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The .NET Framework is a comprehensive development platform for building applications across various Microsoft environments, including web and desktop applications. It features a common language runtime (CLR) for executing code and a class library that provides reusable code and services such as memory management and security. The framework supports multiple programming languages, enabling interoperability and simplifying application development through its extensive libraries and tools.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views31 pagesSunbeam MS - NET Notes
The .NET Framework is a comprehensive development platform for building applications across various Microsoft environments, including web and desktop applications. It features a common language runtime (CLR) for executing code and a class library that provides reusable code and services such as memory management and security. The framework supports multiple programming languages, enabling interoperability and simplifying application development through its extensive libraries and tools.
Uploaded by
gayandedoCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 31
SUNBEAM
SUNBEAM
Institute of Information Technology
Student Name S
What is the NET Framework?
.NET APIs for
Store/UWP apps
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Institute of Information Technology
Placement Iniaive
‘The .NET Framework is a development platform for
building apps for web, Windows, Windows Phone,
jows Server, and Microsoft Azure. It consists of
the common language runtime (CLR) and the .NET
Framework class library, which includes a broad
range of functionality and support for many industry
standards.
The .NET Framework provides many services,
including memory management, type and memory
safely, security, networking, and application
deployment. It provides easy-to-use data structures
and APls that abstract the lower-level Windows
operating system. You can use different
programming languages with the .NET Framework,
including C#, Fi, and Visual Basic.
The .NET Framework is a managed execution
2 environment for Windows that provides a variety of
Winforms ASP.NET ADO.NET Services to its running apps. It consists of two major
= components: the common language runtime (CLR),
Cs Cs Fitch isthe execution engine that handles runring
3 apps, and the NET Framework Class Library, which
Framework Class Library 2 provides a library of tested, reusable code that
S = ee eerens a developers can call from their own apps.
nv
&
The services that the NET Framework provides to running apps include the following:
‘© Memory management. In many programming languages, programmers are responsible for allocating
and releasing memory and for handling object lifetimes. In .NET Framework apps, the CLR provides
these services on behalf of the app.
+ A common type system. In traditional programming languages, basic types are defined by the
compiler, which complicates cross-language interoperability. In the NET Framework, basic types are
defined by the .NET Framework type system and are common to all languages that target the .NET
Framework.
+ An extensive class library. Instead of having to write vast amounts of code to handle common low-
level programming operations, programmers use a readily accessible library of types and their members
from the NET Framework Class Library.
* Development frameworks and technologies. The NET Framework includes libraries for specific
areas of app development, such as ASP.NET for web apps, ADO.NET for data access, Windows
Communication Foundation for service-oriented apps, and Windows Presentation Foundation for
Windows desktop apps.
* Language interoperability. Language compilers that target the NET Framework emit an intermediate
code named Common Intermediate Language (CIL), which, in tum, is compiled at runtime by the
common language runtime. With this feature, routines written in one language are accessible to other
languages, and programmers focus on creating apps in their preferred languages.
* Version compatibility. With rare exceptions, apps that are developed by using a particular version of
the NET Framework run without modification on a later version
* Side-by-side execution. The .NET Framework helps resolve version conflicts by allowing multiple
versions of the common language runtime to exist on the same computer. This means that multiple
versions of apps can coexist and that an app can run on the version of the .NET Framework with which
SunBeam Institute of Information Technology, Pune, Karad Page 1 me execution applies to the .NE! Framework version groups 1.0777 al
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4.8. te class librarie
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-- Common Language Infrastructure ----
.NET compatible languages compile to a
second platform-neutral language called
‘Comman Intermediate Language (CIL).
