WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

• A computer is a machine that

accepts data as input, processes
that data using programs, and
outputs the processed data as
information.
 COMPUTER
• Computers store information in the form of "1" and "0"s in different
types of storages such as memory, hard disk, and usb drives etc.
• The smallest unit of data in a computer is called Bit.
• Data storage units are: bit, byte, kilobyte (kb), megabyte (mb), gigabyte
(gb), terabyte (tb), petabyte and exabyte, Zettabyte, Yottabyte
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER

• Speed:
• Computers are much faster to perform
mathematical calculations than human. The
computer is capable of performing millions
of tasks per second.
• Reliability:
• Today every major industry and companies
in the world have full confidence in their
computers, and their entire business is
running from computers.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER
• Accuracy:
• A computer is very accurate. It does not make any kind of mistake in calculating. Sometimes we get
some error but these are because of the mistake performed by us.
• Deligence:
• A person gets tired of doing some work in a few hours and a computer has the ability to do any
work continuously for many hours, days, months.
• Memory:
• Computer systems have a very large capacity to store any type of data. A computer can store and
resell any information due to its storage capacity.
• Versatility:
• Its means is that the computer is capable of working in almost every field. A computer system is
multitasking so that you can do two tasks very easily at the same time.
• Automatic:
• A computer is an automatic machine because once started on a job they carry on until the job is
finished without any human assistance
BASIC ORGANISATION OF COMPUTER
• Input Unit:
• An input device is a hardware or peripheral device used to
send data to a computer. An input device allows users to
communicate and feed instructions and data to computers for
processing, display, storage and/or transmission.
• Some of the most popularly used input devices are:
• Mouse
• Light Pen
• Touch Screen
• Keyboard
• Scanner
• OCR and MICR
• Bar Code Reader
• Joy Stick etc.
• Output Unit:
• The processed data is displayed in the form of result through the output device. Some of the most
popularly used Output devices are:
• Visual Display Unit (Monitor)
• Printer: Dot Matrix, Line Printers, Ink-jet, Laser Printer
• Plotters etc.
• Central Processing Unit:
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is known as the heart of the computer which takes control of the
entire processing system of a computer.
• It performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of a computer system.
• The part of a computer that interprets and carries out instructions.
• It also transfers information to and from other components, such as a disk drive or the keyboard.
•
 BASIC ORGANISATION OF COMPUTER

• Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU):

•
• The ALU is an electronic circuit used to carry out the arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
• It performs the operation on the data provided by the input devices.
• A comparison operation allows a program to make decisions based on its data input
and results of the previous calculations.
• Logical operations can be used to determine whether particular statement is TRUE or
FALSE.
• The ALU operates on the data available in the main memory and sends them back
after processing again to main memory.
 BASIC ORGANISATION OF COMPUTER

• Control Unit:
•
• The control unit coordinates the activities of all the other units and in the system.
• Its main functions are to control the transfer of data and information between various
units and to initiate appropriate actions by the arithmetic-logic unit.
• The control unit fetches instructions from the memory, decodes them, and directs
them to various units to perform the on specified tasks.
 BASIC ORGANISATION OF COMPUTER
• Memory Unit:
• Computer memory is divided into two types: Primary memory & Secondary memory
• Primary Memory
• The Primary memory is also called Main memory, is used to store data during processing. Once the
CPU has carried out an instruction, it needs the result to be stored. This storage space is provided by
the computer’s memory.
• Primary memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).
• RAM : RAM is a volatile memory, which means that the stored information is lost when the power
is switched off used to read and write data in RAM
• ROM: We can only read the data from ROM and you cannot write anything into it and the data is
permanent. ROM is a non - volatile memory
•
 BASIC ORGANISATION OF COMPUTER

