SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

Schedule Assignment 07 | PDE | Solution

1.Find complete integrals of the following equations by Charpit's Method:
(a) (𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐 )𝒚 = 𝒒𝒛.

Soln.:- Here the given equation is

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )𝑦 − 𝑞𝑧 = 0 (1)

Charpit's auxiliary equations are

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= = = =
𝑓𝑥 + 𝑝𝑓𝑧 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑞𝑓𝑧 −𝑝𝑓𝑝 − 𝑞𝑓𝑞 −𝑓𝑝 −𝑓𝑞

or

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2= = = , by (1) (2)
−𝑝𝑞 𝑝 −2𝑝2 𝑦 + 𝑞𝑧 − 2𝑞 2 𝑦 −2𝑝𝑦 −2𝑞𝑦 + 𝑧

Taking the first two fractions, we get 2𝑝𝑑𝑝 + 2𝑞𝑑𝑞 = 0 so that 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = 𝑎 2

Using (3), (1) gives

𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑞𝑧

or

𝑞 = 𝑎2 𝑦/𝑧

Putting this value of 𝑞 in (3), we get

𝑎
𝑝 = √(𝑎 2 − 𝑞 2 ) = √𝑎 2 − (𝑎4 𝑦 2 /𝑧 2 ) = √(𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 2 )
𝑧

Now putting these values of 𝑝 and 𝑞 in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we have

Salim Sir : 9874422674

1
 SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

𝑎 2 2 2
𝑎2 𝑦
𝑑𝑧 = √( )
𝑧 − 𝑎 𝑦˙ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 𝑧

or

𝑧𝑑𝑧 − 𝑎2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎𝑑𝑥
√(𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 2 )
integrating,

1
(𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 2 )2 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
or 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 (4)

which is a required complete integral, 𝑎, 𝑏 being arbitrary constants.

(b) 𝟐𝐱𝐳 − 𝐩𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐪𝐱𝐲 + 𝐩𝐪 = 𝟎.

Soln.:- Here given equation is

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑥 − 2𝑞𝑥𝑦 + 𝑝𝑞 = 0 (1)

Charpit's auxiliary equations are

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= = = =
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
+𝑝 +𝑞 −𝑝 −𝑞 − −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑞

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= = 2 = = 2 , by (1)
2𝑧 − 2𝑞𝑦 0 𝑥 − 𝑞 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝 𝑝𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑞 − 2𝑝𝑞

The second fraction gives 𝑑𝑞 = 0 so that 𝑞=𝑎

Putting 𝑞 = 𝑎 in (1), we get

𝑝 = 2𝑥(𝑧 − 𝑎𝑦)/(𝑥 2 − 𝑎)

Salim Sir : 9874422674

2
 SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

Putting values 𝑝 and 𝑞 in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we get

2𝑥(𝑧−𝑎𝑦)
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 −𝑎
𝑑𝑧−𝑎𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
or, =
𝑧−𝑎𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑎

Integrating,
log (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑦) = log (𝑥 2 − 𝑎) + log 𝑏

Or, 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑏(𝑥 2 − 𝑎)

which is the complete integral, 𝑎 and 𝑏 being arbitrary constants.

(c) 𝐩𝟐 + 𝐪𝟐 − 𝟐𝐩𝐱 − 𝟐𝐪𝐲 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.

Soln.:- Given

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) ≡ 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 − 2𝑞𝑦 + 1 = 0 (1)

Charpit's auxiliary equations are

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= = = =
𝑓𝑥 + 𝑝𝑓𝑧 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑞𝑓𝑧 −𝑝𝑓𝑝 − 𝑞𝑓𝑞 −𝑓𝑝 −𝑓𝑞

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= = = = , by (1)
−2𝑝 −2𝑞 −𝑝(2𝑝 − 2𝑥) − 𝑞(2𝑞 − 2𝑦) −(2𝑝 − 2𝑦) −(2𝑞 − 2𝑦)

The first two fractions give

(1/𝑝)𝑑𝑝 = (1/𝑞)𝑑𝑞 so that 𝑝 = 𝑎𝑞

putting 𝑝 = 𝑎𝑞 in ( 1 ), 𝑎2 𝑞 2 + 𝑞 2 − 2𝑎𝑞𝑥 − 2𝑞𝑦 + 1

or, (𝑎2 + 1)𝑞 2 − 2(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑞 + 1 = 0

Salim Sir : 9874422674

3
 SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

2(𝑎𝑥+𝑦)±√{4(𝑎𝑥+𝑦)2 −4(𝑎2 +1)} 2(𝑎𝑥+𝑦)±√{4(𝑎𝑥+𝑦)2 −4(𝑎2 +1)}

⇒𝑞= ,𝑝 = 𝑎𝑞 = 𝑎 .
2(𝑎2 +1) 2(𝑎2 +1)

Putting these values of 𝑝 and 𝑞 in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦, we get

(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦) ± √{(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − (𝑎 2 + 1)}

𝑑𝑧 = (𝑎𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦). (2)
(𝑎 2 + 1)

Put 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑣 so that 𝑎𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑣. Then (2) gives

(𝑎2 + 1)𝑑𝑧 = [𝑣 ± √{𝑣 2 − (𝑎2 + 1)}] 𝑑𝑣

Integrating,

(𝑎2 + 1)𝑧 = 𝑣 2 /2 ± [(𝑣/2) × √{𝑣 2 − (𝑎2 + 1)}

−(1/2) × (𝑎2 + 1)log (𝑣 + √{𝑣 2 − (𝑎2 + 1)})] + 𝑏

is the complete integral, where 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 and 𝑎, 𝑏 are arbitrary constants.

(d) 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐 − 𝟐𝒑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒒𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎.

Soln.:- Given equation is

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 − 2𝑞𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 0 (1)

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Charpit's auxiliary equations are 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑓
+𝑝 𝜕𝑧 +𝑞 𝜕𝑧 −𝑝𝜕𝑝−𝑞𝜕𝑞 −𝜕𝑝 −𝜕𝑞
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, = = = , by (1)
−2𝑝 + 2𝑦 −2𝑞 + 2𝑥 2𝑥 − 2𝑝 2𝑦 − 2𝑞

which gives

Salim Sir : 9874422674

4
 SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

𝑑𝑝 + 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
=
2(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑝 − 𝑞) 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑝 − 𝑞)

or

𝑑𝑝 + 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 i.e., 𝑑𝑝 − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑞 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Integrating,

(𝑝 − 𝑥) + (𝑞 − 𝑦) = 𝑎 (2)
Re − writing (1), (𝑝 − 𝑥)2 + (𝑞 − 𝑦)2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (3)

Putting the value of (𝑞 − 𝑦) from (2) in (3), we get

(𝑝 − 𝑥)2 + [𝑎 − (𝑝 − 𝑥)]2 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 or 2(𝑝 − 𝑥)2 − 2𝑎(𝑝 − 𝑥) + {𝑎2 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 } = 0

2𝑎 ± √[4𝑎2 − 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ {𝑎2 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 }] 1
∴𝑝−𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑝 = 𝑥 + [𝑎 ± √{2(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 − 𝑎2 }]
4 2

∴ (2) gives 𝑞 = 𝑎 + 𝑦 − 𝑝 + 𝑥 or 𝑞 = 𝑦 + (1/2) × [𝑎 ∓ √{2(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 − 𝑎2 }].

Putting these value of 𝑝 and 𝑞 in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we get

𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑎/2) × (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) ± (1/2)√{2(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 − 𝑎2 }} (𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦)

𝑎 1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) ± √(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 − 𝑎2 /2 ⋅ (𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦)
2 √2

Integrating, the desired complete integral is

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑧= +
2 2
1 𝑥−𝑦 𝑎2
± ( √(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑎 /2 − log [(𝑥 − 𝑦) + √(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 − 𝑎2 /2])
2 2
√2 2 4

Salim Sir : 9874422674

5
 SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

(e) 𝒑𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒒𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒛.

Soln.:- Given equation is

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞 ) = 𝑝2 𝑥 + 𝑞 2 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 (1)

Charpit's auxiliary equations are

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= = = −
𝑓𝑥 + 𝑝𝑓𝑧 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑞𝑓𝑧 −𝑝𝑓𝑝 − 𝑞𝑓𝑞 −𝑓𝑝 −𝑓𝑞

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, = = = = , by (1) (2)
−𝑝 + 𝑝2 −𝑞 + 𝑞 2 −2(𝑝2 𝑥 + 𝑞 2 𝑦) −2𝑝𝑥 −2𝑞𝑦

2𝑝𝑥𝑑𝑝+𝑝2 𝑑𝑥 2𝑞𝑦𝑑𝑞+𝑞 2 𝑑𝑦
Now, each fraction in (2) = 2𝑝𝑥 (−𝑝+𝑝2 )+𝑝2 (−2𝑝𝑥) = 2𝑞𝑦(−𝑞+𝑞2 )+𝑞 2 (−2𝑞𝑦)