Common The platform-specific Common Language
Language Runtime (CLR) compiles CIL to machine-
Runtime readable code that can be executed on the
| current platform,
910011001010
11010101 100016
Fre 1e Comr
Saat ad oes many seme Language Runtime (CLR). It serves as the execution engine of NET
CLR Sully and tread manager eS memory management, type safely, exception handling, garbage
Psi ae agement. All Programs written for NET Framework are executed by the
opposed to being (NET Framework ar
di - fe com .
moe (ye rey Coed ro machen eo Common Intermediate Language code (Cl), a8
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she NET Framework Class Librany (FCL) is organized in a hierarchy of namespaces. Most of the bul 0
pptcaton programming interfaces (APIS) are part of ether System." or Microsoft.* namespaces. These class
apocaiplement many common functions, such 2s fle reading and wring, graphic rendering, database
Iota and XML document manipulation, The class libraries are avaiable for al CL compliant languages.
tte timplements the CLI Base Ciass Library (BCL) and olher class libreries—some are specified by CLI
and other are Microsoft specific.
are Gholudes a small subset ofthe entire class library and isthe core sel of cases that
ao remtne basic API of CLR.NET Framework most classes considered bolng. part of BCL reside in
seve ab.dl, Systema and System.Core.ll. BCL ciasses are availabe 9 MET Framework as well as its
arsconive implementations including NET Compact Framework, Microsoft Siveright, .NET Core and Mono.
a raters to ihe entire class library that ships with .NET Framework. ILincludes an expanded set of libraries,
ety BCL, Windows Forms, ASP.NET, and Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) bit also extensions
{othe base clas libraries ADO.NET, Language Integrated Query (LING), Windows ‘Communication Foundation
{WCE}, and Worklow Foundation (WF). FCL is much larger in scope than standard libraries for languages like
cH
Assemblies
‘Source code written in Cif is compiled into an intermediate language
‘Fhe code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executal
assembly(.exel.dl)
‘An assembly contains a manifest that provides
security requirements.
MyAssembly.dil Assembly Functions
it contains IL code that CLR executes. It contains Manifest that makes PE files
ESRC executables.An assembly is the unit at which permissions are requested and
‘ranted Every type's identity includes the name of the assembly in which it resides.
metadata The assembly's manifest contains assembly metadata that is used for resolving
types and satisfying resource requests. The assembly isthe smallest versionable unit
Type metadata
MSIL code
in the common language runtime; all types and resources in the same assembly are
Parts of Assembly
(IL) that conforms to the CLI specification.
ble file called an
5 information on the assembly's types, version, culture, and
versioned as a unit.
itforms a deployment unit. When an application starts, only the assemblies that the
application intially calls must be present. Other assemblies, such as localization
resources or assemblies containing utlity classes, can be retrieved on demand. This
allows applications to be kept simple and thin when first downloaded.
it ig the unit at which side-by-side execution is supported thus Assemblies are a
fundamental part of programming with the NET Framework
SunBeam Institute of Information Technology, Pune, Karad Page3 Bam). Assemby can De Single file ass
7 ‘ost and managed as single unit by CLR, ently or
ind to optimize downloading an appli’
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wag
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scam pos and resource” map to the actual files
oma asso fdopends.
hierjents and the Y Sgembly's implementation details,
ttelite assembl¥
ion, exception handling, and
ferred to as "managed code,” in
vs that targets a specific system,
rhage collect
sometimes ref
machine languags
ies can include -NET Framework types and resources,
table (PE) files.
i fites, which are run directly from memory ang
ic assembll
to create dynamic
such as System-Reflection.E!
ose ok before EXECU i
arora Ss igo common Taravede runtime APIS:
assemblies:
;
ng Aran 4, tne assembly is loaded into the CLR, which mig)
Fon the information in the manifest. : :
based Pipe secury requirements T°. Sl the CLR performs just inti
Then to native machine instructions Those can be passed 10 OS:
Global Assembly Cache
frig recommended that only
‘assembly cache, When an assem
Al fies that make up assembly.
The cache performs these integri
registered with GAC is shared asser
reaistehes deployed in the global assembly cache mu
nt take various actions,
Executior
When the G#
ime (JIT) compilation to conver the IL
wed to delete files from the global
rivileges be allo
checks are performed on
isers with Administrator P'
{assembly cache, integrity
ply is added to the global
y checks to ensure that assembly hae not be
Y ily while assembly placed in applicat n folde
ist have a strong name.
en tampered with. Assembly
is local or private assembly.