• Secondary Memory
• The data stored in it is permanent.
• Data can be deleted if necessary.
• It is cheaper than primary memory.
• It has high storage capacity.
• There are different kinds of secondary storage devices available. Few of them are :
• Floppy Disk
• Fixed or Hard Disk
• Optical Disk like: CD (Compact Disk) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
• Magnetic Tape Drive
 BASIC ORGANISATION OF COMPUTER

ROM (Read Only Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM is non-volatile RAM is volatile

ROM is cheaper than RAM RAM is very expensive

ROM cannot be updated or corrected RAM can be updated and corrected

ROM serves as permanent data storage RAM can serve as temporary data
storage
 APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN VARIOUS
FIELDS OF ENGINEERING
✔ 3D Modelling and Animation
✔ Robotics
✔ Automated Car Modelling
✔ Mobile App Development
✔ Web Development
✔ Gaming
✔ User Interface design for Aerospace Applications
✔ Ship Building
✔ Architecture
PROBLEM SOLVING

Problem solving is the process

of identifying a problem,
developing possible solution
paths, and taking the
appropriate course of action.
 WHY IS PROBLEM SOLVING IMPORTANT?

• Empowers you in your personal life and professional life.

• Problem solving is crucial to the success of any organizations.
• Problem solving can be used to develop practical and creative solutions.
• To show independence and initiative to employers
• To help in decision making.
THE PROBLEM SOLVING CYCLE
IDENTIFY

EVALUATE EXPLORE

IMPLEMENT SET GOALS

SELECT ALTERNATIVES
SOLVING A PROBLEM TO ENGAGE A EVENING

• Problem : What to do this evening?

• Identify the Problem:
How individuals wish to spend the evening?
• Explore and Understand the Problem:
• The knowledge base of the participants must be considered.
• The only solution that should be selected are the ones that
everyone would know how to do.
SOLVING A PROBLEM TO ENGAGE A EVENING

• Identify Alternatives:
•Watch Television
•Invite friends over
•Play games
•Go to movie
•Go to amusement park
•List is complete only when u think of no more alternatives
SOLVING A PROBLEM TO ENGAGE A EVENING

• Select the best way to solve the Problem:

•Cut out alternatives that are not acceptable
•Specify the Pros and Cons of every alternative
•Compare the Pros and Cons to identify the best alternative
• Prepare a list of steps to implement that will end up in a joyful evening
• Evaluate the Solution.
•Are we having fun yet?
 WAYS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS

• Problem solver can use either algorithmic or heuristic solutions

• Problems can be solved with a series of actions
• Algorithmic Solutions dealt with computers
• Problems do not always have straight forward solutions
• Heuristic Solutions or Self Discovery
• Evaluating the correctness and appropriateness of heuristic solutions are less
certain
• Most Problems require combination of both solutions
 LOGIC BUILDING

• Logic- “a particular way of thinking, especially one that is reasonable and

based on good judgment”.
• Logic is a collection of well-defined activities to be performed in order to
solve the problem.
LOGIC BUILDING - WHY

• Can help you reason through important

decisions, solve problems
• Generate creative ideas
• Set goals
• Developing your career.
 HOW CAN LOGIC BE REPRESENTED?

• Logic must be represented in a form which can be understood by humans.

• In the programming world, the most basic and popular ways of representing
logic are
- Algorithms
- Flow charts
- Pseudocode
• Implementing the Logic what have designed will result in real word applications
 ALGORITHMS
Representation for Logic Building
 Common Problem Solving Techniques

03 Pseudocode

Flowchart 02

01 Algorithm
Algorithms
26
 Algorithms

A set of rules for solving a problem in a finite number of steps.