𝑑 ( 𝑝 2 𝑥 ) 𝑑 (𝑞 2 𝑦 ) 𝑑 ( 𝑝 2 𝑥 ) 𝑑 (𝑞 2 𝑦 )
𝑜𝑟, = i.e., =
−2𝑝2 𝑥 −2𝑞𝑦 𝑝2 𝑥 𝑞2 𝑦

Integrating it, log (𝑝2 𝑥) = log (𝑞 2 𝑦) + log 𝑎 or 𝑝2 𝑥 = 𝑞 2 𝑦𝑎. (3)

1
Form (1) and (3), 𝑎𝑞 2 𝑦 + 𝑞 2 𝑦 = 𝑧 or 𝑞 = [𝑧/(1 + 𝑎)]2 (4)

Form (3) and (4),

𝑦𝑎 1/2 𝑧𝑎 1/2
𝑝 = 𝑞( ) = { }
𝑥 (1 + 𝑎)𝑥

Putting the above values of 𝑝 and 𝑞 in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we get

𝑧𝑎 1/2 𝑧 1/2
𝑑𝑧 = {(1+𝑎)𝑥} 𝑑𝑥 + {(1+𝑎)𝑦} 𝑑𝑦 or (1 + 𝑎)1/2 𝑧 −1/2 𝑑𝑧 = √𝑎𝑥 −1/2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 −1/2 𝑑𝑦.

Integrating, (1 + 𝑎)1/2 √𝑧 = √𝑎˙√𝑥 + √𝑦 + 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑏 being arbitrary constants.

Salim Sir : 9874422674

6
 SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

(f) 𝟐𝒛 + 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎.
Soln.:- Given equation is

𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞 ) = 2𝑧 + 𝑝2 + 𝑞𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 0 (1)

Charpit's auxiliary equations are

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞
= = = =
𝑓𝑥 + 𝑝𝑓𝑧 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑞𝑓𝑧 −𝑝𝑓𝑝 − 𝑞𝑓𝑞 −𝑓𝑝 −𝑓𝑞

or

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= = = = , by (1)
0 + 2𝑝 (𝑞 + 4𝑦) + 2𝑞 −𝑝 × (2𝑝) − 𝑞𝑦 −2𝑝 −𝑦

Taking the first and fourth fractions, 𝑑𝑝 = −𝑑𝑥.

Integrating, 𝑝 = 𝑎 − 𝑥 or 𝑝 = −(𝑥 − 𝑎). (2)
Using (2), (1) becomes

2𝑧 + (𝑎 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑞𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 0
𝑞 = −[2𝑧 + (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 2𝑦 2 ]/𝑦 (3)

∴ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 − [{2𝑧 + (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 2𝑦 2 }/𝑦]𝑑𝑦, by (2) and (3)
Multiplying both sides by 2𝑦 2 and re-writing, we have

2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 = −2(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑧𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦

2(𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑦𝑑𝑦) + [2(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑦] + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑑 (𝑦 2 𝑧) + 𝑑𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 ] + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Integrating, 2𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 4 = 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑏 being arbitrary constants

Salim Sir : 9874422674

7
 SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

(g) 𝐱𝐩 − 𝐲𝐪 = 𝐱𝐪𝐟(𝐳 − 𝐩𝐱 − 𝐪𝐲). (1)

Soln.:- Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦𝑞 − 𝑥𝑞𝑓(𝑧 − 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞𝑦) = 0. (2)
Charpit's auxiliary equations are
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
= = =
𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑥 + 𝑝(𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑧) 𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑦 + 𝑞(𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑧) −𝑝(𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑝) − 𝑞(𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑞) −(𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑝)
𝑑𝑦
=
−(𝜕𝐹/𝜕𝑞)
or

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞
= = ⋯ ⋅ , by (2) (3)
𝑝 − 𝑞𝑓 + 𝑥𝑞𝑝𝑓 ′ − 𝑝𝑞𝑥𝑓 ′ −𝑞 + 𝑥𝑞 2 𝑓 ′ − 𝑥𝑞 2 𝑓 ′

𝑥𝑑𝑝+𝑦𝑑𝑞 𝑥𝑑𝑝+𝑦𝑑𝑞
Each ratio of (3) = 𝑥𝑝−𝑦𝑞−𝑞𝑥𝑓 = , by (2)
0

⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑝 + 𝑦𝑑𝑞 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥𝑑𝑝 + 𝑦𝑑𝑞 + 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦

⇒ 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑(𝑥𝑝) − 𝑑(𝑦𝑞) = 0, as 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦
Integrating,

𝑧 − 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦𝑞 = constant = 𝑎, say (4)

∴ 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑧 − 𝑎. (5)

Using (4), (1) becomes

𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑥𝑞𝑓(𝑎)…………. (6)
Subtracting (6) from (5), 2𝑦𝑞 = 𝑧 − 𝑎 − 𝑥𝑞𝑓(𝑎) ⇒ 𝑞 = (𝑧 − 𝑎)/{2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑓(𝑎)}…. (7)
(𝑧−𝑎){𝑦+𝑥𝑓(𝑎)}
Using (7), (5) ⇒ 𝑝 = ……………(8)
𝑥{2𝑦+𝑥𝑓(𝑎)}

Using (7) and (8), 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦 reduces to

Salim Sir : 9874422674

8
 SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

{𝑦 + 𝑥𝑓(𝑎)}𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑧 = (𝑧 − 𝑎) [ + ]
𝑥{2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑓(𝑎)} 2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑓(𝑎)
2𝑑𝑧 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑓(𝑎)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 2𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + 2𝑥𝑓(𝑎)𝑑𝑥
𝑜𝑟, = =
𝑧−𝑎 𝑥{2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑓(𝑎)} 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑎)
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 2𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑧 − 𝑎) = log {2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑎)} + log𝑏 or (𝑧 − 𝑎)2 = 𝑏{2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑎)}

(h) 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒑𝒒𝒙𝒚.

Soln.:- The given equation is

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = 𝑧 2 − 𝑝𝑞𝑥𝑦 = 0 (1)

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Charpits's auxiliary equations are =𝑓 = −𝑝𝑓 = −𝑓 = −𝑓
𝑓𝑥 +𝑝𝑓𝑧 𝑦 +𝑞𝑓𝑧 𝑝 −𝑞𝑓𝑞 𝑝 𝑞

or

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= = = = , by(1) (2)
−𝑝𝑞𝑦 + 2𝑝𝑧 −𝑝𝑞𝑥 + 2𝑞𝑧 −𝑝(−𝑞𝑥𝑦) − 𝑞(−𝑝𝑥𝑦) 𝑞𝑥𝑦 𝑝𝑥𝑦

𝑥𝑑𝑝+𝑝𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑞+𝑞𝑑𝑦
Each fraction of (2) = 𝑥(−𝑝𝑞𝑦+2𝑝𝑧)+𝑝𝑞𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦(−𝑝𝑞𝑥+2𝑞𝑧)+𝑝𝑞𝑥𝑦

or

𝑥𝑑𝑝 + 𝑝𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑞 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑥𝑝) 𝑑(𝑦𝑞)

= 𝑜𝑟 =
2𝑝𝑥𝑧 2𝑞𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑝 𝑦𝑞

Integrating, log (𝑥𝑝) = log (𝑦𝑞) + log 𝑎2 or 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑎2 𝑦𝑞……….(3)

Solving (1) and (2) for 𝑝 and 𝑞, 𝑝 = (𝑎𝑧)/𝑥 and 𝑞 = 𝑧/(𝑎𝑦).

𝑎𝑧 𝑧 1 a
∴ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑎𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 or (𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (1/𝑎𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

Integrating, log 𝑧 = 𝑎log 𝑥 + (1/𝑎)log 𝑦 + log 𝑏 or 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦1/𝑎 𝑏.

Salim Sir : 9874422674

9
 SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

(i) (𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐 )𝐩𝐪 − 𝐱𝐲(𝐩𝟐 − 𝐪𝟐 ) = 𝟏.

Soln.:- Let

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑝𝑞 − 𝑥𝑦(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 ) − 1 = 0 (1)

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Charpit's auxiliary equations are =𝑓 = −𝑝𝑓 = −𝑓 = −𝑓 or
𝑓𝑥 +𝑝𝑓𝑧 𝑦 +𝑞𝑓𝑧 𝑝 −𝑞𝑓𝑞 𝑝 𝑞

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑝𝑞𝑦−𝑥(𝑝2 −𝑞 2 ) = −(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )𝑦+2𝑝𝑥𝑦 = −(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )𝑝−2𝑝𝑥𝑦, by (1)
2𝑝𝑞𝑥−𝑧(𝑝2 −𝑞 2 )