Strong named assembly
A stron. hs
rena nafgme consists of the assembly's identity — Its simple text name, version number, and culture
information — plus a public key and a digit
tal signature.
Itis generated from an assembly fil ‘ r ing pri
tary on ae 48 fis ta ‘the corresponding private key.Strong names guarantee name
sn you reference a strong-t 5
Wan ot sie mng-named assembly, you expect to get certain benefits, such a!
.s versioning and
t on the same
Sideby ite Execution
computer meena thet you abit 2 store and execute multiple versions of an componen!
Sees amr httin Rei ee Stes a at
bins to Suppo ares oe Pa ote con ‘over what versions of ‘a component and runtime an application
uit into the infrastructure of the peas eect of different versions is possible due to strong naming
Page 4
SunBeam Institute of Information Technology, Pune, Kai
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Execution of Cif program
Visual C# Pte
CH Source | [_Resources
eG) References
C# 2.0 Complier
Creates
+
Sa
| an hewbaoes
IL metadata & references
loaded by CLR
LNET Framework}
Common Language Runtime
Security / Garbage
Collection / JIT Compiler
Uses -NET Framework
|__| “Class Libraries
Converted to native
machine code
‘Operating System
Application domains
Application domains provide an isolation boundary for security, reliability, and versioning, and for unloading
assemblies. Application domains are typically created by runtime hosts, which are responsible for
bootstrapping the common language runtime before an application is run
Language Interoperability
Language Interoperability simply means a function in VB .NET can be called by C# and vice-versa. When
NET code is compiled, it results in MSIL, regardless of what language was used to write it, be it C#, VB.NET,
Fit, etc. The resulting MSIL code can be used by a different language than the one it was written in,
Language interoperability is the ability of code to interact with code that is written using a different
programming language. Language interoperability can help maximize code reuse and, therefore, improve the
efficiency of the development process. Every code written in any NET language and compiled could be
reused from other .NET language.
The IL disassembler
The IL Disassembler is a companion tool to the IL Assembler (llasm.exe). Iidasm.exe takes a portable
‘executable (PE) file that contains intermediate language (IL) code and creates a text file suitable as input to
Nasm.exe.
The text fle produced by ildasm.exe can be used as input to the IL Assembler (/lasm.exe). This is useful, for
example, when compiling code in a programming language that does not support all the runtime metadata
attributes. After compiling the code and running its output through lidasm.exe, the resulting IL text file can be
hand-edited to add the missing attributes. You can then run this text file through the IL Assembler to produce
afinal executable file.
C# Language
C# language was created by Anders Hejisberg at Microsoft and launched in 2000. Ci#is a simple, modern,
flexible, object-oriented, safe, and open source programming language
SunBeam Institute of Information Technology, Pune, Karad Page S =
suNBEAM
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CH while providing powerful features suem
mpoxitios of
pos nny ol fs mathods nnd direct memory acs 3
Gi syinx simp dotogatos, AnOnyMoN Ay ve vie ueh 8 ae
Topo onumrations. dela. prod to C and C+* and more Hoxbie than in Java, ee fund yin
Ts Gul procas eT ruc, ners, ane events sr
ofc “
dofine any number
streanth of CH ae
4, Object Oriente od 1, this allows you to create modular maintainable a
virion tanga ot
Gein oe er gest avantages of CH Oe" ©
iS Osage Collection
2. Automatic beaker oo) eystem to erase and remove all the garbage present on the
nas 94 Ve system and the system do not Got hanged during execution.
Greate a mess i?
i Leak
Sino Problem Memory memory backup. There would be no problem of the mem, }
# has a majo aceog get happens in the case of C++ language. In this case cay 22k ang
PC and ey
‘Able
SIEM. Ch dose,
Sher such type of problems in :
Gear edge on al ter languages. wh |
'to-Development |
Seay Sass libraries make many functions easy to be implemented. C# has influence on most of th
e
Te pers ofthe work and it has a story in the programming world.