It is a step-by-step process to solve a problem

Algorithm
Set of rules to obtain the
Input expected output from the KEYS
Output
given input
 Characteristics of Algorithm

Well Defined inputs / Finiteness

01 Outputs
03

Clear and
Unambiguous
02 Terminate Ultimately
04
Criteria for Deciding Successful Algorithms
Accuracy
Expected Outcome
1
Consistency
Must produce the same
Successful result each time it is run
Algorithms
2
Efficiency
3 Must solve the problem in
the shortest possible time
 Steps involved in algorithm development

Possessing Identification of
Effectiveness 06. 01. input

Processing Identification of
Finiteness 05. 6 Steps 02. output

Processing Identification the

Definiteness 04. 03. processing
operations
Input - Process - Output Model (IPO)
 Input - Process - Output Model (IPO)
※ The INPUT stage represents the flow of data into the process from outside
the system.
※ The PROCESSING stage includes all the tasks required to affect a
transformation of the inputs.
※ The OUTPUT stage is where the data and the information flow out of the
transformation process.
※ The STORAGE stage keeps the data until it is needed.KEYS
※ FEEDBACK occurs when outputs of a system are fed back as inputs that
form a circuit or loop
 Building Blocks of Algorithms

Sequence
01
Selection
02

Iteration 03
 Keywords used in developing algorithms
STAGE KEYWORDS EXAMPLE

Input accept, read, input, get Read name

Output display, print, output Display name

Process calculate, compute Calculate the area

Decision check,if,compare Check whether mark1>mark2

Arithmetic operation add, subtract, multiply and divide Add mark1 and mark2

Increment Add,Increment Increment counter by 1

Decrement Subtract,Decrement Decrement counter by 1

Initialize Set,Initialize Initialize counter to 0

 Sequence Method
Develop an Algorithm by accepting the name, Internal and External Marks. Compute and display
the Total marks.

Step 1: INPUT the name # input stage

Step 2: INPUT the Internal marks # input stage
Step 3: INPUT the External marks # input stage
Step 4: ADD the Internal marks & External marks and assign it to
marks # process stage
Step 5: OUTPUT marks# output stage

KEYS
 Selection Method
Write an algorithm to accept name and mark. If the mark is greater than or equal to 50
display "PASS" otherwise "FAIL".
Step 1: INPUT the name # input stage
Step 2: INPUT the mark # input stage
Step 3: CHECK IF mark is greater than or equal to 50, if it is TRUE then goto
Step 4 Otherwise goto Step 5 # process stage
Step 4: OUTPUT: Result is PASS goto Step 6 # output stage 1
Step 5: OUTPUT: Result is FAIL # output stage 2 KEYS

Step 6: End
 Iteration Method
Write an algorithm to accept name and mark of 5 students. If the mark is greater than or
equal to 50 display "PASS" otherwise "FAIL".

Step 1: INITIALIZE the value i equal to 1 # input stage

Step 2: IF i is less than or equal to 5, go to Step 3. Otherwise goto Step 9 # process stage 1
Step 3: INPUT the name # input stage
Step 4: INPUT the mark # input stage
Step 5: CHECK IF mark is greater than or equal to 50, if it is TRUE then goto Step 6
Otherwise goto Step 7 # process stage 2
Step 6: OUTPUT: Result is PASS goto Step 8# output stage
Step 7: OUTPUT: Result is FAIL # output stage KEYS

Step 8: ADD 1 with i and store it as i, goto Step 2 # process stage 3

Step 9:End
 Sequence Method
Write an algorithm to calculate the gross pay by accepting the name, number of days
and rate per day for an employee.

