COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
COMPUTER: - Commonly Operating Machine Particularly User for Trade Educational Researches.
Computer Definition: Computer is an electronic device. It can take INPUT messages (Instructions) and
gives the OUTPUT messages (Results). Charles Babbage was the Father of the Computer. He was
developed Computer in 1820-22 Year.
Computer can be classified into two types:
1. Hardware
2. Software
Hardware: - Hardware is a Physical part of the Computer.
These Physical Parts are:
1. C.P.U (Central Processing Unit)
2. Keyboard
3. Mouse
4. Scanner
5. Monitor
6. Printer etc...
Hardware can be divided into three types:
1. C.P.U (Central Processing Unit)
2. INPUT Device (Keyboard, Mouse and Scanner)
3. OUTPUT Device (Monitor and Printer)
C.P.U.: - C.P.U Stands for Central Processing Unit. It is a Brain of the Computer. Without C.P.U
Computer cannot do any work.
C.P.U can classify into three parts:
1. ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit)
2. CU (Control Unit)
3. MMU/WS (Main Memory Unit/Working Storage)
ALU: - ALU stands for Arithmetic and Logical Unit. It is used to solve the any type of arithmetic, logical
and mathematical Problems.
CU: - CU Stands for Control Unit. It is used to Controls the all other parts of the Computer and Controls
the Data Flowing.
MMU/WS: - MMU Stands for Main Memory Unit. WS Stands for Working Storage. It is used to store the
Data. It is also called Memory or Memory Unit.
Memory can be divided into two parts:
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory
Primary Memory: - The Memory that is housed with in the Computer. It is also called Primary Storage
Device.
Primary Memory can be classified into two types:
1. ROM (Read - Only Memory)
2. RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM: - ROM Stands for Read - Only Memory. It is Permanent Memory. It cannot be removing, modify
and cannot accept the new information. This memory is always stored in your Computer.
RAM: - RAM Stands for Random Access Memory. It is Temporary Memory. It can be removing, modify
and accept the new information. This Memory is also called User Memory.
Secondary Memory: - The Memory that is attached to the Primary Memory (RAM). This is used to store
the data permanently. It is also called Secondary Storage Device.
Secondary Memories are:
1. Floppy Disk
2. Hard Disk
3. CD/DVD
4. Pen Drive
Bits & Bytes
Computer Language is Binary Language means “1”s or “0”s.
Here “1” or “0” is called a Bit.
ASCII: - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Complete ASCII Codes are 255
Characters ASCII Codes
A to Z 65 to 90
a to z 97 to 122
0 to 9 48 to 57
Space 33,255
Symbols, Extra Keys Remaining Numbers
Converting ASCII Code to Binary Code: -
A ------- 65 --->
2|65
2|32 -1
2|16 -0
2|8 -0
2|4 -0
2|2 -0
1 -0
“A” Binary Code is: 1000001
Converting Binary to ASCII Code: -
26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 1
=(64x1)+(32x0)+(16x0)+(8x0)+(4x0)+(2x0)+(1x1)
= 64+0+0+0+0+0+1
= 65 ---> A
FLOW OF DATA: -The Data Entered through INPUT Device is sent to the MMU. If any arithmetic or
logical problems are in the given data it will be sent to the ALU. In ALU the problems will be solved then
the information (Results) again will be sent to the MMU and there the information will be stored and it will
be sent to the OUTPUT. That Data Flowing is controlled by CU.
Secondary Memories: -
Floppy Disk: - Floppy Disk is a Secondary Memory. It is used to store the small amount of data. It can
accept the data and remove the data. Especially Floppy Disks are used for moving files from one
Computer to another Computer.
Floppy Disks are two types:
1). 3 ½ Floppy Disk Capacity is: 1.44 MB
2). 5 ¼ Floppy Disk Capacity is: 1.3 MB
Bites and Bytes List Format: -
1 or 0 -------> 1 Bit
8 Bits -------> 1 Byte
1024 Bytes -------> 1 Kelo Byte
1024 KB -------> 1 Mega Byte
1024 MB -------> 1 Giga Byte
1024 GB -------> 1 Tega Byte
Hard Disk: - Hard is a Secondary Memory. It is used to store the large amount of data.
Hard Disk Capacities are: 40 GB ... 80 GB ... 250 GB.
CD/DVD: - CD is also Secondary Memory. It is used to store the 700 MB Data. CD can accept the 700
MB Data but cannot remove the existed data. It is also called CDROM (Read Only Memory)
Now CDs are two types:
1. CD-ROM
2. n-Re-Writer
Now DVDs are two types:
1. DVD-ROM
2. DVD Re-Writer
CD/DVD feed the data with three types:
1. Data CD/DVD (Information storing)
2. Audio or MP3 CD/DVD (Songs storing)
3. Video CD (Movies storing)
INPUT Device: - The Device that is used to feed the data into Computer.
INPUT Devices are:
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
Keyboard: - Keyboard is an INPUT Device. This is used to feed the information type data into Computer.
It is just like a typewriter. Each Keyboard has 103 to 108 Keys.
Keyboard can be classified into five types:
1. Alphanumerical Keys (A to Z, a to z, 0 to 9 and Symbols)
2. Functional Keys (F1, F2, F3 ... F12)
3. Control Keys (Arrow Keys, Home, End, PgUp and PgDn etc...)
4. Special or Dead Keys (Ctrl, Shift and Alt)
5. Toggle Keys (Caps Lock and Num Lock)
Mouse: - Mouse is an INPUT Device. It is used to feed the Diagram type data, Objects (Boxes, Lines,
Ovals and Polygon Boxes etc...). Especially it is used to select the screen items directly.
Mouse’s are two types:
1. Track Ball Mouse
2. Optical Mouse
Each Mouse has three Buttons:
1. Left Mouse Button
2. Right Mouse Button
3. Center Button (Scrolled Button)
Scanner: - Scanner is also INPUT Device. It is used to feed the graphical photos into Computer. It is just
like a Xerox Machine.
OUTPUT Device: - The Device that is used to get the result from the Computer.
OUTPUT Devices are two types:
1. Monitor
2. Printer
Monitor: - Monitor is an OUTPUT Device. It is used to get the Results on the screen.
Monitors are three types:
1. Monochrome Monitors (Black & White)
2. Color Monitors
3. LCD Monitors (Liquid Crystal Display)
Monitor Sizes are: 14" to 21"
Each Monitor screen can be divided into ROWS and COLUMNS.
Here ROWS are 1 to 25
COLUMNS are 1 to 80
Each Monitor screen can displays 2000 Letter at a time. It is also called VDU (Visual Display Unit).
Printer: - Printer is also OUTPUT Device. It is used to get the result on the page from Computer.
Printers are three types:
1. Ink Jet / Desk Jet Color Printers
2. Dot Matrix Printer (Single Color Printer)
3. Laser Printer (Black & White and Gray Colors and now color printers)