. Cross Platform
Sere spliction wil run wel ony ifthe machine has installed the NET framework. This is the most im,
tirement for the Ci. also this could be an important opportunity for the young programmers to getty
rem,
trained with NET framework,
6. Better Integration i
& Bcettone wrtten in NET wil have better integration and interperatability wih other NET Technologies
ety Ca runs on CLR, making it easy to integrate with components written in other languages
CLR-compatible languages) IDES (Specialy,
7. More Legible Coding
swertzed poncept of get-set methods, so the codes becomes more legible. Also in CH, you don't need
0
‘worry about header files. ‘Coding would be a worth to do in Ci.
8 Scarcity of Choice
When you are in Microsoft stack, you have a tool for everything. So, basically you match
Hen teers way i ovommend GH is very supporive kind of language specially forthe
beginners.
9. Programming Support
You can buy support from the Microsoft in C# (.NET framework) unlike Java where com
munity is your
support. So if things get wrong then you can solve your issues with the st r
10. Backward Compatibi ee
INET applications work on windows platforms on! ji i
ly and Microsoft keeps retiring support for old windows
platforms. So always there would if
Blairs. So ava there woud be a need to upgrade your NET femework if you are going one
Data Types In C#
‘+ Citisa strongly typed language
+ Classified as Builtin type and User-defined type
Or Classiti
‘sified as Value type — stores values and Reference type — stores references to data. {bool | Numerical |luser d
[integral | Floating
Institute of Information Technology Placement Initiative
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Value Types
Structs | Enumerations
jefined
® derived from
a System.ValueType
~sbyte float(7)
[ byte(s)_| double(15) | ® Stores Value directly
|_char(i6) | a ® When assigned value is copied
short(16)_| |Decimal t reference
ushort(16)| | (128bit) eal id
int(32, L ® Cannot used as base class
uint(32) ® Default value generally zero
(32)
[long(64)_| ® Nullable types allowed
YI
ulong(64)
Reference Types
Class | > Classes and Interfaces are user defined.
Intefaee | > objectis cosmic super class
> string is also built in type represents immutable
obiectaa strings
f > delegate represent object oriented function pointer
> store references to actual data
delegate —
Boxing and Unboxing
By Boxing Value types can be treated as objects.
This allows the value type to be stored on the garbage collected heap as an Object
Unboxing extracts the value type from the object.
example, the integer variable | is boxed and assigned to object o.
inti= 123;
object obj = (object) i; // boxing
The object o can then be unboxed and assigned to integer variable i:
object obj = 123;
i= (int) obj! unboxing
Boxing
SunBeam Institute of Information Technology, Pune, Karad
Page 7 (2 SsUNBEAT
ArT ay class gives methods for creating, manipulating, searching, and sorting arrays. The Array class is
The Array
not part of the System.Col
the IList interface. The
string type [ mscorlib.dlt]
SunBeam Institute of Informati n Technology,
ype
«This value 's a copy ofthe vaio ap,
(i boxed) assigned to the variable YPC Valug
int
123
lbyect 0-1
a + inti= 123; 11 a value type
UnbOxIND On the heap «object 0 =i; // boxing
jer + int] = (int) 0; / unboxing
f ;
+ explicit conversion from type object
2 tov
(i boxed) * Checking the object instance o mate sug
bP [int
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a Insti
‘on the heap
object
required)
+ The result of this statement ig
object reference 0, on the stacy 9 an
references a value of the type kit t
is a boxed value of the given value
+ Copying the value from the insta
value-type variable.
+ Attempting to unbox nl or reference to
incompatible value type will result insn
InvalidCastException
08 ino the
pect O17
E i lection because itis based
namespace, but its still considered as a col a
fray cass is the base class for language implementations that support arrays,
2.3.4.5} int] a=new int{S];
(51 1.2.3.4,5}; 7
eekDays = now sing {*Sun, "Mon, Tus
in] a=new int (1, 23.3,4){5.6));
in] numbers = (4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, -2,-1, 0};
foreach (int in numbers) { System.Console.WriteLine(); }
Console. WriteLine(numbers.Length);
int) numbers = (4,5, 6, 1, 2,3, -2,-1, 0};
foreach (int in numbers)
‘System.Console.WriteLine(!);
Console. WriteLine(numbers.Length);
+ Ajagged array is an array whose elements are arrays.