Step 1: INPUT the name # input stage

Step 2: INPUT the Days # input stage
Step 3: INPUT the PayRate # input stage
Step 4: Multiply Days by PayRate. Store result in GrossPay.# process stage
Step 5: OUTPUT GrossPay # output stage
 Selection
Write an algorithm to calculate the Total pay by accepting the name, grade (A,B and C),
Basic Pay.
If grade is "A", then HRA = 30% of Basic Pay
If grade is "B", then HRA = 20% of Basic Pay
If grade is "C", then HRA = 10% of Basic Pay
Compute Total Pay = Basic Pay + HRA
Display Name and Total Pay
 Selection
Step 1 : INPUT : name # input stage
Step 2 : INPUT : grade # input stage
Step 3 : INPUT : bpay # input stage
Step 4 : Check If grade is "A", If it is true multiply bpay with 30% and store it as HRA then goto
Step 7 Otherwise goto Step 5 # Process stage 1
Step 5 : Check If grade is "B", If it is true multiply bpay with 20% and store it as HRA then goto
Step 7 Otherwise goto Step 6# Process stage 2
Step 6 : Check If grade is "C", If it is true multiply bpay with 10% and store it as HRA # Process
stage 3
Step 7 : ADD bpay & HRA and store it as totalpay # Process stage 4
Step 8:OUTPUT1: name# output stage 1
Step 9:OUTPUT2: totalpay# output stage 2
Step 10 : End
 Iteration
Write an algorithm to calculate the Total pay for 5 employees by accepting the name,
grade (A,B and C), Basic Pay.
If grade is "A", then HRA = 30% of Basic Pay
If grade is "B", then HRA = 20% of Basic Pay
If grade is "C", then HRA = 10% of Basic Pay
Compute Total Pay = Basic Pay + HRA
Display Name and Total Pay
 Iteration
Step 1 : INPUT : name # input stage
Step 2 : INPUT : grade # input stage
Step 3 : INPUT : bpay # input stage
Step 4: INITIALIZE the value i equal to 1 # input stage
Step 5: IF i is less than or equal to 5, goto Step 6 Otherwise goto Step 13. # Process stage 1
Step 6 : Check If grade is "A", If it is true multiply bpay with 30% and store it as HRA then goto Step 9 Otherwise goto Step 7 #
Process stage 2
Step 7 : Check If grade is "B", If it is true multiply bpay with 20% and store it as HRA then goto Step 9 Otherwise goto Step 8#
Process stage 3
Step 8 : Check If grade is "C", If it is true multiply bpay with 10% and store it as HRA # Process stage 4
Step 9 : ADD bpay & HRA and store it as totalpay # Process stage 5
Step 10:OUTPUT1: name# output stage 1
Step 11:OUTPUT2: totalpay# output stage 2
Step 12: ADD 1 with i and store it as i goto Step 5 # Process stage 6
Step 13 : End
 Sequence – Fill in the blanks
Write an algorithm to interchange (Swap) 2 numbers
Step 1: _______ number1 and number2 # input stage
Step 2 : ADD number1 with number2 and store it as number1 # process stage 1
Step 3 :_______ number2 from number1 and store it as number2,
# process stage 2
Step 4: ________ number2 from number1 and store it as number1 # process stage 3
Step 5: OUTPUT _______ and _________ # output stage
KEYS
 Sequence
Write an algorithm to interchange (Swap) 2 numbers

Step 1: INPUT number1 and number2 # input stage

Step 2: ADD number1 with number2 and store it as number1 # process stage 1
Step 3:SUBTRACT number2 from number1 and store it as number2,
# process stage 2
Step 4:SUBTRACT number2 from number1 and store it as number1 # process
stage 3
Step 5:OUTPUT number1 and number2 # output stage KEYS
 Selection – Fill in the blanks
Write an algorithm for eligiblity to vote in India

Step 1: ______ age # input stage

Step 2 :______ whether given age is greater than or equal to eighteen, if it is
TRUE goto Step 3, Otherwise goto Step 4 # process stage 1
Step 3: _______ The person is eligible to vote goto Step 5 # output stage 1
Step 4: _______ The person is not eligible to vote # output stage 2
Step 5: End KEYS
 Selection
Write an algorithm for eligiblity to vote in India