𝑥𝑑𝑝+𝑦𝑑𝑞+𝑝𝑑𝑥+𝑞𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑥𝑝)+𝑑(𝑦𝑞)
Using 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝, 𝑞 as multipliers, each fraction = =
0 0

⇒ 𝑑(𝑥𝑝 + 𝑞𝑦) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑝 = (𝑎 − 𝑞𝑦)/𝑥. ………(2)

𝑎−𝑞𝑥 𝑎−𝑞𝑦 2
Using (2),(1) ⇒ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) ( ) 𝑞 − 𝑥𝑦 [( ) − 𝑞2 ] − 1 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑎−𝑞𝑦
or {(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑞 − (𝑎 − 𝑞𝑦)𝑦} + 𝑥𝑦𝑞 2 − 1 = 0 or {(𝑎 − 𝑞𝑦)/𝑥}(𝑥 2 𝑞 − 𝑎𝑦) +
𝑥

𝑥𝑦𝑞 2 − 1 = 0
or (𝑎 − 𝑞𝑦)(𝑥 2 𝑞 − 𝑎𝑦) + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑞 2 − 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑎𝑞 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑎2 𝑦+𝑥 1 (𝑎2 𝑦+𝑥)𝑦 𝑎2 𝑥−𝑦
∴ 𝑞 = 𝑎(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) and 𝑝 = 𝑥 [𝑎 − 𝑎(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) ] = 𝑎(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ).

Substituting these values in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we have

(𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑧 = = 𝑎 +
𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑎(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑧 = (𝑎/2) × log (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + (1/𝑎) × tan−1 (𝑦/𝑥) + 𝑏

(j) (𝒑𝟐 + 𝒒𝟐 )𝒏 (𝒒𝒙 − 𝒑𝒚) = 𝟏.

Soln.:- Given equation is 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑝, 𝑞) = (𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 )𝑛 (𝑞𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦) − 1 = 0………..(1)
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Charpit's auxiliary equations are =𝑓 = −𝑝𝑓 = −𝑓 = −𝑓
𝑓𝑥 +𝑝𝑓𝑧 𝑦 +𝑞𝑓𝑧 𝑝 −𝑞𝑓𝑞 𝑝 𝑞

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑞
or = −𝑝(𝑝2 +𝑞2 )𝑛 = ⋯ or = −𝑝 or 𝑝𝑑𝑝 + 𝑞𝑑𝑞 = 0.
𝑞(𝑝2 +𝑞 2 )𝑛 𝑞

Integrating,

Salim Sir : 9874422674

10
 SIRAJAM ACADEMY Date : 29/06/25

𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 = constant = (1/𝑎2 ), say (2)

Using (2), (1) ⇒ 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑎2𝑛 or 𝑞𝑥 = 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑎2𝑛 . …………(3)

Using (3), (2) ⇒ 𝑝2 + (𝑝2 𝑦 2 + 𝑎4𝑛 + 2𝑎2𝑛 𝑦𝑝)/𝑥 2 = 1/𝑎2

𝑝2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 2𝑎2𝑛 𝑦𝑝 + {𝑎4𝑛 − (𝑥 2 /𝑎2 )} = 0 so that

−𝑦𝑎2𝑛 + √{𝑎4𝑛 𝑦 2 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑎4𝑛 − 𝑥 2 /𝑎2 )} −𝑦𝑎2𝑛 + 𝑥√[{(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )/𝑎2 } − 𝑎4𝑛 ]

𝑝= = (4)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑥𝑎2𝑛 + 𝑦√[{ } − 𝑎4𝑛 ]
𝑎2
∴ (3) ⇒ 𝑞 = (5)
𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Substituting these values in 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑝𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑑𝑦, we have

2𝑛 (
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎 )+ 2 √{( ) − 𝑎4𝑛 }
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑎2
𝑦 1 1
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑧 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2𝑛 tan−1 ( ) + ∫ (𝑢𝑎−2 − 𝑎4𝑛 )1/2 𝑑𝑢, where 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 2 𝑢

(k) 𝐪𝐱 + 𝐩𝐲 = (𝐩𝟐 − 𝐪𝟐 )𝐧 .

Soln.:- Proceed as in (j). If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , then complete integral is

1 𝑥−𝑦 1 1
𝑧 + 𝑏 = − 𝑎2𝑛 log − ∫ √(𝑎4𝑛 + 𝑎 2 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
2 𝑥+𝑦 2 𝑢

Salim Sir : 9874422674

11