+ The elements of a jagged array can be of different dimensions and sizes.
* Alagged array is sometimes called an “array of arrays."
Sequence of Unicode characters
alias for reference type System.String
MLS operators check for values even though its reference type
#:1L + operators can be used
To avoid escape seq; str=@'cilfile,
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Pune, Karad Pas 3} SUNBEAM
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th ring object iso Systom.Toxt StringBuildor class stringf] split(charl] seperators)
@ Tomodify the same
opjects, classes and structs
Stjects aro instances of a given data type. The data type provides a bluprint fr the objoct tats
instantiated when application is executed.
|. New_data types are defined using classes & structs
asses and structs form the building blocks of CH applications, containing code and data. Cit
pplication wil always contain of al least one class.
4 aeiract ean be considered a lightweight class, ideal for creating data types that st
represent a type that might later be extended via inheritance.
data, and does no!
Gi classes support inheritance, meaning they can derive from a previously defined class.
lore small amounts of
Class
+ class may have
se Methods, Fields, Properties, Operators, Indexers, Events & other user defined types
+ Access specifiers
© private, protected, public
internal, protected internal
Class definitions can be splitted in files
‘Static classes are sealed classes with static methods
Only single inheritance is allowed
Mallple interface inheritance is alowed
structure
‘Struts are value types; classes are reference types
‘When passing a struct fo a method, itis passed by value instead of as a reference.
Unlike classes, structs can be instantiated without using a new operator.
Structs can declare constructors, but they must take parameters.
inherited from other stuct.A struct can implement interfaces.
A struct cannot
‘Al structs are inherit from System. alueType that inherits System.Object
itis an error to initialize an instance field in struct
Inheritance & Polymorphism
«is operator checks for hierarchy relation
bool flag = der_obj is base;
as operator is used for dynamic type casting
derived newobj = obj as derived;
abstract classes & members are
classes.
+ sealed members cannot be overridden
+ sealed classes cannot be further inherited; they are final
‘+ public class derived : base { ..)
‘solely used for inheritance - to define features of derived, non-abstract
Operator overloading
«By operator overloading, we can extend the meaning ofthe operator. By this we can use operator with
user defined classes.
‘The operators are implemented as static functions of the class.
88. Ih 1], (), shorthand, . 2, >, news, sizeof operators cannot be overloaded
Relational operators like ==, != should be overloaded in pair.
public static Complex operator +(Complex 1, Complex 2);
Conversion operators are used to convert a cass object into any other type and vice versa,
Conversions dectared as implicit occur automaticaly when required
Conversions declared as explicit require a cast to be called.
new Keyword
SunBeam Institute of Information Technology, Pune, Karad Page 9 SUNBEAM
A) Institute of Information Technology
led momory.
‘ator is used to allocate eu:
ao iP eloved as. 04%, i ides all tho functions in base class with the am
com en acess my netlon wh same name base gs". Using
one dual, which makos function as a now virgo,
foclnro a function as now virtual, wi z al fun
Wo can even doclare 9 ter idden in further dorived classes using override ke, von {igeton ey
in rary Ie anot access any’ such function with same signature inthe derived cece a bac roth
faforence wo cannot access
= powopot
‘When function
dorivod class rofort
sealed Keyword
eeunction declared a
the derived class. Thus sealed
1d cannot be overriden in v led functio
ed yt base clas tht conet be modified or extended inthe cers tien
funciona Peoled override tells that function is overridden in this class but cannot be overridde
Tho species sea new function inthe derived class with same name we should use new, 9°" furthe,
ed peael 25 const, isa constant variable and cannot be modified a
+ Tre vapetid be gen at comple time, where itis declared in dass,
value
= 3.142;
const double Pl = 3.142;
d to 3.142.
