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42 Coded Inequalities

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Chapter

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Coded Inequalities

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INT RODUCTION Sometimes we come across two numbers
As we know, where, we do not know the exact state of
inequality between them.
3×3=9
Let us see :
Now, we can say that the result of
multiplication between 3 and 3 is equal m ³ n means m is either greater than or
equal to n.
to 9. Therefore, 3 × 3 = 9 is a case of
equality. But when we multiply 3 × 4, we m £ n means n is either less or equal to
m.
get 12 as a result of this multiplication. It
does mean that Hence, we can summarise the signs to
be used in inequalities as below:
3× 4¹9
As 3 × 4, is not equal to 9, it is a case of ‘=’ denots equal to
inequality. ‘>’ denots greater than
When, we come to know that one thing ‘³’ denots greater than or equal to
‘<’ denots less than
is not equal to another; there can be only
‘£’ denots less than or equal to
two possibilities:-
(i) One thing is greater than another
thing. CHAIN OF INEQUALITIES
or Sometimes two or more inequalities are
(ii) One thing is less than the another combined together to create a single
thing. inequality having three or more terms.
When, we denote (i) and (ii) mathematically, Such combination is called chain of
then we will write. inequalities.
(i) One thing > another thing. Note : If you see the given problem
or format (Example). You will find that
(ii) One thing < another thing. your primarily task is to combine two
where ‘>’ denotes ‘greater than’. or more inequalities to create a single
and ‘<’ denotes ‘less than’ inequality.
Hence, you can write,
Conditions for Combining
3×4>9
Two Inequalities
4×1<9
( 3 × 4 > 9) means ‘Product of 3 and 4 is Condition I: Two inequalities will be
greater than 9’. combined if and only if
(4 × 1 < 9) means ‘Product of 4 and 1 is they have a common
less than 9’. term.
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Coded Inequalities 43

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Condition II: Two inequalities will be Clearly, (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) can not be

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combined if and only if combined as they do not have any

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the common term is common term and therefore, they do not

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greater than (or ‘greater’ follow condition I and condition II.

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than or equal to’) one and

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How to Derive Conclusions

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less than (or ‘less than or

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from a Combined Inequalities?

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equal to’) the other.

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EXAMPLE 14 > 13, 13 > 12 can be
To derive conclusion from a combined
inequality, you have to eliminate the
easily combined as ‘14 > 13 > 12’.
common term.
Coded Inequalities For example,
Here, (a) If we have
14 > 13 > 12 m>l>n
then, our conclusion is
Common term
m>n
Clearly, 14 > 13 and 13 > 12 have common
term 13 and this common term is greater (b) When, we have
than 12 and less than 14. Hence, 14 > 13 m<l<n
and 13 > 12 have been combined into
then, our conclusion is
14 > 13 > 12 as per the conditions I and II.
EXAMPLE 17 < 19, and 19 < 20 can be m<n
easily combined as 17 < 19 < 20.
(c) When, we have ‘³’ signs in the
Here,
combined inequalities then you
17 < 19 < 20 have to think a little bit more. Let
us consider the combined
Common term inequality given below:
m³l>n
Clearly, 17 < 19 and 19 < 20 have common
term 19 and this common term is greater Here, m is either greater than l or
than 17 and less than 20. Hence, 17 < 19 equal to l.
and 19 < 20 have been combined into 17 Hence, the minimum value for m is
< 19 < 20 as per the conditions I and II. equal to l. But l is always greater
Now, let us see some examples of than n. Therefore, m is always
inequalities which can not be combined. greater than n.
Some such examples are given below:
i. 14 > 12, 19 > 18 \ Our conclusion is m>n
ii. 18 < 20, 22 < 25 (d) When, we have the following
iii. 100 > 99, 80 > 77 inequalities:-
iv. 100 < 115, 118 < 119 m> l³n
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44 Coded Inequalities

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In this case, m is always greater Remember

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than l and l is either greater than
• If m > n, then n < m must be true.

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n or equal to it. When l is greater

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than n; m will obviously be greater
• If m < n, then n > m must be true.

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• If m ³ n, then n £ m must be true.

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than n. Even when l is equal to n;
• If m £ n, then n ³ m must be true.