Step 1: INPUT age # input stage

Step 2 :CHECK whether given age is greater than or equal to eighteen, if it is
TRUE goto Step 3, Otherwise goto Step 4 # process stage 1
Step 3: OUTPUT The person is eligible to vote goto Step 5 # output stage 1
Step 4: OUTPUT The person is not eligible to vote # output stage 2
Step 5: End KEYS
 Iteration
Write an algorithm for sum of natural numbers
Step 1: ______ number # input stage
Step 2:________ the value i equal to 1 and sum equal to zero # Input stage
Step 3:IF i is less than or equal to number, go to Step 4. Otherwise Step 6
# process Stage 1
Step 4:_______ sum with i and store it as sum. # process Stage 2
Step 5: _______ 1 with i and store it as i, Goto StepKEYS
3 # process Stage 3
Step 6: ________ sum # output stage
Step 7: End
 Iteration
Write an algorithm for sum of natural numbers

Step 1: INPUT number # input stage

Step 2:INITIALIZE the value i equal to 1 and sum equal to zero # Input stage
Step 3:IF i is less than or equal to number, go to Step 4. Otherwise Step 6
# process Stage 1
Step 4:Add sum with i and store it as sum. # process Stage 2
Step 5: ADD 1 with i and store it as i, Goto Step 3 # process
KEYS Stage 3
Step 6: DISPLAY sum # output stage
Step 7: End
 Algorithm for String Searching
Step 1: INPUT text and pattern # input stage
Step 2: CHECK whether entire pattern is found or end of text is reached. If it is true goto Step 6
Otherwise goto Step 3 # Process stage
Step 3: CHECK whether the text letter is equal to the pattern letter. If it is true goto step 4 Otherwise
Step 5 # Process stage
Step 4: COMPARE next letter of pattern to next letter of text goto Step 2 # Process stage
Step 5: MOVE pattern down text by one letter goto Step 2 # Process stage
Step 6: End
 Assignment Question – Supermarket Billing System I
Customer buying only one item - Sequence

Input
• Customer name
• Customer ID
• Price of an item (price)
• Quantity of the item (qty)
• Tax Percent (tax)
• Discount Percent (dis)
Calculate
• gross=price+(price*(tax/100))
• netamt=qty*(gross-(gross*(dis/100)))
Output

• Net Amount (netamt)

50
 Assignment Question – Supermarket Billing System II
Discount is applied only if the customer buys a minimum of 5 quantities- Selection

Input
• Customer name
• Customer ID
• Price of an item (price)
• Quantity of the item (qty)
• Tax Percent (tax)
• Discount Percent (dis)
Calculate
• gross=price+(price*(tax/100))
• netamt=qty*(gross-(gross*(dis/100))) ---->Applied when qty>=5
• netamt=qty*gross---> Applied when qty<5
Output

• Net Amount (netamt) 51

 Assignment Question – Supermarket Billing System III
5 customers do the purchase - Iteration

Input
• Customer name
• Customer ID
• Price of an item (price)
• Quantity of the item (qty)
• Tax Percent (tax)
• Discount Percent (dis)
Calculate
• gross=price+(price*(tax/100))
• netamt=qty*(gross-(gross*(dis/100))) ---->Applied when qty>=5
• netamt=qty*gross---> Applied when qty<5
Output
52
• Net Amount (netamt)
 FLOWCHARTS
DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION FOR
LOGIC BUILDING
FLOWCHART
IMPORTANCE

A flowchart is a diagram that depicts the

“flow” of a program.

Diagrammatic representation of an
algorithm.

Step-by-Step approach to solve a task.

 FLOWCHART SYMBOLS

Oval Rectangle Parallelogram

Diamond Circle
Arrow Lines
 FLOWCHART NOTATIONS

Start / End Project / Task Input / Output

The start or end of a Process or action. Data: Inputs to, and
workflow. outputs from, a process.

Decision Flow Lines Connector

Decision point in a Used to connect one

process or workflow. part of a flowchart to
Symbols are defined by ANSI Standard another.
 SCENARIO
I am Ramu, working in the Company XYZ as a daily wage. I
will tell you the number of Days I worked and how much I
am paid for each day. I want to Calculate my Gross Pay.
Kindly help me in calculation.