Now value of Plis finalize 2. neon atten ames
Jared as readonly, is assigned in Y fein anyother
evar Te readonly elds value may nt be known at fhe comple time Metag
THOT The const fa
3
ord
2 tne Geclred as abstract within a class then we cannot create object ofthat class. Such class
must be declared as abstract.
Functions declared abstract in base class must be overrides
even create object of the derived class, ;
+ Astract lasses are used fo implement some common functionality that can be shared by the objets, of
the derived classes. :
+ Funeion declared 2s abstract over overdes function in base class but make it abstract
class.
the derived class. Otherwise we cannot
derived
Use of abstract classes
+ Absract clas references are used to refer to objects ofthe derived classes. Thus they work like genetic
references and give specific implementation depending on type of object. Also they implement tre
‘common functionality used by the derived class objects.
* General we cteale collection Ike array of base class references and now we can store any objects
bY manifest, and
Ibeatous type from this assembly and create an instance of it Use Module to discover infomation such as
the assembly that contains the module andthe classes in the module, al global methods or other specific,
rnonglobal methods defined on the module.
+ Use Constructorinfo to discover information such as the name, parameters, aoces modifiers and
implementation details (abstract or vital) ofa constructor. Use the GetCons\usor ‘GetConstructor
method of a Type to invoke a specific constructor, Use Propertyino to discover information such as the
Tame datatype, declaring type, reflected type, and read-only or writable satus of a property, and to get
rset property values. Use Parameterinfo to discover information such 2: 8 parameter’s name, data type,
whether a parameter is an input or output parameter, and the position of the parameter in a method
signature.
+ Use CustorAttributeData to discover it
reflection-only context of an application
without creating instances of them.
tom attributes when you are working in the
ine atributes
information about cus
ibuteData allows you to exami
domain. Customattrt
‘hnology, Pune, Karad Page 13,
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SunBeam Institute of Information Tec! [ 2 SUNBEAM
=
@ Institute of Information Technology
Attributes fu mod of associating decorative information wth ype, meth,
‘Altrbutes provide 0 pow '
properties, Or to your program, Motadata is information embedded in
ol your
Ati a mor dseriptons of nl, Program such ag
compile inst dotinod(given in tramowork) and user defined attributes,
classified as prodofi
They are clas
ibutos are used in Pinvoke, Serialization, Interoperability, ot.
Prodefined attributes are Us
Custom Attributes
own custom atibutes by defining an attribute class, a clas that derives gi
You can create your own cus
identifying altribule definitions in metadata fast and was
n Jute, which makes ident b
Bond tor oye ‘attribute decides usage of the attribute,
«Inherited = true / false
ectly of
Regular Expresso on is @ pattem that could be matched against an input text. The .Net framework
Fon i
cea erelar expression engine that allows such matching. A pattern consists of one oe fe
ov
racer eal, operators, or constructs, ae
“here are various categories of characters, operators, and constructs that lets you to define reguar
* expressions The Regex class is used for representing a regular expression
oForevey new value type parameter specialized version is created at runtime
i ng refernces as refereces of any type have
ference types only version in created for storing re faa
Touse any Collen wih foreach loop it should suppor iterator or IEnumerable interface.
Enumerator can be returned by “yield” keyword. We can write more than one yield retum statement,
Yield statement cannot be there in unsafe blocks or try-catch blocks, anonymous methods, method with
ref & out params.
Generics in C#
+ Generics are template classes or functions written by programmer. C# generic type substitutions are
performed at runtime. Use generic types to maximize code reuse, type safety, and performance,
+ Collection classes declared in System.Collections.Generic Generic interfaces, classes, methods, events
and delegates can be created.
Collection classes and Interfaces
* Collection classes are defined as part of the System.Collections or System.Collections.Generic
namespace
+ Most collection classes derive from the interfaces ICollection, IComparer, lEnumerable, IList,
WDictionary, and IDictionaryEnumerator.