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m will be greater than n as m is

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always greater than l. EITHER CHOICE RULES

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\ Our conclusion is m>n I. When your derived conclusion is
of the type m ³ n (or m £ n) then
(e) When, we have combine inequality check if the two conclusions are
m³l³n m > n and m = n (or, m < n and
m = n). If yes, choice “either
Here, m is either greater than l or
follows” is true.
equal to l.
II. If neither of the given conclusions
When m is greater than l; we have m > l seems correct. Then try to check if
³ n, which gives the conclusion. the given conclusions form a
complementary pair. Given
m>n — (A) conclusions form a complementary
When m is equal to l; we have pair in the 4 cases given below:-
(i) m ³ n and m < n
m = l ³ n, which gives the conclusion
(ii) m > n and m £ n
m ³ n — (B) (iii) m £ n and m > n
(iv) m < n and m ³ n
Combining (A) and (B), we have the final In such case, the choice “either follows”
conclusion as is correct.

m ³ n q Shortcut Approach

From (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e), we get a Steps for Solving Problems
rule for deriving conclusions from a Step I: Decode the given symbols like
combined inequality, we may say it @, $, d, #, *, etc.
‘Golden Rule’. Step II: Take one conclusion at a time
and make an idea that which
GOLDEN RULE statements are relevant for
evaluating it.
Step III: Use conditions I and II and the
The conclusion inequality ‘Golden Rule’ to combine the
will have an '³' sign or a '£' relevant statements and derive
sign if and only if both the a conclusion from it. They are:
signs in the combined Condition I: There must be a common
inequality are '³' or '£' sign term.
Condition II: The common term must
Clearly, in (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) only be less than or equal to
one inequality (e) (m ³ l ³ n) has ‘³’ as one term and greater than
its both the sign. or equal to another.
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Coded Inequalities 45

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GOLDEN RULE: Now in each of following questions,

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assuming the given statements to be

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The conclusion — inequality is

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true, find which of the two conclusions I
obtained by letting the common term

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and II given below them is/are definitely
be eliminated and it has a ‘³’ or a ‘£’

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true.

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sign if and only if both the inequalities

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Give answer :

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in 2nd step had a ‘³’ or a ‘£’ sign. In all

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other cases, there will be a ‘>’ or a ‘<’ (a) if only conclusion I is true;

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sign in the conclusion. (b) if only conclusion II is true;
After performing the above mentioned (c) if either I or II is true;
three steps, if a conclusion is established (d) if neither I nor II is true.
and verified, it is well and good. But if (e) if both I and II are true.
does not happen so, then you have to Statements : P © T, M $ K, T = K
perform 4 more new steps given below: Conclusions : I. T © M II. T = M
New Step I: Check if the given Sol. Given statements :
conclusion directly P > T, M £ K, T = K.
follows from anyone T = K, K ³ M Þ T ³ M
single statement. Þ T > M or T = M Complementary
New Step II: Check if the conclusion Þ T © M or T = M pair
— inequality you get is So, either I or II is true.
essentially as same as the
given conclusion but DIRECT INEQUALITY
written differently.
New Step III: Check if the derived In this type of questions, direct relation
between two or more than two elements
conclusion follows
are given in a meaningful inequality.
‘Either choice Rule I’.
Candidates are required to establish the
New Step IV: If neither of the
relation between elements with the help
conclusions has been
of used signs between the elements.
proved correct till now,
then check ‘Either choice EXAMPLE 2 : Which of the following
Rule II’. symbols should replace the question
mark in the given expression in order to
EXAMPLE 1 : In the following question,
make the expressions. ‘I > L’ as well as
the symbols ©, @, =,* and $ are ‘M ³ K’ definitely true?
used with the following meanings : I>J³K?L£N=M
P © Q means ‘P is greater than Q’; (a) > (b) <
P @ Q means ‘P is greater than or (c) £ (d) =
equal to Q’; (e) Either < or £
P = Q means ‘P is equal to Q’;
Sol. On putting sign (=) in place of
P * Q means ‘P is smaller than Q’;
question mark (?)
P $ Q means ‘P is either smaller
I> J³K=L£N=M
than or equal to Q’.
Þ means I > L and M ³ K
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46 Coded Inequalities

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Remember

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EXAMPLE
Inequality depends upon combining

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If A ³ B £ C then

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more than two element with a common
A £ C = False, C ³ A = False

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term. Now observe the below diagram

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thoroughly But

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Accordance to this diagram If A ³ B ³ C then

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A ³ C = True, C £ A = True.