Lets see the Flowchart

 START
I am Ramu, working in the Company XYZ as a daily
wage. I will tell you the number of Days I worked Display “How
and how much I am paid for each day. I want to many Days did
you work?”
Calculate my Gross Pay. Kindly help me in
calculation. Read Days

• Start Display “How

much do you get
paid per Day?”
• How many days did you work?
• 10 Read PayRate

• How much do you get paid per days? Multiply Days by

PayRate. Store
• 100 result in GrossPay.

• 10 * 100
Display GrossPay
• 1000
• Stop STOP
 START

BASIC FLOWCHART Display “How

many Days did
SYMBOLS you work?”

Read Days
TERMINALS
Display “How
Represented by Rounded Rectangles much do you get
paid per Day?”

Indicate a Starting or Ending Point

Read PayRate

Multiply Days by
START END PayRate. Store
result in GrossPay.

Display GrossPay

STOP
 START

BASIC FLOWCHART Display “How

many Days did
SYMBOLS you work?”

Read Days
INPUT / OUTPUT OPERATIONS
Display “How
Represented by Parallelograms much do you get
paid per Day?”

Indicate an Input or Output Operation

Read PayRate

Multiply Days by
PayRate. Store
Display “How many result in GrossPay.
Days did you work?” Read Days
Display GrossPay

STOP
 START

BASIC FLOWCHART Display “How

many Days did
SYMBOLS you work?”

Read Days
PROCESSES
Display “How
Represented by Rectangles much do you get
paid per Day?”

Indicates a process such as

Read PayRate
Mathematical Computation or Variable
Assignment Multiply Days by
PayRate. Store result in
GrossPay.
Multiply Days by
PayRate. Store result in Display GrossPay
GrossPay.
STOP
 VARIOUS CONTROL
STRUCTURES

SEQUENCE SELECTION ITERATION

 SEQUENCE Start

READ
name
Steps are in Sequential Order
READ
rollno
There are no Alternate paths
PRINT name,
Simple Example rollno
We need to develop a system which
reads Name, Roll number of one student
and displays it. Stop
 Start

SELECTION Enter
Dept
Steps are not executed in Sequence
CSE?
We have Alternate paths. Path are chosen NO
based on the decision YES

Decisions are made based on some READ

name
Conditions
READ
Simple Example rollno
We need to develop a system which reads
PRINT
name, roll number of one student and displays name, rollno
it, if he/she belongs to CSE department.
Stop
 Start
ITERATION N - No.of students
Lets have N=3 Enter N

rollno=1

Steps are in Sequence but executed READ

many times and repetitively. name

Repetitions occurs until the condition PRINT

name
fulfills
Simple Example NO Is
rollno=rollno+ rollno
We need to develop a system which 1 ==N?
reads name, roll number of ‘n’ students
YES
and displays it.
Stop
 REVIEW
What do each of the following symbols represent?

Terminal
Decision
(start / stop)

Connector

Process Input/Output
 REVIEW
What type of Structure is this?

True

False

Iterative
 REVIEW
What type of Structure is this?

Sequential
 REVIEW
What type of Structure is this?

Selection
EXAMPLES
Lets Have a Look
Sita went to a shop and purchased a
saree and a handbag. Help the
shopkeeper to find how much she is
supposed to pay.
 Ramu is a shopkeeper. At the
end of the day he calculating
his expenses of that day. If his
income is greater than his
expenses(cost) he will have
some profit. Otherwise he will
end up with some loss. Display
his profit / loss amount.
SOLVE IT!
Lets Try
 Number=8
Start

Enter
Number=7
Number

NO
Number%2==0 Print odd
number

YES
Print even
number

Stop
Number=8

even
number
Number=7

odd
number
If A = 20
B = 30
C = 50

What will be the Output??

50
Guess the Output??

3
5
7
Guess the Output??

3
6
9
Guess the Output??

3
Guess the Output??

7
 Guess the Output??

0 8 16

32 40

96