{ Semeimportant classes are ArrayList, SortedList, Stack, Queue, HashTable, etc
* [ng generic collection classes provides increased type-safely and in some cases can provide better
Performance, especially when storing value types
ArrayList Class
* Itrepresents an ordered collectio i
alemaivetoanaecy n of an object that can be indexed individually. It is basically an
+ However, uni . .
an indy eng eeey you can add and remove items from a list at a specified position using
ay resizes itself automaticall ee
Sterching and song ee el ly. It also allows dynamic memory allocation, adding,
Example
SunBeam Insti
‘te of Information Technology, Pune, Karad — SUNBEAm VE
Institute of Information Technology Mas
new ArrayLst()
ars Add(887); :
Gonsole.WriteLine("Capacity: (0), al. Capacity)
Console WriteLine("Count: (0), al.Count);
foreach (int in artist)
Console.Write(i +
Stack caS8 sin: fst out cal
Itrepresents a last, first out collection of object. Its used when you need a la
items, When you edd an item in the list, it is called pushing th
tame er. pushing the item and when you
first-out aocess of
remove it, itis called
Hashtable class
he Hashtable class represents a collection of key-and-value pairs that are organi
Tate o the key. Ituses the key to access the elements inthe callecion, oo“°4 based on he hash
cample
Achtable hashtb = new Hashtable);
hashtb.Add(‘abet","Krishna’);
hashtb.Add(“abe2","Kaveri’);
hashtb.Add(“abe3","Venna’);
if (hashtb.ContainsValue("krishna"))
Console. WriteLine("This name is already present in the list)
else
hashtb.Add("abo4”, *Nitin");
ICollection key = hashtb.Key
foreach (string i in key)
Console.WriteLine(i + ":
+ hashtb fl);
Dictionary class
+The Dictionary class is a generic collection class in the System Collection. Generics
namespace. TKey denotes the type of Key and TValue is the type of TValue,
Example
IDictionary d = newDictionary();
d.Add(1,"SunbeamKarad");
é.Add(2,"SunbeamPuneMarketYard");
d.Add(3,"ThreePuneHinjawadi");
foreach (KeyValuePair iin
Console. WriteLine("Key: {0}, Value: {1
ixey, Value); /laccessing Dictionary using foreach
for (int i= 0: 1 is an unordered collection of the unique elements. It comes
under System.Collections.Generic namespace. The HashSet class provides high-performance set
operations,
SunBeam Institute of Information Technology, Pune, Karad Page 15
18 suNnBeEsAm
Technology
institute of Information
aiamanta that the abject can hold. Hashsep
mia tho mumbor 0
Me upticato eremant’
Toparations, uch
nsoteT™ Ob)
4 cannot ¢
ny mathrernation
‘94 aot addition (unions)
sie nd not
eubtrnction
ere i" now Hashsot Is a goneric collection whereas ArrayList
{different interfaces that provide different
nct>, ICollection,IReadOnlyList,
‘except that Li
plements eight
erable, ICollectior
is an ArrayList
teT> class im
le, IEnum'
List class.
UisteT> collection is th
eric colle
functionalities, those
[inteT>. IList, ReadOnly
e same
in The Lis
‘are IEnumerabli
Collection
+ emp = newtist customers = new List(){
"Amit", Address ="Pune"},
Mahesh", Address = "Mumbai"),
"Nilesh", Address = "Manglore"},
SunBeam Institute of Inform: Page 18
n Technology, Pune, Karad
Mo | SUNBEAM Ty
Institute of Information Technology ho
Placement Iniiative
Address,
cecansce the sample data we have Wo customer objects wih Ades stating with *M*
} is
Asw
: ger looping through entire collection; we shall get wo
re 0 objects But this i sample d a
+ rea nes eat ine da How to hol eda Shou we po aed and eles alec or sgl see?
or a pe ast ing 0 Wor Aout, Ft ews be concerned abot-"Can we ke hs ny pg
yes!
