D

and
sin 20 25hr0coso