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Definite Conclusion

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· >= ®> · <=®< Statement: B ³ D £ A ³ F ³ C
· ³=®³ · £=®£ Conclusions :
· ³>®> · £<®< I. A ³ C ® True
· <=£®< · >=³®> II. B £ F ® False
Indefinite Conclusion
III. D ³ C ® False
· > < ® No relation · ³ £ ® No relation
· > £ ® No relation · ³ < ® No relation
q Shortcut Approach
q Shortcut Approach Case 3. Sets Priority
Case 1. < OR > 1st Priority : < or >
Two signs opposite to each other will 2nd Priority: £ or ³
make the conclusion wrong But again 3rd Priority: =
if the signs are in same manner that will Statement: P ³ R > Q = T ³ S
not make it wrong. Conclusions :
I. P ³ Q ® False
EXAMPLE
II. P > Q ® True
If A > B < C > D then A < C = False, III. Q ³ S ® True
C > A = False .
But Case 4.
If E > F > G > H then E > G = True , F > When it occurs to you that the statement
H = True , E > H = True. of order is opposite just change the
Statement: A < D > C < E > B sign into similar opposite direction.
Conclusions: Then change the sign into similar
• C > B ® False opposite /corresponding / alternative
• A < E ® False direction.
• D > B ® False If A > B > F > C < D < E
In simple way, whenever these two sign
comes in opposite direction the answer than F < A ® True
will be false.
EXAMPLE
q Shortcut Approach
[Q A > B > F = F < B < A]
Case 2. £ OR ³ Statements : A > B > F > C; D > E > C
Two signs opposite to each other will Conclusions:
make the conclusion wrong But again I. C < A ® True
if the signs are same then it will be true. II. C > A ® False
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Coded Inequalities 47

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q Shortcut Approach

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Case 5. > or < and ³ or £ conclusions are wrong then if it is there

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Whenever there is two conclusions then check whether the two variables

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which are false then check for these are same. If It happens then write it as

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'Either or' but after checking their

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two symbols (> or < and ³ or £). In

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symbols.

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most of case where two conclusions

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are false and these two similar signs Rules:

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are not there respectively then that 1. Both conclusion should False
statement can call it as either or but 2. Should have same Predicate or
should check there variable it should Variable
same. 3. Check the symbols
If above conditionsare satisfied then
(A) Either Or : write it as 'Either Or' Other wise leave it.
Note : First thing need to check whether Note : If Rule 3 is satisfied than the
in conclusion any two or mor e conclusions are called 'Either Or'.
Step 2. Both
conclusions
Statement : W<X£Y>Z are false
Conclusion :
I. W < Z ×
Either Or
II. W ³ Z ×
Step 3. Check symbols
like
Step 1. Check both variable a) '<&=' or '> & =' together
should be same
b) '< & ³ 'or '> & £' together

EXAMPLE Rules:
1. Both conclusion should False
Statement : H= W£R>F 2. Check the symbols
Conclusion : I.R = H If both the rules are satisfied then write
II.R > H Either Or
it as " Neither Nor' other wise leave it.
Statement : H> L= E < T
Conclusion : I.H £ T EXAMPLE
II.H > T Either Or
Statement : P > Q ³ S = R
Statement : S< T³R³M Conclusion : I. P ³ R
Conclusion : I.M < T II. R > Q Neither nor
II.M = T Either Or
Statement : L = T £ J ³ K
Statement : I ³H=T>S£R Conclusion : I. L > K
Conclusion: I.I > T Neither nor
Either Or II. T £ K
II.I = T Statement : V < L ³ J £ T
B. Neither Nor : Conclusion : I. V < J Neither nor
First thing you need to check whether in II. L = T
your conclusion any 2 or more conclusions Statement : G £ K £ F < M
are wrong then write it as 'Neither Nor' Conclusion: I. G > F
II. K £ M Neither nor
but before checking their symbols.

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