+ YE ase LING ocolleton by ring SQL ke queries onthe clin, ade td the es es se "VAR"
he result let us use “VAR type
‘catlier chapter.
sen are cha
savy "VAR?" .
sre ont know what we are going fo get!
ove goes the code forthe same:
seult=ffom in cwstomers
vac gree Stats)
seket
pie cade above the SQL ike syntax used is similar to Hibernate Query Language (HL). Hibernate sone ofthe popular ORM
fameveork
syntax isnt str
SurTECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ADDRESS
fo we have such a weird syntax?
ojein the LINQ query used above; “FROM, ‘WHERE’, and ‘SELECT are not keywords! Those are actualy methods!
‘ofone method becomes an input to another method. It is more of chain of methods. *
ight forward like SQL SELECT statement. Had itbeen SQL one would have written query ike
Mv!
why d
Answer
output
God pint sout this query isthe query does not execute atthe mentioned statement t means if one tris to execute only LINQ
Statement above; result will actually have nothing!
LINQ query executes only when result is going to get used forthe fis time. Its ealled differed execution
‘hen one actually tries to use ‘result’ variable e.g. may be iteration of the result; then the query executes.
+ ttmeans wt
like given below; one may see the result with data immediately:
However ifone changes the query
‘yr result = (from c in customers
where e,Address.Starts With("M")
select) ToListO;
| Inabove statement; change is we have asked to convert the entire result of the query in to LIST format. It
means we have asked for immediate result! Hence in this case query executes immediately.
File 10 - Serialization:
Files and Directories:
‘Some of the very commonly used classes are as follows:
+ File - provides static methods for creating, copying, deleting, moving, and opening files, and
helps create a FileStream object.
+ Fileinfo - provides instance methods for creating, copying, deleting, moving,
files, and helps create a FileStream object.
‘ods for creating, moving, and enumerating through directories
and opening
* Directory - provides static meth
and subdirectories.
+ Directoryinfo - provides instance methods for creating, moving, and enumerating through
directories and subdirectories.
+ Path - provides methods and properties for processing directory strings in a cross-platform
manner,
SunBeam Institute of Information Technology, Pune, Karad Page 18 [ 2 SUNBEAM
=
Institute of Information Technology
nce of bytes. Stream in netis an abstracts
is nothing bul a sequel a
Streams: Seem Fe, an inp ulput device, an IPC, or a TOPIP S2ckel. The programme,
class, I could bo or specie dolls of operating system. Basic operations that cqa'ret
is thus isolate
sook,
performed on a stream are read, write and
Se eee f converting the stale of an object into a form that can be persi
Serialization Oereevent of seaization is deseralization, which converts a stream into o
tanepevte, The coon prosevves type fae, whic fs Useful or preserving the stata of _
pelveen al fions of an application. :
itferent invocations of
between diffe ‘alization serializes only public properties and fields and does not Preserve type fy
+ XML seri you want fo provide or consume deta without restricting the appcation ince Thy
is useful when y ject memory menagement and provides an automated serie 2S
data. The CLR manages o| =
Object
Bytes
Database Memory a
\When an objec is serialized, the name of the class, the assembly, and all the data members ofthe class
instance are written o storege. When the class is serialize, the serialization engine ensure that the core
objects not serialized more than once, if object has references. The only requirement placed on objet
graphs is that all objects, referenced by the serialized object, must also be marked as Serializable
+ When the serialized class is deserialzed, the class is recreated and the values of all the data members
are automatically restored.
‘+ Serialization can be done as Binary or XML or SOAP serialization.
+ Ifyou dont want to store any member then it should be marked with NonSerialized attribute. You can aso
use XMLSerializer object with StreamWriter object to write in file.
+ Steps for serialization
+ Mark the class with Serializable attribute.
Create a formatter object - Binary or SOAP
Create FileStream object to store data
Serialize object into file using formatter
Close the stream
Types of serialization:
‘There are basically 3 types of serialization:
Binary: Binary serialization uses bina it
encoding to i
slrage or socket based netverk cea, ceeding to produce compact serialization for uses such as
XML: XML serial
and return values of see il22s the public fields and properties of an object, or the parameters
iethods, "=
Aefinonianguage (XSD) docuntoce
